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Yan Y, Yu Y, Sima J, Geng C, Yang J. Aging behavior of microplastics accelerated by mechanical fragmentation: alteration of intrinsic and extrinsic properties. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:90993-91006. [PMID: 37468782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) inevitably undergo multiple aging processes during their life cycle in the environment. However, the information regarding the mechanical fragmentation behavior of MPs remained unclear, including the changes in the intrinsic properties of aged MPs, the measurement of aging degree, the underlying mechanism, and the interaction with heavy metals. Here, MPs (PS, PP, PET) were aged by crushing (-CR) and ball-milling (-BM) to simulate mild and severe mechanical fragmentation, respectively. Our results indicated that mechanical fragmentation significantly affected the morphology of MPs. The aging degree of MP-BM was deeper compared to MP-CR owing to smaller particle size, larger specific surface area, poorer heat resistance, better hydrophilicity, and richer oxygen-containing functional groups. The carbonyl index (CI) and O/C ratio were used to measure the aging degree of the two mechanical aging treatments. Besides, the mechanism was proposed and the discrepancy between the two treatments was elaborated from three aspects including the excitation energy source, reaction interface, and reaction dynamics. Furthermore, the extrinsic properties of MPs altered with the increase of aging degree; specifically, the adsorption capacities of heavy metals were enhanced. Meanwhile, it was unveiled that the CI value and O/C ratio played a vital role in estimating the adsorption ability of heavy metals. The findings not only reveal the mechanical fragmentation behavior of MPs but also provide new insights into the assessment of the potential risks of the aged MPs via chemical indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yan
- The Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201418, China
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yulu Yu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jingke Sima
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Chunnu Geng
- The Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, No. 100 Haiquan Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
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Shi T, Niu D, You J, Li S, Li G, Ren K, Yan S, Xu G, Yin J. Injectable macro-porous chitosan/polyethylene glycol-silicotungstic acid double-network hydrogels based on "smashed gels recombination" strategy for cartilage tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123541. [PMID: 36740115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The lack of interconnected macro-porous structure of most injectable hydrogels lead to poor cell and tissue infiltration. Herein, we present the fabrication of injectable macro-porous hydrogels based on "smashed gels recombination" strategy. Chitosan/polyethylene glycol-silicotungstic acid (CS/PEG-SiW) double-network hydrogels were prepared via dual dynamic interactions. The bulk CS/PEG-SiW hydrogels were then smashed into micro-hydrogels with average sizes ranging from 47.6 to 63.8 μm by mechanical fragmentation. The CS/PEG-SiW micro-hydrogels could be continuously injected and rapidly recombined into a stable porous hydrogel based on the dual dynamic interactions between micro-hydrogels. The average pore size of the recombined porous CS/PEG-SiW hydrogels ranged from 52 to 184 μm. The storage modulus, compress modulus and maximum compressive strain of the recombined porous CS/PEG-SiW1.0 hydrogels reached about 47.2 %, 28.2 % and 127.6 % of the values for their corresponding bulk hydrogels, respectively. The recombined porous hydrogels were cytocompatible and could effectively support proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In a rat cartilage defect model, recombined porous CS/PEG-SiW hydrogels could promote cartilage regeneration. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Safranin-O/Fast green and immunohistochemical staining confirmed the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and type II collagen (Col II) in regenerated cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhe Shi
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Dongyang Niu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China
| | - Jiahui You
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Guifei Li
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Kaixuan Ren
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Shifeng Yan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Guohua Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, PR China.
| | - Jingbo Yin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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Jang BK, Cho JS, Kang SH, Lee CH. Culture types and period impact gametophyte morphogenesis and sporophyte formation of eastern bracken. Plant Methods 2021; 17:87. [PMID: 34344395 PMCID: PMC8336368 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid suspension culture efficiently proliferates plant cells and can be applied to ferns because it rapidly increases the fresh weight of gametophytes. This study assessed gametophyte proliferation and sporophyte production of Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum using a suspension culture method. RESULTS The growth curve linear phase of gametophyte cells was confirmed between 9 and 18 days of culture, and the subculture cycle was determined to be 2 weeks. A double-strength MS medium (fresh weight, 18.0 g) containing 2% sucrose and NH4+:NO3- (120 mM, 40:80) was found to be the optimal liquid medium. Gametophytes obtained after suspension culture for 18 days did not normally form sporophytes in an ex vitro soil environment. However, this issue was resolved after changing the culture type or extending the culture period to 6 weeks. A short suspension culture period increased the fresh weight of fragmented and homogenized gametophytes but yielded numerous relatively immature gametophytes (globular forms of branching gametophytes, BG). Furthermore, differences in gametophyte morphogenesis and development were indicated by changes in endogenous phytohormone content. BG with immature development exhibited high accumulation of zeatin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, and relatively low levels of abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. The immature development of gametophytes directly affected sporophyte formation. CONCLUSIONS This study maximized the advantages of liquid suspension culture using eastern bracken gametophytes and provides data to resolve any associated issues, thus facilitating efficient bracken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kook Jang
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for the Development of Advanced Horticultural Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Sung Cho
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Ho Kang
- Faculty of Bio-Pharmaceutical Industry, Semyung University, Jecheon, 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hee Lee
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Gao C, Yang J, Zhang H, Xiao W, Han L. Quantitative and qualitative characterization of dual scale mechanical enhancement on cellulosic and crystalline-structural variation of NaOH treated wheat straw. Bioresour Technol 2020; 312:123535. [PMID: 32454440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the effects of different mechanical fragmentation on cellulose separation and cellulose polymorphic transformation of wheat straw during alkali treatment, one coarse milled (CM) and two ball milled wheat straw samples (BM30 and BM120) were treated with different NaOH concentrations (1%-10%), and the lignocellulosic compositions and crystalline-structural various were quantitative and qualitative characterized. The quantitative equations between cellulose content and NaOH concentration of different mechanical treated samples were YCM = 69.8-35.1exp(-0.64X)), YBM30 = 71.3-35.1exp(-0.86X)) and YBM120 = 73.5-35.1exp(-1.82X)). The enhancement effect of cellulose separation with the increasing mechanical fragmentation intensity is mainly due to the increasing hemicellulose solubilization. X-ray diffraction results reveals that the NaOH concentration required for cellulose crystalline transformation of CM, BM30 and BM120 is 10%, 8% and 2%, respectively. In conclusion, mechanical fragmentation contributes to cellulose separation and cellulose crystalline transformation under lower NaOH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongfeng Gao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hehu Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China.
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Chubarenko I, Efimova I, Bagaeva M, Bagaev A, Isachenko I. On mechanical fragmentation of single-use plastics in the sea swash zone with different types of bottom sediments: Insights from laboratory experiments. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 150:110726. [PMID: 31780093 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical fragmentation of four commonly used plastics, from 2-cm squares or cubes to microplastics (MPs, <5 mm), is experimentally investigated using a rotating laboratory mixer mimicking the sea swash zone with natural beach sediments (large and small pebbles, granules, sand). Macro-samples were prepared from brittle not-buoyant PS (disposable plates), flexible thin film of LDPE (garbage bags), highly buoyant foamed PS (building insulation sheets), and hard buoyant PP (single-use beverage cups). With a great variety of behaviors of plastics while mixing, coarser sediments (pebbles) have higher fragmentation efficiency than sands (measured as the mass of generated MPs), disregarding sinking/floating or mechanical properties of the samples. It is confirmed that, under swash-like mixing with coarse sediments, the MPs tend to burry below the sediment surface. The obtained relationship between the mass of MPs and the number of items is similar to that for MPs floating at the ocean surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Chubarenko
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Irina Efimova
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Margarita Bagaeva
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrei Bagaev
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Federal Research Center "Marine Hydrophysical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences", 2, Kapitanskaya str., Sevastopol 299011, Russia
| | - Igor Isachenko
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36, Nakhimovski prospect, Moscow 117997, Russia
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Ji G, Gao C, Xiao W, Han L. Mechanical fragmentation of corncob at different plant scales: Impact and mechanism on microstructure features and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2016; 205:159-65. [PMID: 26826955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, corncob samples at different scales, i.e., plant scale (>1mm), tissue scale (500-100μm) and cellular scale (50-30μm), were produced to investigate the impact and mechanisms of different mechanical fragmentations on microstructure features and enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that the microstructure features and enzymatic hydrolysis of corncob samples, either at a plant scale or tissue scale, did not change significantly. Conversely, corncob samples at a cellular scale exhibited some special properties, i.e., an increase in the special surface area with the inner mesopores and macropores exposed to the surface; breakage of crystalline cellulose and linkages in polysaccharides; and a higher proportion of polysaccharides on the surface, which significantly enhanced enzymatic digestibility resulting in a 98.3% conversion yield of cellulose to glucose which is the highest conversion ever reported. In conclusion, mechanical fragmentation at the cellular scale is an effective pretreatment for corncob.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanya Ji
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chongfeng Gao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Box 191, Beijing 100083, China.
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