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Liu Y, Lv B, Tang K, Qu H, Yu F, Shi Y. Si-Ni-San reverses dietary fat absorption defects in a murine model of depression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115677. [PMID: 37857252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is often associated with fatigue/energy loss. However, we lack a detailed understanding of the factors explaining this association. In this study, we uncovered that depressed mice have a defect in fat absorption, resulting in weight loss and reduced circulating lipid levels. Si-Ni-San (SNS), a basic formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of depression, was found to not only alleviate depression-like behaviors, but also reverse the weight loss and dietary fat absorption of depressed mice. We found that SNS improved body weight and circulating lipid levels of depressed mice by up-regulating proteins [such as FFA uptake protein (CD36), TAG synthesis proteins (GPAT3, MOGAT2, DGAT1 and DGAT2) and chylomicron packaging proteins (MTP and APOB)] in the fat absorption pathway. Furthermore, cell-based results conducted with LPS-stimulated mouse MODE-K and human Caco-2 cells support that SNS, as well as Sinensetin (SIN) and Nobiletin (NOB), the two active components of the formula, have a role in regulating lipid absorption. Mechanistic studies revealed that SNS reverses body weight and fat absorption defects of depressed mice in part through the NR1D1/BMAL1/DGAT2 axis. These findings advance our understanding of the crosstalk between depression and energy loss, highlight the importance of gut function in disease management, and provide a basis for the application of SNS in the clinical treatment of depression and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojiang Lv
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kanran Tang
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haotian Qu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangjun Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yafei Shi
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Bianco V, Korbelius M, Vujic N, Akhmetshina A, Amor M, Kolb D, Pirchheim A, Bradic I, Kuentzel KB, Buerger M, Schauer S, Phan HTT, Bulfon D, Hoefler G, Zimmermann R, Kratky D. Impact of (intestinal) LAL deficiency on lipid metabolism and macrophage infiltration. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101737. [PMID: 37182562 PMCID: PMC10209539 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, the only enzyme known to be responsible for the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols in the lysosome at acidic pH is lysosomal acid lipase (LAL). Lipid malabsorption in the small intestine (SI), accompanied by macrophage infiltration, is one of the most common pathological features of LAL deficiency. However, the exact role of LAL in intestinal lipid metabolism is still unknown. METHODS We collected three parts of the SI (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) from mice with a global (LAL KO) or intestine-specific deletion of LAL (iLAL KO) and corresponding controls. RESULTS We observed infiltration of lipid-associated macrophages into the lamina propria, where neutral lipids accumulate massively in the SI of LAL KO mice. In addition, LAL KO mice absorb less dietary lipids but have accelerated basolateral lipid uptake, secrete fewer chylomicrons, and have increased fecal lipid loss. Inflammatory markers and genes involved in lipid metabolism were overexpressed in the duodenum of old but not in younger LAL KO mice. Despite the significant reduction of LAL activity in enterocytes of enterocyte-specific (iLAL) KO mice, villous morphology, intestinal lipid concentrations, expression of lipid transporters and inflammatory genes, as well as lipoprotein secretion were comparable to control mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that loss of LAL only in enterocytes is insufficient to cause lipid deposition in the SI, suggesting that infiltrating macrophages are the key players in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianco
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Korbelius
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alena Akhmetshina
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melina Amor
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Pirchheim
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivan Bradic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina B Kuentzel
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Buerger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Diagnostics and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Huyen T T Phan
- Diagnostics and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Bulfon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostics and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Sutthasupha P, Promsan S, Thongnak L, Pengrattanachot N, Phengpol N, Jaruan O, Jaikumkao K, Muanprasat C, Pichyangkura R, Chatsudthipong V, Lungkaphin A. Chitosan oligosaccharide mitigates kidney injury in prediabetic rats by improving intestinal barrier and renal autophagy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119405. [PMID: 35450657 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) not only increases the risk of metabolic syndrome but also initiates kidney injury. Lipid accumulation-induced systemic low-grade inflammation is an upstream mechanism of kidney injury associated with prediabetes. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) provides potent anti-obesity effects through several mechanisms including fecal lipid excretion. In this study, we investigated the effects of COS on the prevention of obesity-related complications and its ability to confer renoprotection in a prediabetic model. Rats fed on a HFD developed obesity, glucose intolerance and kidney dysfunction. COS intervention successfully ameliorated these conditions (p < 0.05) by attenuating intestinal lipid absorption and the renal inflammation-autophagy-apoptosis axis. A novel anti-inflammatory effect of COS had been demonstrated by the strengthening of intestinal barrier integrity via calcium-sensing receptor (p < 0.05). The use of COS as a supplement may be useful in reducing prediabetic complications especially renal injury and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prempree Sutthasupha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sasivimon Promsan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Laongdao Thongnak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Nichakorn Phengpol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Onanong Jaruan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Krit Jaikumkao
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Research Center of Transport Protein for Medical Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Functional Food Research Center for Well-Being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Beg R, Gonzalez K, Martinez-Guryn K. Implications of microbe-mediated crosstalk in the gut: Impact on metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022;:159180. [PMID: 35568374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases continue to afflict most of the U.S. population. Advancements in gut microbiota research have led to the discovery of various functional roles of microorganisms that influence the development of obesity and co-morbidities including type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Many mechanisms behind these host-microbe interactions stem from processes involving the intestinal epithelium including lipid metabolism. Thus, the purpose of this review is to discuss gut microbe-mediated changes in intestinal physiology and lipid metabolism that contribute to obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease. Within each disease state, the causal role of bacteria in both driving disease development and protecting against metabolic disease will be discussed.
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Ghosh SS, Wang J, Ghosh S. Measurement of In Vivo VLDL and Chylomicron Secretion. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2455:63-71. [PMID: 35212986 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2128-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal lipid absorption as well as secretion of absorbed lipids as chylomicrons by the enterocytes is a direct measure of the availability of dietary lipids. Measurement of this parameter is central to the understanding of the influence of diet on plasma lipids, specifically when modulation of intestinal lipid absorption by targeted interventions is being examined. In the post-prandial state, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secreted from the liver represent the major source of plasma lipids and rate of VLDL secretion reports on hepatic lipid homeostasis. Here, we describe the methods to specifically measure secretion of chylomicron and VLDL in vivo. Tight regulation of dietary lipid absorption (chylomicron secretion) and hepatic secretion of VLDL underlies the development of dyslipidemia preceding hepatic lipid accumulation seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and subsequent progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) underscoring the importance of measurement of lipoprotein secretion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Wang HH, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. Recent Advances in the Critical Role of the Sterol Efflux Transporters ABCG5/G8 in Health and Disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2020; 1276:105-136. [PMID: 32705597 PMCID: PMC8118135 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, cell death, and fibrosis in the arterial wall and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cholesterol gallstone disease is caused by complex genetic and environmental factors and is one of the most prevalent and costly digestive diseases in the USA and Europe. Although sitosterolemia is a rare inherited lipid storage disease, its genetic studies led to identification of the sterol efflux transporters ABCG5/G8 that are located on chromosome 2p21 in humans and chromosome 17 in mice. Human and animal studies have clearly demonstrated that ABCG5/G8 play a critical role in regulating hepatic secretion and intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols. Sitosterolemia is caused by a mutation in either the ABCG5 or the ABCG8 gene alone, but not in both simultaneously. Polymorphisms in the ABCG5/G8 genes are associated with abnormal plasma cholesterol metabolism and may play a key role in the genetic determination of plasma cholesterol concentrations. Moreover, ABCG5/G8 is a new gallstone gene, LITH9. Gallstone-associated variants in ABCG5/G8 are involved in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones in European, Asian, and South American populations. In this chapter, we summarize the latest advances in the critical role of the sterol efflux transporters ABCG5/G8 in regulating hepatic secretion of biliary cholesterol, intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols, the classical reverse cholesterol transport, and the newly established transintestinal cholesterol excretion, as well as in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ABCG5/G8-related metabolic diseases such as sitosterolemia, cardiovascular disease, and cholesterol gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Nagengast AK, Hurt RT, Downard CD, Smith JW, Garrison RN, Matheson PJ. Increased hepatic blood flow during enteral immune-enhancing diet gavage requires intact enterohepatic bile cycling. Nutrition 2013; 30:313-8. [PMID: 24355437 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Total hepatic blood flow (HBF) via the hepatic artery and portal vein is highly dependent on gastrointestinal perfusion. During postprandial hyperemia, intestinal blood flow depends on nutrient composition, gastrointestinal location, and time. Immune-enhancing diets (IEDs) containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) selectively augment blood flow in the ileum at 60-120 min via a bile-dependent mechanism. My colleagues and I hypothesized that liver blood flow would be similarly affected by IEDs containing n-3 PUFAs. METHODS Mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and effective HBF (galactose clearance) were measured in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats after gastric gavage of either a control diet (CD, Boost, Novartis) or an IED (Impact, Nestle Nutrition), with or without bile-duct ligation (BDL), and with or without supplemental bile (bovine, dried, unfractionated). Significance was assessed by 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures with the Tukey-Kramer honestly significant difference test. RESULTS Compared with baseline levels, a CD increased HBF (peak at 40 min , *P < 0.05) whereas an IED increased HBF in two distinct peaks at 40 min (*P < 0.05) and 120 min (*P < 0.05), but BDL prevented both the early (CD and IED, †P < 0.05) and late peaks (IED, †P < 0.05). Bile supplementation in the CD + BDL or IED + BDL groups restored neither the CD peak nor the early or late IED peaks. CONCLUSIONS HBF during absorptive intestinal hyperemia is modulated by a mechanism that requires an intact enterohepatic circulation. The early peaks at 40 min (CD or IED) were prevented by BDL, even though fat absorption in the proximal gut occurs by bile-independent direct absorption. Bile supplementation with the diet (CD + BDL or IED + BDL) was insufficient to restore HBF hyperemia, which implies that a relationship exists between intestinal and hepatic blood flow that is not solely dependent on bile-mediated intestinal fat absorption and bile recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Nagengast
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ryan T Hurt
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cynthia D Downard
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jason W Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - R Neal Garrison
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Louisville Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Paul J Matheson
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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