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Chen QA, Lin WH, Zhou XX, Cao Z, Feng XL, Gao YB, He J. Outcomes following KRAS G12C inhibitor treatment in patients with KRAS G12C-mutated solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107060. [PMID: 38185210 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of FDA-approved KRASG12C inhibitors in patients with KRASG12C-mutated solid tumors. METHODS We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and major international conferences for clinical trials published in English up to March 6, 2023. Clinical trials investigating sotorasib or adagrasib and reporting the clinical outcomes of the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), or incidence rate of grade ≥ 3 adverse events (AEs) were eligible. The primary endpoint was the ORR. Secondary endpoints included the DCR, incidence rate of grade ≥ 3 AEs, and odds ratio (OR) of the ORR between patients with or without co-mutation. The Random-effects model was applied for the outcomes of interest. RESULTS 18 studies with 1224 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled ORR, DCR, and incidence rate of grade ≥ 3 AEs were 31 % (95 % CI, 25-37 %), 86 % (95 % CI, 82-89 %), and 29 % (95 % CI, 23-36 %), respectively. KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC patients with a co-mutation of KEAP1 exhibited a worse ORR than those with wild-type KEAP1 (OR: 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.16-0.77). CONCLUSIONS This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety of KRASG12C inhibitors in treating solid tumors and identified KEAP1 mutation as a potential predictive biomarker of inferior response in patients treated with KRASG12C inhibitors. These findings may assist in the design of future clinical trials for identifying populations that may benefit from KRASG12C inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-An Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hao Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Feng
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Bo Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, National Cancer Center/National, Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Central Laboratory & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Precision Medicine for Cancers, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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2
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Yang N, Fan Z, Sun S, Hu X, Mao Y, Jia C, Cai X, Xu T, Li B, Li Y, Han L, Wei T, Qian X, Qin W, Li P, Zheng Z, Li S. Discovery of highly potent and selective KRAS G12C degraders by VHL-recruiting PROTACs for the treatment of tumors with KRAS G12C-Mutation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115857. [PMID: 37852032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Although several covalent KRASG12C inhibitors have made great progress in the treatment of KRASG12C-mutant cancer, their clinical applications are limited by adaptive resistance, motivating novel therapeutic strategies. Through drug design and structure optimization, a series of highly potent and selective KRASG12C Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) were developed by incorporating AMG510 and VHL ligand VH032. Among them, degrader YN14 significantly inhibited KRASG12C-dependent cancer cells growth with nanomolar IC50 and DC50 values, and > 95 % maximum degradation (Dmax). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation showed that YN14 induced a stable KRASG12C: YN14: VHL ternary complex with low binding free energy (ΔG). Notably, YN14 led to tumor regression with tumor growth inhibition (TGI%) rates more than 100 % in the MIA PaCa-2 xenograft model with well-tolerated dose-schedules. We also found that KRASG12C degradation exhibited advantages in overcoming adaptive KRASG12C feedback resistance over KRASG12C inhibition. Furthermore, combination of RTKs, SHP2, or CDK9 inhibitors with YN14 exhibited synergetic efficacy in KRASG12C-mutant cancer cells. Overall, these results demonstrated that YN14 holds exciting prospects for the treatment of tumors with KRASG12C-mutation and boosted efficacy could be achieved for greater clinical applications via drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhiya Fan
- National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yaqiu Mao
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Changkai Jia
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xu Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Bingkun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Luobing Han
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ting Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Weijie Qin
- National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Pengyun Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhibing Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Strategic Drugs, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Institution, Beijing, 100850, China
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3
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Abdel Mouti M, Pauklin S. Chemically modified neoantigen-based immunotherapy for targeting KRAS G12C-driven tumors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:255-257. [PMID: 36934024 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy and durability of KRASG12C-targeted therapies are limited by the development of resistance mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of recent KRASG12C-targeted therapy and immunotherapy-unifying strategies that utilize covalently modified peptide/MHC class I complexes as tumor-specific neoantigens to tag drug-resistant cancer cells for destruction with hapten-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Abdel Mouti
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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4
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Rathod LS, Dabhade PS, Mokale SN. Recent progress in targeting KRAS mutant cancers with covalent G12C-specific inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103557. [PMID: 36934967 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
KRASG12C has been identified as a potential target in the treatment of solid tumors. One of the most often transformed proteins in human cancers is the small Kirsten rat sarcoma homolog (KRAS) subunit of GTPase, which is typically the oncogene driver. KRASG12C is altered to keep the protein in an active GTP-binding form. KRAS has long been considered an 'undrugable' target, but sustained research efforts focusing on the KRASG12C mutant cysteine have achieved promising results. For example, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has passed emergency approval for sotorasib and adagrasib for the treatment of metastatic lung cancer. Such achievements have sparked several original approaches to KRASG12C. In this review, we focus on the design, development, and history of KRASG12C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lala S Rathod
- Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Pin-431001, India
| | - Pratap S Dabhade
- Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Pin-431001, India
| | - Santosh N Mokale
- Y.B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, Maharashtra Pin-431001, India.
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5
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Ciardiello D, Maiorano BA, Martinelli E. Targeting KRAS G12C in colorectal cancer: the beginning of a new era. ESMO Open 2023; 8:100745. [PMID: 36549128 PMCID: PMC9800313 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS mutation is considered one of the most relevant oncogenic drivers in human cancers. Unfortunately, for more than three decades, RAS has been considered an undruggable target. Recently, the discovery of selective and potent KRASG12C inhibitors represented a light at the end of the tunnel. Indeed, sotorasib and adagrasib proved clinical activity in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer harboring KRASG12C mutation; however, responses are lower than expected, suggesting the presence of intrinsic resistance. Consequently, novel combinatory strategies to disrupt the RAS signaling pathways are under clinical investigation. This review aims to discuss the current knowledge and novel routes of KRASG12C inhibition in metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ciardiello
- Oncology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo; Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, 'Luigi Vanvitelli' University of Campania, Naples.
| | - B A Maiorano
- Oncology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - E Martinelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, 'Luigi Vanvitelli' University of Campania, Naples
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Huynh MV, Parsonage D, Forshaw TE, Chirasani VR, Hobbs GA, Wu H, Lee J, Furdui CM, Poole LB, Campbell SL. Oncogenic KRAS G12C: Kinetic and redox characterization of covalent inhibition. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102186. [PMID: 35753348 PMCID: PMC9352912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of mutant-selective inhibitors for the oncogenic KRASG12C allele has generated considerable excitement. These inhibitors covalently engage the mutant C12 thiol located within the phosphoryl binding loop of RAS, locking the KRASG12C protein in an inactive state. While clinical trials of these inhibitors have been promising, mechanistic questions regarding the reactivity of this thiol remain. Here, we show by NMR and an independent biochemical assay that the pKa of the C12 thiol is depressed (pKa ∼7.6), consistent with susceptibility to chemical ligation. Using a validated fluorescent KRASY137W variant amenable to stopped-flow spectroscopy, we characterized the kinetics of KRASG12C fluorescence changes upon addition of ARS-853 or AMG 510, noting that at low temperatures, ARS-853 addition elicited both a rapid first phase of fluorescence change (attributed to binding, Kd = 36.0 ± 0.7 μM) and a second, slower pH-dependent phase, taken to represent covalent ligation. Consistent with the lower pKa of the C12 thiol, we found that reversible and irreversible oxidation of KRASG12C occurred readily both in vitro and in the cellular environment, preventing the covalent binding of ARS-853. Moreover, we found that oxidation of the KRASG12C Cys12 to a sulfinate altered RAS conformation and dynamics to be more similar to KRASG12D in comparison to the unmodified protein, as assessed by molecular dynamics simulations. Taken together, these findings provide insight for future KRASG12C drug discovery efforts, and identify the occurrence of G12C oxidation with currently unknown biological ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh V Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Derek Parsonage
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tom E Forshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - G Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hanzhi Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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7
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Yang F, Wen Y, Wang C, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhang ZM, Liu T, Lu X. Efficient targeted oncogenic KRAS G12C degradation via first reversible-covalent PROTAC. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114088. [PMID: 35007863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene and plays a predominant role in driving initiation and progression of multiple cancers. Attempts to degrade the oncogene KRASG12C with PROTAC strategy have been considered as an alternative strategy to combate cancers. However, the irreversible PROTACs may compromise the substoichiometric activity to decrease the potency. Herein, we report the development of YF135, the first reversible-covalent PROTAC capable of recruiting VHL mediated proteasomal degradation of KRASG12C. YF135 induces the rapid and sustained degradation of endogenous KRASG12C and attenuates pERK signaling in H358 and H23 cells in a reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yalei Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuee Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tongzheng Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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8
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Reck M, Carbone DP, Garassino M, Barlesi F. Targeting KRAS in non-small-cell lung cancer: recent progress and new approaches. Ann Oncol 2021; 32:1101-1110. [PMID: 34089836 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat sarcoma (RAS) is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer, with Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) being the most commonly mutated RAS isoform. Overall, KRAS accounts for 85% of RAS mutations observed in human cancers and is present in 35% of lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs). While the use of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) has drastically changed the treatment landscape of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in recent years, historic attempts to target KRAS (both direct and indirect approaches) have had little success, and no KRAS-specific targeted therapies have been approved to date for patients in this molecular subset of NSCLC. With the discovery by Ostrem, Shokat, and colleagues of the switch II pocket on the surface of the active and inactive forms of KRAS, we now have an improved understanding of the complex interactions involved in the RAS family of signaling proteins which has led to the development of a number of promising direct KRASG12C inhibitors, such as sotorasib and adagrasib. In previously treated patients with KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC, clinical activity has been shown for both sotorasib and adagrasib monotherapy; these data suggest promising new treatment options are on the horizon. With the stage now set for a new era in the treatment of KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC, many questions remain to be answered in order to further elucidate the mechanisms of resistance, how best to use combination strategies, and if KRASG12C inhibitors will have suitable activity in earlier lines of therapy for patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reck
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | - D P Carbone
- James Thoracic Oncology Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - M Garassino
- Department of Medicine, Section Hematology Oncology; The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - F Barlesi
- Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Grapsa
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
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10
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Zeng M, Xiong Y, Safaee N, Nowak RP, Donovan KA, Yuan CJ, Nabet B, Gero TW, Feru F, Li L, Gondi S, Ombelets LJ, Quan C, Jänne PA, Kostic M, Scott DA, Westover KD, Fischer ES, Gray NS. Exploring Targeted Degradation Strategy for Oncogenic KRAS G12C. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 27:19-31.e6. [PMID: 31883964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene found in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers. Although it has been challenging to identify targeted therapies for cancers harboring KRAS mutations, KRASG12C can be targeted by small-molecule inhibitors that form covalent bonds with cysteine 12 (C12). Here, we designed a library of C12-directed covalent degrader molecules (PROTACs) and subjected them to a rigorous evaluation process to rapidly identify a lead compound. Our lead degrader successfully engaged CRBN in cells, bound KRASG12Cin vitro, induced CRBN/KRASG12C dimerization, and degraded GFP-KRASG12C in reporter cells in a CRBN-dependent manner. However, it failed to degrade endogenous KRASG12C in pancreatic and lung cancer cells. Our data suggest that inability of the lead degrader to effectively poly-ubiquitinate endogenous KRASG12C underlies the lack of activity. We discuss challenges for achieving targeted KRASG12C degradation and proposed several possible solutions which may lead to efficient degradation of endogenous KRASG12C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zeng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nozhat Safaee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Radosław P Nowak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christine J Yuan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas W Gero
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederic Feru
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lianbo Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sudershan Gondi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lincoln J Ombelets
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology and the Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Milka Kostic
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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