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Alghamdi A. A detailed review of pharmacology of MFN1 (mitofusion-1)-mediated mitochondrial dynamics: Implications for cellular health and diseases. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102012. [PMID: 38463181 PMCID: PMC10924208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are responsible for the production of cellular ATP, the regulation of cytosolic calcium levels, and the organization of numerous apoptotic proteins through the release of cofactors necessary for the activation of caspases. This level of functional adaptability can only be attained by sophisticated structural alignment. The morphology of the mitochondria does not remain unchanged throughout time; rather, it undergoes change as a result of processes known as fusion and fission. Fzo in flies, Fzo1 in yeast, and mitofusins in mammals are responsible for managing the outer mitochondrial membrane fusion process, whereas Mgm1 in yeast and optic atrophy 1 in mammals are responsible for managing the inner mitochondrial membrane fusion process. The fusion process is composed of two phases. MFN1, a GTPase that is located on the outer membrane of the mitochondria, is involved in the process of linking nearby mitochondria, maintaining the potential of the mitochondrial membrane, and apoptosis. This article offers specific information regarding the functions of MFN1 in a variety of cells and organs found in living creatures. According to the findings of the literature review, MFN1 plays an important part in a number of diseases and organ systems; nevertheless, the protein's function in other disease models and cell types has to be investigated in the near future so that it can be chosen as a promising marker for the therapeutic and diagnostic potentials it possesses. Overall, the major findings of this review highlight the pivotal role of mitofusin (MFN1) in regulating mitochondrial dynamics and its implications across various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndromes. Our review identifies novel therapeutic targets within the MFN1 signaling pathways and underscores the potential of MFN1 modulation as a promising strategy for treating mitochondrial-related diseases. Additionally, the review calls for further research into MFN1's molecular mechanisms to unlock new avenues for clinical interventions, emphasizing the need for targeted therapies that address MFN1 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Alghamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Baha University, P.O. Box 1988 Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
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Heinen-Weiler J, Hasenberg M, Heisler M, Settelmeier S, Beerlage AL, Doepper H, Walkenfort B, Odersky A, Luedike P, Winterhager E, Rassaf T, Hendgen-Cotta UB. Superiority of focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope tomography of cardiomyocytes over standard 2D analyses highlighted by unmasking mitochondrial heterogeneity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:933-954. [PMID: 34120411 PMCID: PMC8350221 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardioprotection by preventing or repairing mitochondrial damage is an unmet therapeutic need. To understand the role of cardiomyocyte mitochondria in physiopathology, the reliable characterization of the mitochondrial morphology and compartment is pivotal. Previous studies mostly relied on two-dimensional (2D) routine transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thereby neglecting the real three-dimensional (3D) mitochondrial organization. This study aimed to determine whether classical 2D TEM analysis of the cardiomyocyte ultrastructure is sufficient to comprehensively describe the mitochondrial compartment and to reflect mitochondrial number, size, dispersion, distribution, and morphology. METHODS Spatial distribution of the complex mitochondrial network and morphology, number, and size heterogeneity of cardiac mitochondria in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes and adult wild-type left ventricular tissues (C57BL/6) were assessed using a comparative 3D imaging system based on focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) nanotomography. For comparison of 2D vs. 3D data sets, analytical strategies and mathematical comparative approaches were performed. To confirm the value of 3D data for mitochondrial changes, we compared the obtained values for number, coverage area, size heterogeneity, and complexity of wild-type cardiomyocyte mitochondria with data sets from mice lacking the cytosolic and mitochondrial protein BNIP3 (BCL-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3; Bnip3-/- ) using FIB-SEM. Mitochondrial respiration was assessed on isolated mitochondria using the Seahorse XF analyser. A cardiac biopsy was obtained from a male patient (48 years) suffering from myocarditis. RESULTS The FIB-SEM nanotomographic analysis revealed that no linear relationship exists for mitochondrial number (r = 0.02; P = 0.9511), dispersion (r = -0.03; P = 0.9188), and shape (roundness: r = 0.15, P = 0.6397; elongation: r = -0.09, P = 0.7804) between 3D and 2D results. Cumulative frequency distribution analysis showed a diverse abundance of mitochondria with different sizes in 3D and 2D. Qualitatively, 2D data could not reflect mitochondrial distribution and dynamics existing in 3D tissue. 3D analyses enabled the discovery that BNIP3 deletion resulted in more smaller, less complex cardiomyocyte mitochondria (number: P < 0.01; heterogeneity: C.V. wild-type 89% vs. Bnip3-/- 68%; complexity: P < 0.001) forming large myofibril-distorting clusters, as seen in human myocarditis with disturbed mitochondrial dynamics. Bnip3-/- mice also show a higher respiration rate (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate the need of 3D analyses for the characterization of mitochondrial features in cardiac tissue samples. Hence, we observed that BNIP3 deletion physiologically acts as a molecular brake on mitochondrial number, suggesting a role in mitochondrial fusion/fission processes and thereby regulating the homeostasis of cardiac bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Heinen-Weiler
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Electron Microscopy Unit (EMU), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mike Hasenberg
- Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Electron Microscopy Unit (EMU), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Heisler
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Settelmeier
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Beerlage
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hannah Doepper
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Walkenfort
- Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Electron Microscopy Unit (EMU), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Odersky
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Luedike
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Winterhager
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Imaging Center Essen (IMCES), Electron Microscopy Unit (EMU), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike B Hendgen-Cotta
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Spurlock B, Hanumanthu VS, Mitra K. Strategy of Isolating 'Primed' Tumor Initiating Cells Based on Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3945. [PMID: 33796619 PMCID: PMC8005873 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stem cells have been found to be dependent on mitochondrial energetics. The role of mitochondria in regulating the self-renewal of normal stem cells and stem-like tumor initiating cells (TICs) is increasingly being appreciated. We proposed that TIC populations have a sub population of cells that are "primed" by mitochondria for self-renewal. Using ovarian cancer model, we have developed a protocol to identify and isolate these "primed" cells using Fluorescence-Assisted Cell Sorting (FACS). We combined live cell stains for a functional marker of TICs and for mitochondrial transmembrane potential to enrich TICs with higher mitochondrial potential that form in vitro spheroids 10-fold more than the other TICs with lower mitochondrial potential. This protocol can be directly used or modified to be used in various cell types. Thus, this protocol is anticipated to be invaluable for the basic understanding of mitochondrial and energetic heterogeneity within stem cell population, and may also prove valuable in translational studies in regenerative medicine and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Spurlock
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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*For correspondence: ;
| | - Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kasturi Mitra
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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*For correspondence: ;
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4
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Dludla PV, Silvestri S, Orlando P, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Johnson R, Marcheggiani F, Cirilli I, Muller CJF, Louw J, Chellan N, Obonye N, Nkambule BB, Tiano L. Palmitate-induced toxicity is associated with impaired mitochondrial respiration and accelerated oxidative stress in cultured cardiomyocytes: The critical role of coenzyme Q 9/10. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104948. [PMID: 32683093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function concomitant to enhanced oxidative stress-induced damage are well established mechanisms involved in hyperlipidemia-induced cardiotoxicity. Currently, limited information is available on the direct effect of myocardial lipid overload on endogenous coenzyme Q9/10 (CoQ9/10) levels in association with mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress status. Here, such effects were explored by exposing H9c2 cardiomyocytes to various doses (0.15 to 1 mM) of palmitate for 24 h. The results demonstrated that palmitate doses ≥0.25 mM are enough to impair mitochondrial respiration and cause oxidative stress. Although endogenous CoQ9/10 levels are enhanced by palmitate doses ≤0.5 mM, this is not enough to counteract oxidative stress, but is sufficient to maintain cell viability of cardiomyocytes. Palmitate doses >0.5 mM caused severe mitochondrial toxicity, including reduction of cell viability. Interestingly, enhancement of CoQ9/10 levels with the lowest dose of palmitate (0.15 mM) was accompanied by a significantly reduction of CoQ9 oxidation status, as well as low cytosolic production of reactive oxygen species. From the overall findings, it appears that CoQ9/10 response may be crucial to improve mitochondrial function in conditions linked to hyperlipidemia-induced insult. Confirmation of such findings in relevant in vivo models remains essential to better understand the cardioprotective effects in association with improving endogenous CoQ9/10 content.
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5
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Dludla PV, Orlando P, Silvestri S, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Johnson R, Marcheggiani F, Cirilli I, Muller CJF, Louw J, Obonye N, Nyawo T, Nkambule BB, Tiano L. N-Acetyl cysteine ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity by improving mitochondrial energetics and enhancing endogenous Coenzyme Q 9/10 levels. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1240-1245. [PMID: 31799124 PMCID: PMC6883304 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is known to accelerate oxidative stress-induced myocardial injury. Mitochondrial energetics is an important mechanism to explore in the diabetic heart. NAC protects against hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte toxicity. NAC improves mitochondrial energetics and enhances endogenous CoQ levels. CoQ supports the process of bioenergetics in addition to its antioxidant activities.
The diabetic heart has been linked with reduced endogenous levels of coenzyme Q9/10 (CoQ), an important antioxidant and component of the electron transport chain. Although CoQ has displayed cardioprotective potential in experimental models of diabetes, the impact of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on mitochondrial energetics and endogenous levels of CoQ remains to be clarified. To explore these effects, high glucose-exposed H9c2 cardiomyocytes were used as an experimental model of hyperglycemia-induced cardiac injury. The results showed that high glucose exposure caused an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was associated with impaired mitochondrial energetics as confirmed by a reduction of maximal respiration rate and depleted ATP levels. These detrimental effects were consistent with significantly reduced endogenous CoQ levels and accelerated cell toxicity. Although metformin demonstrated similar effects on mitochondrial energetics and cell viability, NAC demonstrated a more pronounced effect in ameliorating cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS production. Interestingly, the ameliorative effects of NAC against hyperglycemia-induced injury were linked with its capability to enhance endogenous CoQ levels. Although such data are to be confirmed in other models, especially in vivo studies, the overall findings provide additional evidence on the therapeutic mechanisms by which NAC protects against diabetes-induced cardiac injury.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- CoQ9/10, Coenzyme Q9/10
- Coenzyme Q
- DCFH-DA, dichlorofluorescein diacetate
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- Diabetes
- ECAR, extracellular acidification rates
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatograph
- Hyperglycemia
- MET, metformin
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Mitochondrial energetics
- N-Acetyl cysteine
- NAC, N-acetyl cysteine
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Sithandiwe E Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Nnini Obonye
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Thembeka Nyawo
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Bongani B Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
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Voors AA, Shah SJ, Bax JJ, Butler J, Gheorghiade M, Hernandez AF, Kitzman DW, McMurray JJV, Wirtz AB, Lanius V, van der Laan M, Solomon SD. Rationale and design of the phase 2b clinical trials to study the effects of the partial adenosine A1-receptor agonist neladenoson bialanate in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced (PANTHEON) and preserved (PANACHE) ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2018; 20:1601-1610. [PMID: 30225882 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in the treatment of chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), morbidity and mortality associated with the condition remain high, suggesting the need for additional treatment options, particularly haemodynamically neutral treatments that do not alter blood pressure, heart rate, or renal function. HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is also associated with high morbidity and mortality and adequate treatment options are limited; thus there is a critical unmet need for the development of novel therapies for HFpEF. Chronic HFrEF and HFpEF are both systemic disorders that affect not only the heart but several other tissues and organs including skeletal muscle, leading to exercise intolerance and dyspnoea. Partial adenosine A1-receptor agonists represent a novel potential therapy for HF regardless of underlying ejection fraction given their minimal effect on heart rate and blood pressure, and preclinical data demonstrate several possible beneficial mechanisms, including improved mitochondrial function and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA2a) activity, enhanced energy substrate utilization, reverse ventricular remodelling, and anti-ischemic, cardioprotective properties. However, data on this class of drugs in humans are scarce, and the optimal dose of the partial adenosine A1 receptor, neladenoson bialanate, has not been defined. Here we describe the design and rationale of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-finding phase 2b trials, PANTHEON (HFrEF) and PANACHE (HFpEF), that will advance our understanding of the potential benefit and optimal dose of neladenoson bialanate and provide critical information for the planning of future phase 3 trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan A Voors
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeroen J Bax
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mihai Gheorghiade
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections on Cardiovascular Medicine and Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
The advent of "big data" in biology (e.g., genomics, proteomics, metabolomics), holding the promise to reveal the nature of the formidable complexity in cellular and organ makeup and function, has highlighted the compelling need for analytical and integrative computational methods to interpret and make sense of the patterns and changes in those complex networks. Computational models need to be built on sound physicochemical mechanistic principles in order to integrate, interpret, and simulate high-throughput experimental data. Energy transduction processes have been traditionally studied with thermodynamic, kinetic, or thermo-kinetic models, with the latter proving superior to understand the control and regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism and its interactions with cytoplasmic and other cellular compartments. In this work, we survey the methods to be followed to build a computational model of mitochondrial energetics in isolation or integrated into a network of cellular processes. We describe the use of analytical tools such as elementary flux modes, linear optimization of metabolic models, and control analysis, to help refine our grasp of biologically meaningful behaviors and model reliability. The use of these tools should improve the design, building, and interpretation of steady-state behaviors of computational models while assessing validation criteria and paving the way to prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Cortassa
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Steven J Sollott
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miguel A Aon
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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