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Tuna G, Dal-Bekar NE, Akay A, Rükşen M, İşlekel S, İşlekel GH. Minimally Invasive Detection of IDH1 Mutation With Cell-Free Circulating Tumor DNA and D-2-Hydroxyglutarate, D/ L-2-Hydroxyglutarate Ratio in Gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:502-510. [PMID: 35582888 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation is accepted as one of the earliest events in tumorigenesis in gliomas. This mutation causes preferential accumulation of D- relative to L-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). Minimally invasive techniques to detect IDH1 mutation may prove useful for clinical practice. We adopted 2 different diagnostic approaches to detect IDH1 mutation status in glioma patients: Evaluation of D- and L-2-HG levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and plasma, and identification of IDH1 mutation using cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in CSF and plasma. Forty-nine glioma patients in different stages were included. Levels of D- and L-2-HG were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; IDH1 R132H mutation was determined by digital-PCR. D-2-HG levels and D/L-2-HG ratio (rDL) in CSF and rDL in plasma were significantly higher in the mutant group than in the wild-type group (p = 0.029, 0.032, 0.001, respectively). The IDH1 mutation detection rates in CSF- and plasma-ctDNA were 63.2% and 25.0%, respectively. These data indicate that D-2-HG values in CSF and rDL in plasma and CSF can be considered as significant contributors to the identification of IDH1 mutation status. In addition, detection of IDH1 mutation in CSF-ctDNA from glioma patients provides a basis for future use of ctDNA for minimally invasive clinical assessment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Tuna
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nazlı Ecem Dal-Bekar
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Akay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Izmir University of Economics Medical Park Hospital, Izmir, Turkey (AA)
| | - Mete Rükşen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kent Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sertaç İşlekel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kent Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gül Hüray İşlekel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Williams NC, Ryan DG, Costa ASH, Mills EL, Jedrychowski MP, Cloonan SM, Frezza C, O'Neill LA. Signalling metabolite L-2-hydroxyglutarate activates the transcription factor HIF-1α in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101501. [PMID: 34929172 PMCID: PMC8784330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated macrophages undergo metabolic reprogramming, which not only supports their energetic demands but also allows for the production of specific metabolites that function as signaling molecules. Several Krebs cycles, or Krebs-cycle-derived metabolites, including succinate, α-ketoglutarate, and itaconate, have recently been shown to modulate macrophage function. The accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) has also been well documented in transformed cells and more recently shown to play a role in T cell and dendritic cell function. Here we have found that the abundance of both enantiomers of 2HG is increased in LPS-activated macrophages. We show that L-2HG, but not D-2HG, can promote the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the adoption of an inflammatory, highly glycolytic metabolic state. These changes are likely mediated through activation of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) by L-2HG, a known inhibitor of the HIF prolyl hydroxylases. Expression of the enzyme responsible for L-2HG degradation, L-2HG dehydrogenase (L-2HGDH), was also found to be decreased in LPS-stimulated macrophages and may therefore also contribute to L-2HG accumulation. Finally, overexpression of L-2HGDH in HEK293 TLR4/MD2/CD14 cells inhibited HIF-1α activation by LPS, while knockdown of L-2HGDH in macrophages boosted the induction of HIF-1α-dependent genes, as well as increasing LPS-induced HIF-1α activity. Taken together, this study therefore identifies L-2HG as a metabolite that can regulate HIF-1α in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh C Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dylan G Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark P Jedrychowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzanne M Cloonan
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Prell C, Burgardt A, Meyer F, Wendisch VF. Fermentative Production of l-2-Hydroxyglutarate by Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum via Pathway Extension of l-Lysine Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:630476. [PMID: 33585425 PMCID: PMC7873477 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.630476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-2-hydroxyglutarate (l-2HG) is a trifunctional building block and highly attractive for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The natural l-lysine biosynthesis pathway of the amino acid producer Corynebacterium glutamicum was extended for the fermentative production of l-2HG. Since l-2HG is not native to the metabolism of C. glutamicum metabolic engineering of a genome-streamlined l-lysine overproducing strain was required to enable the conversion of l-lysine to l-2HG in a six-step synthetic pathway. To this end, l-lysine decarboxylase was cascaded with two transamination reactions, two NAD(P)-dependent oxidation reactions and the terminal 2-oxoglutarate-dependent glutarate hydroxylase. Of three sources for glutarate hydroxylase the metalloenzyme CsiD from Pseudomonas putida supported l-2HG production to the highest titers. Genetic experiments suggested a role of succinate exporter SucE for export of l-2HG and improving expression of its gene by chromosomal exchange of its native promoter improved l-2HG production. The availability of Fe2+ as cofactor of CsiD was identified as a major bottleneck in the conversion of glutarate to l-2HG. As consequence of strain engineering and media adaptation product titers of 34 ± 0 mM were obtained in a microcultivation system. The glucose-based process was stable in 2 L bioreactor cultivations and a l-2HG titer of 3.5 g L−1 was obtained at the higher of two tested aeration levels. Production of l-2HG from a sidestream of the starch industry as renewable substrate was demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first description of fermentative production of l-2HG, a monomeric precursor used in electrochromic polyamides, to cross-link polyamides or to increase their biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Prell
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Arthur Burgardt
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Meyer
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Mahmoudzadeh NH, Fitt AJ, Schwab DB, Martenis WE, Nease LM, Owings CG, Brinkley GJ, Li H, Karty JA, Sudarshan S, Hardy RW, Moczek AP, Picard CJ, Tennessen JM. The oncometabolite L-2-hydroxyglutarate is a common product of dipteran larval development. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 127:103493. [PMID: 33157229 PMCID: PMC7704715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The oncometabolite L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG) is considered an abnormal product of central carbon metabolism that is capable of disrupting chromatin architecture, mitochondrial metabolism, and cellular differentiation. Under most circumstances, mammalian tissues readily dispose of this compound, as aberrant L-2HG accumulation induces neurometabolic disorders and promotes renal cell carcinomas. Intriguingly, Drosophila melanogaster larvae were recently found to accumulate high L-2HG levels under normal growth conditions, raising the possibility that L-2HG plays a unique role in insect metabolism. Here we explore this hypothesis by analyzing L-2HG levels in 18 insect species. While L-2HG was present at low-to-moderate levels in most of these species (<100 pmol/mg; comparable to mouse liver), dipteran larvae exhibited a tendency to accumulate high L-2HG concentrations (>100 pmol/mg), with the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the blow fly Phormia regina, and three representative Drosophila species harboring concentrations that exceed 1 nmol/mg - levels comparable to those measured in mutant mice that are unable to degrade L-2HG. Overall, our findings suggest that one of the largest groups of animals on earth commonly generate high concentrations of an oncometabolite during juvenile growth, hint at a role for L-2HG in the evolution of dipteran development, and raise the possibility that L-2HG metabolism could be targeted to restrict the growth of key disease vectors and agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander J Fitt
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Daniel B Schwab
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Lauren M Nease
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Charity G Owings
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Garrett J Brinkley
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jonathan A Karty
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard W Hardy
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Christine J Picard
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Brinkley G, Nam H, Shim E, Kirkman R, Kundu A, Karki S, Heidarian Y, Tennessen JM, Liu J, Locasale JW, Guo T, Wei S, Gordetsky J, Johnson-Pais TL, Absher D, Rakheja D, Challa AK, Sudarshan S. Teleological role of L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase in the kidney. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045898. [PMID: 32928875 PMCID: PMC7710027 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2HG) is an oncometabolite found elevated in renal tumors. However, this molecule might have physiological roles that extend beyond its association with cancer, as L-2HG levels are elevated in response to hypoxia and during Drosophila larval development. L-2HG is known to be metabolized by L-2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH), and loss of L2HGDH leads to elevated L-2HG levels. Despite L2HGDH being highly expressed in the kidney, its role in renal metabolism has not been explored. Here, we report our findings utilizing a novel CRISPR/Cas9 murine knockout model, with a specific focus on the role of L2HGDH in the kidney. Histologically, L2hgdh knockout kidneys have no demonstrable histologic abnormalities. However, GC-MS metabolomics demonstrates significantly reduced levels of the TCA cycle intermediate succinate in multiple tissues. Isotope labeling studies with [U-13C] glucose demonstrate that restoration of L2HGDH in renal cancer cells (which lowers L-2HG) leads to enhanced incorporation of label into TCA cycle intermediates. Subsequent biochemical studies demonstrate that L-2HG can inhibit the TCA cycle enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Bioinformatic analysis of mRNA expression data from renal tumors demonstrates that L2HGDH is co-expressed with genes encoding TCA cycle enzymes as well as the gene encoding the transcription factor PGC-1α, which is known to regulate mitochondrial metabolism. Restoration of PGC-1α in renal tumor cells results in increased L2HGDH expression with a concomitant reduction in L-2HG levels. Collectively, our analyses provide new insight into the physiological role of L2HGDH as well as mechanisms that promote L-2HG accumulation in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Brinkley
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hyeyoung Nam
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Eunhee Shim
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Richard Kirkman
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Suman Karki
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yasaman Heidarian
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordetsky
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anil K Challa
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sunil Sudarshan
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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