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Barrios JM, Bedolla-García BY, González-Vanegas PA, Lira-Noriega A, López-Enriquez JC, Mérida-Rivas JA, Madrigal-González D, Rodríguez P, Rös M, Vandame R, Sierra-Alcocer R, Cultid-Medina CA. Xicotli Data: a project to retrieve plant-bee interactions from citizen science. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e114688. [PMID: 38161490 PMCID: PMC10755741 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e114688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Xicotli data is the short name given to the dataset generated within the project framework "Integration of Biodiversity Data for the Management and Conservation of Wild Bee-Plant Interactions in Mexico (2021-2023)", as xicotli is the generic word for a bee in Nahuatl. The team comprised eco-informaticians, ecologists and taxonomists of both native bees and flora. The generated dataset contains so far 4,532 curated records of the plants, which are potential hosts of species of three focal families of bees native to Mexico: Apidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae and morphological and ecological data of the plant-bee interactions. This dataset was integrated and mobilised from citizen observations available at naturalista.mx (iNat), which were compiled through the iNaturalist project. New information The new information obtained with the Xicotli data project was: Taxonomic information about bee species curated by taxonomists based on the information contained in iNaturalist;Taxonomic identification of the host plants by a botanist from the photos compiled by the Xicotli Data project;Data on the ecomorphological traits of bees and plants based on expert knowledge and literature. All the data were integrated into the Xicotli Data Project via the creation of new "observation fields". The visibility of the information originally contained in iNaturalist was maximized and can be consulted directly on the iNaturalist platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Barrios
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, MexicoComisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Brenda Y Bedolla-García
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano. Centro Regional del Bajío, Pátzcuaro, MexicoInstituto de Ecología, A. C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano. Centro Regional del BajíoPátzcuaroMexico
| | - Paola A González-Vanegas
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, MexicoComisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)Mexico CityMexico
| | | | - Juan C López-Enriquez
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, MexicoComisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Jorge A Mérida-Rivas
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad San Cristóbal, San Cristóbal de las Casas, MexicoEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad San CristóbalSan Cristóbal de las CasasMexico
| | - Daniel Madrigal-González
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, MexicoComisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Pilar Rodríguez
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, MexicoComisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)Mexico CityMexico
| | - Matthias Rös
- CIIDIR Oaxaca, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Oaxaca, MexicoCIIDIR Oaxaca, Instituto Politecnico NacionalOaxacaMexico
| | - Remy Vandame
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad San Cristóbal, San Cristóbal de las Casas, MexicoEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur Unidad San CristóbalSan Cristóbal de las CasasMexico
| | - Raúl Sierra-Alcocer
- Banorte, Dirección de Analítica Modelaje, Mexico City, MexicoBanorte, Dirección de Analítica ModelajeMexico CityMexico
| | - Carlos A. Cultid-Medina
- Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano. Centro Regional del Bajío, Pátzcuaro, MexicoInstituto de Ecología, A. C. Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano. Centro Regional del BajíoPátzcuaroMexico
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Riaño-Jiménez D, Cure JR, Gutierrez AP. Nesting Behavior, Phenology, and Bionomics of the High Andean Leaf-Cutter Bee Megachile (Cressoniella) amparo. Neotrop Entomol 2023; 52:814-825. [PMID: 37369980 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-023-01061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Megachile amparo (González, Revista Colombiana De Entomología 32(1):93-96, 2006) is the only high Andean leaf-cutter bee reported in Colombia and is possibly endemic to the Colombian Andes. Although it is frequently observed, even in urban areas, its biology and ecology remain unknown. The present study aimed to describe detailed aspects of its bionomy. Trap-nests were installed on the Campus of the Nueva Granada University (Cajicá, Colombia) from June/2018 to March/2020. The trap-nests were wooden blocks (25 × 15 × 14 cm) with 30 cavities of Ø = 1 cm and different lengths (50 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm) lined with waxed paper straws. During the observations, an increasing number of trap-nests were installed, increasing from 250 to 720 cavities. The trap-nests were monitored three times a week, recording both the date the start and end building by female. Most of the nest were maintained in the field to estimate the sex ratio, cell survival, and total development time under natural conditions. Thirty-two nests were removed at different times of the observation period to establish number of cells per nest, and cells built per female per day. We incubated 20 cells from different nests at 18 °C, 22 °C, 26 °C, and 32 °C to estimate the base temperature, thermal constant k (developmental time in degree days), and cell survival. Young cells of different positions were dissected and weighed to characterize food provision and brood cells. Computerized tomography-CT scans were performed in 30 brood cells to determine if diapause occurred during prepupal stage. Females nested 7- and 10-cm-long cavities and the number of cells per nest varied with cavity length. The brood cells had a length of 1.23 ± 0.12 cm and a diameter of 0.92 ± 0.05 cm. The female spends 1.17 ± 0.29 days to build a brood cell. Food provision varied according to the position of the brood cell in the nest. The adults of M. amparo present a marked seasonality being more active during dry months. Base temperature and thermal constant k were different for males and females. The sex ratio is female biased (1.9:1), and cell survival in the field was 89% with no cleptoparasites or predators recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Ricardo Cure
- Nueva Granada Univ, Cajicá, Colombia
- Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, CASAS Global NGO, Kensington, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Paul Gutierrez
- Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, CASAS Global NGO, Kensington, CA, USA
- Division of Ecosystem Science, College of Natural Resources, Univ of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Meunier JY, Geslin B, Issertes M, Mahé G, Vyghen F, Labrique H, Dutour Y, Poncet V, Migliore J, Nève G. Apoidea of the collections of Lyon, Aix-en-Provence, Marseille and Toulon Museums of Natural History (France). Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e99650. [PMID: 38327286 PMCID: PMC10848718 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e99650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many insect species have shown dramatic declines over the last decades, as a result of man-related environmental changes. Many species which were formerly widespread are now rare. To document this trend with evidence, old records of collected specimens are vital. New information We provide here the data on 9752 bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) specimens hosted in several museums of south-east France: Musée des Confluences in Lyon, Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Muséum d'Aix-en-Provence and the Muséum Départemental du Var in Toulon. Most of the specimens (9256) come from France and include data on 552 named species. For most of these specimens, the geographical location, including geographical coordinates, is based on the locality (town or village) where they were collected. The specimens were captured from the beginning of the nineteenth century to 2018. The identifications of 1377 specimens, mainly belonging to the genus Bombus, are considered reliable, as these were performed or been checked since 2009. All the other reported identifications are the original ones given by the original collectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Meunier
- IMBE, Marseille, FranceIMBEMarseilleFrance
- IRD, Marseille, FranceIRDMarseilleFrance
- CNRS, Marseille, FranceCNRSMarseilleFrance
- Avignon Université, Marseille, FranceAvignon UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Benoît Geslin
- IMBE, Marseille, FranceIMBEMarseilleFrance
- IRD, Marseille, FranceIRDMarseilleFrance
- CNRS, Marseille, FranceCNRSMarseilleFrance
- Avignon Université, Marseille, FranceAvignon UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Mehdi Issertes
- Observatoire des Abeilles, Flines-lez-Raches, FranceObservatoire des AbeillesFlines-lez-RachesFrance
| | - Gilles Mahé
- Unaffiliated, Mesquer, FranceUnaffiliatedMesquerFrance
| | - Frédéric Vyghen
- Arthropologia, La-Tour-de-Salvagny, FranceArthropologiaLa-Tour-de-SalvagnyFrance
| | - Harold Labrique
- Musée des Confluences, Lyon, FranceMusée des ConfluencesLyonFrance
| | - Yves Dutour
- Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Aix-en-Provence, FranceMuséum d’Histoire NaturelleAix-en-ProvenceFrance
| | - Vincent Poncet
- Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Marseille, FranceMuséum d’Histoire NaturelleMarseilleFrance
| | - Jérémy Migliore
- Muséum départemental du Var, Toulon, FranceMuséum départemental du VarToulonFrance
| | - Gabriel Nève
- IMBE, Marseille, FranceIMBEMarseilleFrance
- IRD, Marseille, FranceIRDMarseilleFrance
- CNRS, Marseille, FranceCNRSMarseilleFrance
- Avignon Université, Marseille, FranceAvignon UniversitéMarseilleFrance
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, FranceAix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
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Kueneman JG, Gillung J, Van Dyke MT, Fordyce RF, Danforth BN. Solitary bee larvae modify bacterial diversity of pollen provisions in the stem-nesting bee, Osmia cornifrons ( Megachilidae). Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1057626. [PMID: 36699601 PMCID: PMC9868615 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1057626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes, including diverse bacteria and fungi, play an important role in the health of both solitary and social bees. Among solitary bee species, in which larvae remain in a closed brood cell throughout development, experiments that modified or eliminated the brood cell microbiome through sterilization indicated that microbes contribute substantially to larval nutrition and are in some cases essential for larval development. To better understand how feeding larvae impact the microbial community of their pollen/nectar provisions, we examine the temporal shift in the bacterial community in the presence and absence of actively feeding larvae of the solitary, stem-nesting bee, Osmia cornifrons (Megachilidae). Our results indicate that the O. cornifrons brood cell bacterial community is initially diverse. However, larval solitary bees modify the microbial community of their pollen/nectar provisions over time by suppressing or eliminating rare taxa while favoring bacterial endosymbionts of insects and diverse plant pathogens, perhaps through improved conditions or competitive release. We suspect that the proliferation of opportunistic plant pathogens may improve nutrient availability of developing larvae through degradation of pollen. Thus, the health and development of solitary bees may be interconnected with pollen bacterial diversity and perhaps with the propagation of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan G. Kueneman
- Danforth Lab, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Jordan G. Kueneman, ✉
| | - Jessica Gillung
- Danforth Lab, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,Lyman Entomological Museum, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Maria T. Van Dyke
- Danforth Lab, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Rachel F. Fordyce
- Danforth Lab, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Bryan N. Danforth
- Danforth Lab, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Kline O, Phan NT, Porras MF, Chavana J, Little CZ, Stemet L, Acharya RS, Biddinger DJ, Reddy GVP, Rajotte EG, Joshi NK. Biology, Genetic Diversity, and Conservation of Wild Bees in Tree Fruit Orchards. Biology (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36671724 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Different species of bees provide essential ecosystem services by pollinating various agricultural crops, including tree fruits. Many fruits and nuts depend on insect pollination, primarily by wild and managed bees. In different geographical regions where orchard crops are grown, fruit growers rely on wild bees in the farmscape and use orchard bees as alternative pollinators. Orchard crops such as apples, pears, plums, apricots, etc., are mass-flowering crops and attract many different bee species during their bloom period. Many bee species found in orchards emerge from overwintering as the fruit trees start flowering in spring, and the active duration of these bees aligns very closely with the blooming time of fruit trees. In addition, most of the bees in orchards are short-range foragers and tend to stay close to the fruit crops. However, the importance of orchard bee communities is not well understood, and many challenges in maintaining their populations remain. This comprehensive review paper summarizes the different types of bees commonly found in tree fruit orchards in the fruit-growing regions of the United States, their bio-ecology, and genetic diversity. Additionally, recommendations for the management of orchard bees, different strategies for protecting them from multiple stressors, and providing suitable on-farm nesting and floral resource habitats for propagation and conservation are discussed.
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McCabe LM, Aslan CE, Cobb NS. Decreased bee emergence along an elevation gradient: Implications for climate change revealed by a transplant experiment. Ecology 2021; 103:e03598. [PMID: 34813669 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bees experience differences in thermal tolerance based on their geographical range; however, there are virtually no studies that examine how overwintering temperatures may influence immature survival rates. Here, we conducted a transplant experiment along an elevation gradient to test for climate-change effects on immature overwinter survival using movement along elevational gradient for a community of 26 cavity-nesting bee species in the family Megachilidae along the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona elevational gradient. In each of three years, we placed nest blocks at three elevations, to be colonized by native Megachilidae. Colonized blocks were then (1) moved to lower (warmer) elevations; (2) moved to higher (cooler) elevations; or (3) left in their natal habitat (no change in temperature). Because Megachilidae occupy high elevations with colder temperatures more than any other family of bees, we predicted that emergence would decrease in nest blocks moved to lower elevations, but that we would find no differences in emergence when nest blocks were moved to higher elevations. We found three major results: (1) Bee species moved to lower (warmer) habitats exhibited a 30% decrease in emergence compared with species moved within their natal habitat. (2) Habitat generalists were more likely than habitat specialists to emerge when moved up or down in elevation regardless of their natal life zones. (3) At our highest elevation treatment, emergence increased when blocks were moved to higher elevations, indicating that at least some Megachilidae species can survive at colder temperatures. Our results suggest that direct effects of warming temperatures will have negative impacts on the overall survival of Megachilidae. Additionally, above the tree line, low availability of wood-nesting resources is a probable limiting factor on bees moving up in elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsie M McCabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA.,USDA-ARS Pollinating Insect Research Unit, Logan, Utah, 84341, USA
| | - Clare E Aslan
- Landscape Conservation Initiative, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Neil S Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
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Cecala JM, Wilson Rankin EE. Petals and leaves: quantifying the use of nest building materials by the world's most valuable solitary bee. Ecology 2021; 103:e03584. [PMID: 34767257 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Cecala
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
| | - Erin E Wilson Rankin
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA
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Van Eeckhoven J, Horsburgh GJ, Dawson DA, Mayer K, Bretman A, Duncan EJ. Development of a multiplex microsatellite marker set for the study of the solitary red mason bee, Osmia bicornis ( Megachilidae). Mol Biol Rep 2021. [PMID: 34724128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Solitary bees, such as the red mason bee (Osmia bicornis), provide important ecosystem services including pollination. In the face of global declines of pollinator abundance, such haplodiploid Hymenopterans have a compounded extinction risk due to the potential for limited genetic diversity. In order to assess the genetic diversity of Osmia bicornis populations, we developed microsatellite markers and characterised them in two populations. Methods and results Microsatellite sequences were mined from the recently published Osmia bicornis genome, which was assembled from DNA extracted from a single male bee originating from the United Kingdom. Sequences were identified that contained dinucleotide, trinucleotide, and tetranucleotide repeat regions. Seventeen polymorphic microsatellite markers were designed and tested, sixteen of which were developed into four multiplex PCR sets to facilitate cheap, fast and efficient genotyping and were characterised in unrelated females from Germany (n = 19) and England (n = 14). Conclusions The microsatellite markers are highly informative, with a combined exclusion probability of 0.997 (first parent), which will enable studies of genetic structure and diversity to inform conservation efforts in this bee. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-021-06796-x.
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Nobile V, Catania R, Niolu P, Pusceddu M, Satta A, Floris I, Flaminio S, Bella S, Quaranta M. Twenty New Records of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) for Sardinia (Italy). Insects 2021; 12:627. [PMID: 34357287 PMCID: PMC8306000 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Sardinia, the second largest Mediterranean island, 316 species of bees are known. Here, for the first time, the following 20 taxa are reported: Colletes cunicularius (Linnaeus, 1761), and C. eous Morice, 1904 (Colletidae); Andrena humilis Imhoff, 1832, A. granulosa Pérez, 1902, A. cineraria (Linnaeus, 1758), A. pallitarsis Pérez, 1903, A. rugulosa Stöckhert, 1935, A. savignyi Spinola, 1838, and A. tenuistriata Pérez, 1895 (Andrenidae); Sphecodes reticulatus Thomson, 1870 (Halictidae); Lithurgus tibialis Morawitz, 1875, Chelostoma emarginatum (Nylander, 1856), Dioxys cinctus (Jurine, 1807), Coelioxys caudatus Spinola, 1838, C. obtusus Pérez, 1884, and Megachile ericetorum (Lepeletier, 1841) (Megachilidae); and Nomada melathoracica Imhoff, 1834, N. pulchra Arnold, 1888, Eucera proxima Morawitz, 1875 and Tetralonia malvae (Rossi, 1790) (Apidae). N. pulchra is reported for the first time in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Catania
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, (CREA) Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy;
| | | | - Michelina Pusceddu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Alberto Satta
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Ignazio Floris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Simone Flaminio
- Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, (CREA) Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria-via di Corticella 133, I-40128 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (M.Q.)
| | - Salvatore Bella
- Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, (CREA) Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy;
| | - Marino Quaranta
- Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, (CREA) Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria-via di Corticella 133, I-40128 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (M.Q.)
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Wong LH, Forrest JRK. The earlier the better? Nesting timing and reproductive success in subalpine cavity-nesting bees. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1353-1366. [PMID: 33656748 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive timing can affect an organism's production of offspring and its offspring's success, both of which contribute to its overall fitness. In seasonal environments, the timing of reproductive activity may be restricted to short periods of the year owing to numerous potential selective pressures such as variation in daylength, weather, food availability, predation or competition. We documented the relationships between reproductive timing and individual reproductive success (total reproductive output and offspring success) in subalpine populations of five cavity-nesting solitary bee species. We also examined the relationships between bee reproductive success and environmental variables that are likely ultimate drivers of bee phenology in subalpine environments (i.e. seasonality of floral resource abundance and temperature). Over 6 years, we recorded solitary bee nesting timing, egg production and offspring success using artificial nesting structures ('trap-nests') established at multiple study sites. We also quantified floral resources and recorded temperature throughout growing seasons. Bees nesting earlier in the season exhibited greater reproductive success. Reproductive output generally increased with floral abundance, although this relationship was weak and only significant for some bee species. Elevated temperatures were associated with increased nest construction rate, but not with greater reproductive output. These contrasting effects of temperature may have been driven by the negative relationship between temperature and bee longevity. Bees who nested for shorter durations of time (a proxy for longevity) produced fewer offspring, and individuals exhibiting the shortest nesting durations were also those that began nesting late in the season. Overall, bees who initiated nesting early and sustained activity for a long duration had the highest reproductive output. This work documents the relationship between reproductive phenology and fitness in wild insect populations and highlights the ways in which organisms can cope with the challenges of living in seasonal and highly variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia H Wong
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
| | - Jessica R K Forrest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA
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Lu H, He B, Hao Y, Zhou Z, Su C, Huang D. Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis of Two Cuckoo Bees (Apoidea: Anthophila: Megachilidae) with Phylogenetic Implications. Insects 2021; 12:29. [PMID: 33466344 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea and Anthophila) are distributed worldwide and considered the primary pollinators of angiosperm. Megachilidae is one of the largest families of Anthophila. In this study, two complete mitogenomes of cuckoo bees in Megachilidae, namely Coelioxys fenestrata and Euaspis polynesia, were amplified and sequenced, with a length of 17,004 bp (C. fenestrata) and 17,682 bp (E. polynesia). The obtained results show that 37 mitogenomic genes and one putative control region were conserved within Hymenoptera. Truncated stop codon T was found in the cox3 gene of E. polynesia. The secondary structure of small (rrnS) and large (rrnL) rRNA subunits contained three domains (28 helices) and five domains (44 helices) conserved within Hymenoptera, respectively. Compared with ancestral gene order, gene rearrangement events included local inversion and gene shuffling. In order to reveal the phylogenetic position of cuckoo bees, we performed phylogenetic analysis. The results supported that all families of Anthophila were monophyletic, the tribe-level relationship of Megachilidae was Osmiini + (Anthidiini + Megachilini) and Coelioxys fenestrata was clustered to the Megachile genus, which was more closely related to Megachile sculpturalis and Megachile strupigera than Euaspis polynesia.
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Yoon HJ, Park JS, Jeong SY, Lee KY, Kim I. Mitochondrial genome of the mason bee, Osmia pedicornis (Hymenopetra: Megachilidae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020; 5:3764-3766. [PMID: 33367092 PMCID: PMC7671597 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1833775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mason bee, Osmia pedicornis Cockerell, 1919, which is importantly used as the pollinator, particularly for apples in Korea. We sequenced the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of O. pedicornis as an initial study for species identification and subsequent population genetic study. The size of the incomplete genome was 14,505 bp, excluding the trnA, trnC, and the A + T-rich region that were unable to sequence, but including partially sequenced trnM and srRNA. The genome included typical sets of protein-coding genes (PCGs), rRNA genes, and one non-coding region, tRNAs, excluding two unidentified tRNAs. Although positions of the two tRNAs that were not sequenced are unknown the gene arrangement of O. pedicornis mitogenome has the tRNA arrangement, trnM-trnQ-trnI, at the A + T-rich region and ND2 junction that differed from that of previously published O. excavate, which has trnA-trnQ-trnI arrangement at the junction. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs genes and the maximum likelihood method with the inclusion of a total of 12 mitogenome sequences belonging to three families in the superfamily Apoidea. Current O. pedicornis was placed as the sister to the O. bicornis, with the highest nodal support. The Apidae and Megachilidae were placed as the sister group, with the placement of Colletidae as the basal lineage for the group with the highest nodal support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joo Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sun Park
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Jeong
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Yong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Iksoo Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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13
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Forrest JRK, Cross R, CaraDonna PJ. Two-Year Bee, or Not Two-Year Bee? How Voltinism Is Affected by Temperature and Season Length in a High-Elevation Solitary Bee. Am Nat 2019; 193:560-574. [PMID: 30912966 DOI: 10.1086/701826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Organisms must often make developmental decisions without complete information about future conditions. This uncertainty-for example, about the duration of conditions favorable for growth-can favor bet-hedging strategies. Here, we investigated the causes of life cycle variation in Osmia iridis, a bee exhibiting a possible bet-hedging strategy with co-occurring 1- and 2-year life cycles. One-year bees reach adulthood quickly but die if they fail to complete pupation before winter; 2-year bees adopt a low-risk, low-reward strategy of postponing pupation until the second summer. We reared larval bees in incubators in various experimental conditions and found that warmer-but not longer-summers and early birthdates increased the frequency of 1-year life cycles. Using in situ temperature measurements and developmental trajectories of laboratory- and field-reared bees, we estimated degree-days required to reach adulthood in a single year. Local long-term (1950-2015) climate records reveal that this heat requirement is met in only ∼7% of summers, suggesting that the observed distribution of life cycles is adaptive. Warming summers will likely decrease average generation times in these populations. Nevertheless, survival of bees attempting 1-year life cycles-particularly those developing from late-laid eggs-will be <100%; consequently, we expect the life cycle polymorphism to persist.
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Pitts-Singer TL, Hagen MM, Helm BR, Highland S, Buckner JS, Kemp WP. Comparison of the Chemical Compositions of the Cuticle and Dufour's Gland of Two Solitary Bee Species from Laboratory and Field Conditions. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:451-468. [PMID: 28500569 PMCID: PMC5487754 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0844-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific biochemistry, morphology, and function of the Dufour’s gland have been investigated for social bees and some non-social bee families. Most of the solitary bees previously examined are ground-nesting bees that use Dufour’s gland secretions to line brood chambers. This study examines the chemistry of the cuticle and Dufour’s gland of cavity-nesting Megachile rotundata and Osmia lignaria, which are species managed for crop pollination. Glandular and cuticular lipid compositions were characterized and compared to each other and according to the nesting experience of adult females. Major lipid classes found were hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, and wax esters. Many components were common to the cuticle and Dufour’s glands of each species, yet not identical in number or relative composition. Wax esters and fatty acids were more prevalent in Dufour’s glands of M. rotundata than on cuticles. Wax esters were more abundant on cuticles of O. lignaria than in Dufour’s glands. In both species, fatty acids were more prevalent in glands of field-collected females compared to any other sample type. Chemical profiles of cuticles and glands were distinct from each other, and, for O. lignaria, profiles of laboratory-maintained bees could be distinguished from those of field-collected bees. Comparison of percentiles of individual components of cuticular and glandular profiles of the same bee showed that the proportions of some cuticular components were predictive of the proportion of the same glandular components, especially for nesting females. Lastly, evidence suggested that Dufour’s gland is the major source of nest-marking substances in M. rotundata, but evidence for this role in O. lignaria was less conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Pitts-Singer
- USDA ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.
| | - Marcia M Hagen
- USDA ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Bryan R Helm
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Steven Highland
- Bureau of Land Management - Mt. Lewis Field Office, 50 Bastian Rd., Battle Mountain, NV, 89820, USA
| | - James S Buckner
- USDA ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - William P Kemp
- USDA ARS Biosciences Research Laboratory, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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15
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Forrest JRK, Chisholm SPM. Direct benefits and indirect costs of warm temperatures for high-elevation populations of a solitary bee. Ecology 2017; 98:359-369. [PMID: 27861777 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Warm temperatures are required for insect flight. Consequently, warming could benefit many high-latitude and high-altitude insects by increasing opportunities for foraging or oviposition. However, warming can also alter species interactions, including interactions with natural enemies, making the net effect of rising temperatures on population growth rate difficult to predict. We investigated the temperature-dependence of nesting activity and lifetime reproductive output over 3 yr in subalpine populations of a pollen-specialist bee, Osmia iridis. Rates of nest provisioning increased with ambient temperatures and with availability of floral resources, as expected. However, warmer conditions did not increase lifetime reproductive output. Lifetime offspring production was best explained by rates of brood parasitism (by the wasp Sapyga), which increased with temperature. Direct observations of bee and parasite activity suggest that although activity of both species is favored by warmer temperatures, bees can be active at lower ambient temperatures, while wasps are active only at higher temperatures. Thus, direct benefits to the bees of warmer temperatures were nullified by indirect costs associated with increased parasite activity. To date, most studies of climate-change effects on pollinators have focused on changing interactions between pollinators and their floral host-plants (i.e., bottom-up processes). Our results suggest that natural enemies (i.e., top-down forces) can play a key role in pollinator population regulation and should not be overlooked in forecasts of pollinator responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R K Forrest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 519, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224, USA
| | - Sarah P M Chisholm
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 519, Crested Butte, Colorado, 81224, USA
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Kierat J, Szentgyörgyi H, Woyciechowski M. Orientation Inside Linear Nests by Male and Female Osmia bicornis ( Megachilidae). J Insect Sci 2017; 17:3065811. [PMID: 28355480 PMCID: PMC5416809 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous species of solitary bees and wasps build linear nests with only one entrance. Developing insects must orient themselves inside their nest to choose the correct direction in which to emerge. Misorientation and chewing towards the dead end of the nest can result in significant mortality. Most insects position themselves towards the nest entrance during cocoon construction; however, some individuals are misoriented. We tested whether imagines can examine and possibly correct their orientation after emerging from their cocoons. Males were usually able to correct their misoriented position based on the shape of the cell wall and emerged through the correct entrance, whereas most females pursued the direction that they faced in their cocoons. We suggest that there can be more than one time point during development when bees can control their position in relation to the nest entrance and that the importance of these time points varies between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kierat
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (; )
| | - Hajnalka Szentgyörgyi
- Department of Pomology and Apiculture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Woyciechowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland (; )
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Scott Z, Ginsberg HS, Alm SR. Native Bee Diversity and Pollen Foraging Specificity in Cultivated Highbush Blueberry (Ericaceae: Vaccinium corymbosum) in Rhode Island. Environ Entomol 2016; 45:1432-1438. [PMID: 28028090 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We identified 41 species of native bees from a total of 1,083 specimens collected at cultivated highbush blueberry plantings throughout Rhode Island in 2014 and 2015. Andrena spp., Bombus spp., and Xylocopa virginica (L.) were collected most often. Bombus griseocollis (DeGeer), B. impatiens Cresson, B. bimaculatus Cresson, B. perplexus Cresson, and Andrena vicina Smith collected the largest mean numbers of blueberry pollen tetrads. The largest mean percent blueberry pollen loads were carried by the miner bees Andrena bradleyi Viereck (91%), A. carolina Viereck (90%), and Colletes validus Cresson (87%). The largest mean total pollen grain loads were carried by B. griseocollis (549,844), B. impatiens (389,558), X. virginica (233,500), and B. bimaculatus (193,132). Xylocopa virginica was the fourth and fifth most commonly collected bee species in 2014 and 2015, respectively. They exhibit nectar robbing and females carried relatively low blueberry pollen loads (mean 33%). Overall, we found 10 species of bees to be the primary pollinators of blueberries in Rhode Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Scott
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 (; )
| | - Howard S Ginsberg
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Coastal Field Station, Woodward Hall, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Steven R Alm
- Department of Plant Sciences and Entomology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 (; )
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18
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Coudrain V, Rittiner S, Herzog F, Tinner W, Entling MH. Landscape distribution of food and nesting sites affect larval diet and nest size, but not abundance of Osmia bicornis. Insect Sci 2016; 23:746-753. [PMID: 25973721 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is a major threat for beneficial organisms and the ecosystem services they provide. Multiple-habitat users such as wild bees depend on both nesting and foraging habitat. Thus, they may be affected by the fragmentation of at least two habitat types. We investigated the effects of landscape-scale amount of and patch isolation from both nesting habitat (woody plants) and foraging habitat (specific pollen sources) on the abundance and diet of Osmia bicornis L. Trap-nests of O. bicornis were studied in 30 agricultural landscapes of the Swiss Plateau. Nesting and foraging habitats were mapped in a radius of 500 m around the sites. Pollen composition of larval diet changed as isolation to the main pollen source, Ranunculus, increased, suggesting that O. bicornis adapted its foraging strategy in function of the nest proximity to main pollen sources. Abundance of O. bicornis was neither related to isolation or amount of nesting habitat nor to isolation or abundance of food plants. Surprisingly, nests of O. bicornis contained fewer larvae in sites at forest edge compared to isolated sites, possibly due to higher parasitism risk. This study indicates that O. bicornis can nest in a variety of situations by compensating scarcity of its main larval food by exploiting alternative food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Coudrain
- Research Station ART, Zürich, CH-8046, Switzerland.
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau/Pfalz, D-76829, Germany.
| | - Sarah Rittiner
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Felix Herzog
- Research Station ART, Zürich, CH-8046, Switzerland
| | - Willy Tinner
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3013, Switzerland
| | - Martin H Entling
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau/Pfalz, D-76829, Germany
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19
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Huang D, Su T, He B, Gu P, Liang AP, Zhu C. Sequencing and characterization of the Megachile strupigera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2016; 1:282-284. [PMID: 33537412 PMCID: PMC7831656 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1166078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Megachile strupigera (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachilinae) was determined in our study. The sequenced region is 15,193 bp with an A + T content of 83.44%, including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs and 19 transfer RNAs. All PCGs are initiated by typical ATN codons and stop with the complete termination codon TAA, except for nad3 gene, which has an incomplete stop codon T. Bayesian method supported the monophyly of both Megachilidae and Apoidea. And within the Apoidea, Apidae and Megachilidae formed a sister clade to Colletidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution (CAS), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianjuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution (CAS), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo He
- Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Jiangxi Environmental Engineering Vocational College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution (CAS), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution (CAS), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Litman JR, Griswold T, Danforth BN. Phylogenetic systematics and a revised generic classification of anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 100:183-198. [PMID: 26988413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bee tribe Anthidiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is a large, cosmopolitan group of solitary bees that exhibit intriguing nesting behavior. We present the first molecular-based phylogenetic analysis of relationships within Anthidiini using model-based methods and a large, multi-locus dataset (five nuclear genes, 5081 base pairs), as well as a combined analysis using our molecular dataset in conjunction with a previously published morphological matrix. We discuss the evolution of nesting behavior in Anthidiini and the relationship between nesting material and female mandibular morphology. Following an examination of the morphological characters historically used to recognize anthidiine genera, we recommend the use of a molecular-based phylogenetic backbone to define taxonomic groups prior to the assignment of diagnostic morphological characters for these groups. Finally, our results reveal the paraphyly of numerous genera and have significant consequences for anthidiine classification. In order to promote a classification system based on stable, monophyletic clades, we hereby make the following changes to Michener's (2007) classification: The subgenera Afranthidium (Zosteranthidium) Michener and Griswold, 1994, Afranthidium (Branthidium) Pasteels, 1969 and Afranthidium (Immanthidium) Pasteels, 1969 are moved into the genus Pseudoanthidium, thus forming the new combinations Pseudoanthidium (Zosteranthidium), Pseudoanthidium (Branthidium), and Pseudoanthidium (Immanthidium). The genus Neanthidium Pasteels, 1969 is also moved into the genus Pseudoanthidium, thus forming the new combination Pseudoanthidium (Neanthidium). Based on morphological characters shared with our new definition of the genus Pseudoanthidium, the subgenus Afranthidium (Mesanthidiellum) Pasteels, 1969 and the genus Gnathanthidium Pasteels, 1969 are also moved into the genus Pseudoanthidium, thus forming the new combinations Pseudoanthidium (Mesanthidiellum) and Pseudoanthidium (Gnathanthidium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Litman
- Natural History Museum of Neuchâtel, Terreaux 14, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Terry Griswold
- USDA-ARS, Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, United States.
| | - Bryan N Danforth
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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21
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Abstract
Leafcutting bees (Megachile: Megachilidae) cut leaves from various trees, shrubs, wildflowers and grasses to partition and encase brood cells in hollow plant stems, decaying logs or in the ground. The identification of preferred plant species via morphological characters of the leaf fragments is challenging and direct observation of bees cutting leaves from certain plant species are difficult. As such, data are poor on leaf preference of leafcutting bees. In this study, I use DNA barcoding of the rcbL and ITS2 regions to identify and compare leaf preference of three Megachile bee species widespread in Toronto, Canada. Nests were opened and one leaf piece from one cell per nest of the native M. pugnata Say (N=45 leaf pieces), and the introduced M. rotundata Fabricius (N=64) and M. centuncularis (L.) (N=65) were analysed. From 174 individual DNA sequences, 54 plant species were identified. Preference by M. rotundata was most diverse (36 leaf species, H'=3.08, phylogenetic diversity (pd)=2.97), followed by M. centuncularis (23 species, H'=2.38, pd=1.51) then M. pugnata (18 species, H'=1.87, pd=1.22). Cluster analysis revealed significant overlap in leaf choice of M. rotundata and M. centuncularis. There was no significant preference for native leaves, and only M. centuncularis showed preference for leaves of woody plants over perennials. Interestingly, antimicrobial properties were present in all but six plants collected; all these were exotic plants and none were collected by the native bee, M. pugnata. These missing details in interpreting what bees need offers valuable information for conservation by accounting for necessary (and potentially limiting) nesting materials.
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Pitts-Singer TL. Resource Effects on Solitary Bee Reproduction in a Managed Crop Pollination System. Environ Entomol 2015; 44:1125-1138. [PMID: 26314057 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Population density may affect solitary bee maternal resource allocation. The number of Megachile rotundata (F.), alfalfa leafcutting bee, females released for seed production of Medicago sativa L., alfalfa, may limit flower availability for nest provisioning. In turn, pollinator abundance also may affect crop yield. The M. sativa pollination system presents an opportunity to test for effects of density dependence and maternal manipulation on M. rotundata reproduction. A multiyear study was performed on M. sativa fields upon which M. rotundata densities were altered to induce low, medium, and high density situations. Numbers of adult bees and open flowers were recorded weekly; bee reproduction variables were collected once. Fields varied in plant performance for each site and year, and the intended bee densities were not realized. Therefore, the variable density index (DI) was derived to describe the number of female bees per area of flowers over the study period. As DI increased, percentages of pollinated flowers, established females, and healthy brood significantly increased, and the number of pollinated flowers per female and of dead or diseased brood significantly decreased. Sex ratio was significantly more female biased as DI increased. Overwintered offspring weights were similar regardless of DI, but significantly differed by year for both sexes, and for males also by field and year × field interaction. Overall, resource limitation was not found in this field study. Other density-dependent factors may have induced a bee dispersal response soon after bees were released in the fields that circumvented the need for, or impact of, maternal manipulation.
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O'Neill KM, Delphia CM, Pitts-Singer TL. Seasonal trends in the condition of nesting females of a solitary bee: wing wear, lipid content, and oocyte size. PeerJ 2015; 3:e930. [PMID: 26019995 PMCID: PMC4435504 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the nesting season, adult females of the solitary bee Megachile rotundata (F.) face considerable physical and energy demands that could include increasing wear and tear on their bodies and decreasing lipid reserves. Consequently, their reproductive performance may be affected not only by extrinsic factors (e.g., weather and floral resource availability), but intrinsic changes in their own bodies. Because of the potential fitness effects of seasonal changes in body condition, our objectives were to determine how wing wear, lipid reserves, and oocyte sizes vary during nesting seasons, beginning when females emerge as adults. As nesting progressed, females in two populations experienced a steady increase in wing wear, which is known to reduce foraging efficiency and increase risk of mortality in other bees. Soon after emergence, females exhibited sharp declines in lipid content which remained low for the remainder of the season. Newly-emerged females ingested pollen, an activity known to be correlated with the initiation of egg maturation in this species. Additionally, the early summer drop in lipid stores was correlated with an increase in the size of the oocytes carried. However, by ∼6 weeks after emergence, oocytes began to decrease in length and volume, perhaps due to nutrient deficiencies related to loss of stored lipids. Our results suggest management of M. rotundata should include rearing bees at temperatures that maximize stored lipid reserves in adults and timing bee release so that significant pollen resources are available for both adults and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M O'Neill
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Casey M Delphia
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
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24
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Pitts-Singer TL, Cane JH, Trostle G. Progeny of Osmia lignaria from distinct regions differ in developmental phenology and survival under a common thermal regime. J Insect Physiol 2014; 67:9-19. [PMID: 24879969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many insects, including some bees, have extensive subcontinental distributions that can differ in climatic conditions. Within and beyond these distributions, humans intentionally transport beneficial insects, including bees, to non-natal geographic locations. Insects also are experiencing unprecedented climatic change in their resident localities. For solitary bees, we know very little about the adaptive plasticity and geographic variation in developmental physiology that accommodates the different climates experienced within distributional ranges. Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) is a widely distributed North American spring-emerging bee being developed as a managed pollinator for tree fruit crops, including almonds. We examined the development and survival of O. lignaria progeny that were descended from populations sourced from southern California, western Washington, and northern Utah, and then were reared together under an hourly and weekly temperature regime simulating those of a California almond-growing region. We found that developmental physiologies of Washington and Utah progeny were generally similar. However, California progeny developed slower, were more metabolically active, and survived better under California conditions than did populations native to regions at higher latitudes. Regardless of geographic origin, cocooned adults managed under prescribed thermal regimes emerged faster and lived longer after wintering. Progeny of parents from different regions exhibited some acclimatory plasticity in developmental phenologies to a novel climatic regime, but overall their responses reflected their geographic origins. This outcome is consistent with their developmental phenologies being largely heritable adaptations to regional climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Pitts-Singer
- USDA ARS, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - James H Cane
- USDA ARS, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Glen Trostle
- USDA ARS, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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25
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O'Neill KM, Delphia CM, O'Neill RP. Oocyte size, egg index, and body lipid content in relation to body size in the solitary bee Megachile rotundata. PeerJ 2014; 2:e314. [PMID: 24711966 PMCID: PMC3970799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Females of solitary, nest-provisioning bees have relatively low fecundity, but produce large eggs as part of their overall strategy of investing substantially in each offspring. In intraspecific comparisons of several species of solitary, nest-provisioning bees and wasps, the size of the mature eggs produced increases with female body size. We further examined oocyte size-body size correlations in the solitary bee Megachile rotundata (F.), an important crop pollinator. We hypothesized that larger females carry larger basal oocytes (i.e., those next in line to be oviposited) but that body size-oocyte size correlations would be absent soon after emergence, before their first eggs fully matured. Because egg production is likely affected by the quantity of stored lipids carried over from the bees' immature stages, we also tested the hypothesis that female body size is correlated with the body lipid content at adult emergence, the time during which oocyte growth accelerates. We found significant correlations of body size with oocyte size variables chosen to reflect: (1) the magnitude of the investment in the next egg to be laid (i.e., the length and volume of the basal oocyte) and (2) the longer term potential to produce mature oocytes (i.e., the summed lengths and volumes of the three largest oocytes in each female). Positive correlations existed throughout the nesting season, even during the first week following adult emergence. The ability to produce and carry larger oocytes may be linked to larger females starting the nesting season with greater lipid stores (which we document here) or to greater space within the abdomen of larger females. Compared to other species of solitary bees, M. rotundata appears to have (1) smaller oocytes than solitary nest-provisioning bees in general, (2) comparable oocyte sizes relative to congeners, and (3) larger oocytes than related brood parasitic megachilids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M O'Neill
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Casey M Delphia
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
| | - Ruth P O'Neill
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University , Bozeman, MT , USA
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