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Hwang K, An JG, Loh A, Kim D, Choi N, Song H, Choi W, Yim UH. Mobile measurement of vehicle emission factors in a roadway tunnel: A concentration gradient approach. Chemosphere 2023; 328:138611. [PMID: 37023905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Tunnels are the preferred experimental environments for estimating vehicle emission factors (EFs) under real-world driving conditions. In this study, online measurements of traffic-related air pollutants (including CO2, NOX, SO2, O3, particulate matter [PM], and volatile organic compounds [VOCs]) were conducted using a mobile laboratory in the Sujungsan Tunnel in Busan, Korea. Mobile measurements generated concentration profiles of the target exhaust emissions inside the tunnel. These data were used to produce a zonation of the tunnel, i.e., mixing and accumulation zones. There were differences between the CO2, SO2, and NOX profiles, and a starting point that was free from ambient air mixing effects could be set at 600 m from the tunnel entrance. The EFs of vehicle exhaust emissions were calculated using pollutant concentration gradients. The average EFs for CO2, NO, NO2, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, and ∑VOCs were 149,000, 380, 55, 29.2, 9.64, 4.33, and 16.7 mg km-1·veh-1, respectively. Among the VOC groups, alkanes contributed more than 70% of the VOC EF. Mobile measurement-derived EFs were validated using the conventional EFs from stationary measurements. The EF results from the mobile measurements matched those from the stationary measurements, while the absolute concentration differences between them implied complex aerodynamic movements of the target pollutants inside the tunnel. This study demonstrated the usefulness and advantages of applying mobile measurements in a tunnel environment and indicated the potential of the approach for observation-based policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyucheol Hwang
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Loh
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Narin Choi
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangyeol Song
- Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Choi
- Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Pu W, Sheng J, Tian P, Huang M, Liu X, Collett JL, Li Z, Zhao X, He D, Dong F, Zhang N, Quan W, Qiu Y, Song Y, Lin W, Pan Y, Ma Z. On-road mobile mapping of spatial variations and source contributions of ammonia in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2023; 864:160869. [PMID: 36521624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) measurements were performed with a mobile platform deploying a cavity ring-down spectroscopy NH3 analyzer in Beijing. The transect and loop sampling strategy revealed that the Beijing urban area is more strongly affected by NH3 emissions than surrounding areas. Although average enhancements of on-road NH3 were small compared to background levels, traffic emissions clearly dominated city enhancements of NH3, carbon dioxide (CO2), acetaldehyde and acetone. Increments of on-road NH3 ranged between 5.1 ppb and 11.4 ppb in urban areas, representing an enhancement of 20.6 % to 47.9 % over the urban background. The vehicle NH3:CO2 emission ratio was 0.26 ppb/ppm, about a factor of 1.5 higher than the value derived from the available emission inventory. The obtained NH3 emission factor was approximately 306.9 mg/kg. If the annual gasoline consumption in Beijing is accurate, annual NH3 emissions from vehicles are estimated at 1.5 Gg. The influx and outflux of NH3 in Beijing during monitoring periods fluctuated due to variations of wind direction (WD), wind speed (WS), and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH). Net fluxes at the 4th Ring Road were larger than zero, suggesting that local emissions were important in urban Beijing. Negative net fluxes at the 6th Ring Road reveal a large amount of NH3 transported from agricultural regions south of Beijing lost during transport across the city, for example by deposition or particle formation in the city. Our analyses have important implications for regional NH3 emission estimates and for improving vehicular NH3 emission inventory allocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Pu
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jiujiang Sheng
- Bejing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Bejing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Bejing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xiangxue Liu
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ziming Li
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Di He
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijng 101507, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijng 101507, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Weijun Quan
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yulu Qiu
- Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China; Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Beijing 100089, China; Beijing Shangdianzi Regional Atmosphere Watch Station, Beijng 101507, China.
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Lv L, Zhang T, Xiang Y, Chai W, Liu W. Distribution and transport characteristics of fine particulate matter in beijing with mobile lidar measurements from 2015 to 2018. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:65-75. [PMID: 34969478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurately quantifying the concentration and transport flux of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is vital when attempting to thoroughly identify the pollution formation mechanism. In this study, the mobile lidar measurements in Beijing on heavily polluted days in December from 2015 to 2018 are presented. The lidar was mounted on a vehicle, which could perform measurements along designated routes. On the basis of mobile lidar measurements along closed circuits of the 6th Ring Road around Beijing, the spatial distribution and transport flux of PM2.5 in Beijing were determined with information of wind field. In the spatial distribution, both the concentration and transport of PM2.5 were revealed to be more significant in the southern section of Beijing. The regional transport layer at heights < 1.3 km plays an important role in pollution formation. The maximum transport flux reached 1600 μg/(m2*sec) on 11 December 2016. With the aerosol boundary layer height determined from the image edge detection (IED) method, the inter-annual variations of the aerosol boundary layer height (ABLH) were also analysed. The ABLH decreased from 0.73 to 0.46 km during the same heavy pollution period from 2015 to 2018. Increasingly adverse aerosol boundary layer (ABL) meteorological factors, including lower ABLH, light winds, temperature inversions, and accumulated moisture, have become necessary for pollution formation in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Lv
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Yan Xiang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wenxuan Chai
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Zhang X, Xu J, Zhao W, Zhai L, Kang S, Wang J, Ge X, Zhang Q. High-spatial-resolution distributions of aerosol chemical characteristics in urban Lanzhou, western China, during wintertime: Insights from an on-road mobile aerosol mass spectrometry measurement experiment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:153069. [PMID: 35038503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high-spatial-resolution distributions of the mass concentration and chemical composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) across four different functional districts in Lanzhou, a typical northwestern city in China, were studied during the winter haze pollution period using an on-road real-time mobile monitoring system. The purpose of this study is to characterize the spatial variation in the sources and chemical formation of aerosols at the intra-urban scale. A higher PM1 mass concentration (63.0 μg m-3) was observed in an industrially influenced district (XG) with major contributions (70.4%) from three secondary inorganic species (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and two oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) components with different oxygenation levels. Compared with the densely populated district (CG), sulfate and more-oxidized OOA were the two most distinct contributors to the elevated PM1 mass in XG during the daytime (30.9% in XG vs. 17.5% in CG), whereas nitrate and less-oxidized OOA dominated (41.4% in XG vs. 30.6% in CG) during the nighttime. A lower PM1 mass (44.3 μg m-3) was observed in CG and was contributed predominantly by primary organic aerosols emitted from traffic, cooking, and heating activities. The chemical formation mechanisms of secondary PM1 species in the two different districts during the daytime and nighttime are further examined, which indicated the important photochemical formations of nitrate in CG but sulfate in XG during the daytime, whereas favorable aqueous-phase formations of nitrate and LO-OOA in both districts during the nighttime. The stronger atmospheric oxidation capability might be a key factor leading to the more significant formations of secondary species in XG than CG. These results illustrate city-scale aerosol loading and chemical processes and are useful for local policy makers to develop differentiated and efficient mitigation strategies for the improvement of air quality in Lanzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Polednik B. Air quality changes in a Central European city during COVID-19 lockdown. Sustain Cities Soc 2021; 73:103096. [PMID: 36570016 PMCID: PMC9760271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of mobile and stationary air quality measurements in Lublin, Poland during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 and in a comparable period in 2017 has demonstrated that a substantial decrease of the traffic intensity by more than 50%, especially during certain times of the day in the lockdown period has only been partially reflected in the air quality improvement in the city. Mobile measurements carried out during six runs within a 24-hour period in 2017 and 2020 indicated a decrease of the average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations by ~ 30% and ~14%, respectively. In turn, stationary measurement results obtained for the same periods demonstrated their increase by respectively ~35% and ~106% and a decrease in the average NO2, NOx, C6H6 and CO concentrations. This could have been impacted by meteorological factors and emissions from other, non-traffic-related sources, mainly from residential coal burning. The changes in the vehicle fleet structure could also have played a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Polednik
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Polednik B. COVID-19 lockdown and particle exposure of road users. J Transp Health 2021; 22:101233. [PMID: 34430204 PMCID: PMC8376651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2021.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2020, due to the outbreak of COVID-19, there has been an unprecedented decrease in road traffic in almost all urbanized areas around the globe. This has undoubtedly affected the ambient air quality. METHODS In this study mobile and fixed-site measurements of aerosol particle concentrations in the ambient air in one of the busiest streets in Lublin, a mid-sized city in Central Europe (Poland) during the COVID-19 lockdown in the spring of 2020 were performed. Based on the measurements particle doses received by road users during different times of the day were assessed. The obtained results were compared with corresponding pre-COVID-19 measurements also performed in the spring which were available only from 2017. RESULTS During lockdown the mass concentration of traffic-related submicrometer PM1 particles and number concentration of ultrafine PN0.1 particles was significantly reduced. This resulted in a decrease of doses inhaled by road users as well as of particle doses deposited in their respiratory tracks. The greatest reductions of respectively over 2 times and over 5 times were observed during the day for total particles and traffic-related particles. Smaller reductions indicating the existence of relatively intensive non-traffic emissions were reported at night. CONCLUSIONS Substantial decrease in traffic intensity in the city caused by lockdown restrictions resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of vehicle-generated particles in the ambient air. This in turn could have resulted in smaller doses inhaled by the inhabitants, specifically road users, which should have a positive impact on their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Polednik
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618, Lublin, Poland
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Lowry D, Fisher RE, France JL, Coleman M, Lanoisellé M, Zazzeri G, Nisbet EG, Shaw JT, Allen G, Pitt J, Ward RS. Environmental baseline monitoring for shale gas development in the UK: Identification and geochemical characterisation of local source emissions of methane to atmosphere. Sci Total Environ 2020; 708:134600. [PMID: 31767337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Baseline mobile surveys of methane sources using vehicle-mounted instruments have been performed in the Fylde and Ryedale regions of Northern England over the 2016-19 period around proposed unconventional (shale) gas extraction sites. The aim was to identify and characterise methane sources ahead of hydraulically fractured shale gas extraction in the area around drilling sites. This allows a potential additional source of emissions to atmosphere to be readily distinguished from adjacent sources, should gas production take place. The surveys have used ethane:methane (C2:C1) ratios to separate combustion, thermogenic gas and biogenic sources. Sample collection of source plumes followed by high precision δ13C analysis of methane, to separate and isotopically characterise sources, adds additional biogenic source distinction between active and closed landfills, and ruminant eructations from manure. The surveys show that both drill sites and adjacent fixed monitoring sites have cow barns and gas network pipeline leaks as sources of methane within a 1 km range. These two sources are readily separated by isotopes (δ13C of -67 to -58‰ for barns, compared to -43 to -39‰ for gas leaks), and ethane:methane ratios (<0.001 for barns, compared to >0.05 for gas leaks). Under a well-mixed daytime atmospheric boundary layer these sources are generally detectable as above baseline elevations up to 100 m downwind for gas leaks and up to 500 m downwind for populated cow barns. It is considered that careful analysis of these proxies for unconventional production gas, if and when available, will allow any fugitive emissions from operations to be distinguished from surrounding sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lowry
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Fisher
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - James L France
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK; British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mathias Lanoisellé
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Giulia Zazzeri
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Euan G Nisbet
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jacob T Shaw
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Grant Allen
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joseph Pitt
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robert S Ward
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
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Liu M, Peng X, Meng Z, Zhou T, Long L, She Q. Spatial characteristics and determinants of in-traffic black carbon in Shanghai, China: Combination of mobile monitoring and land use regression model. Sci Total Environ 2019; 658:51-61. [PMID: 30572214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) has emerged as a major contributor to global climate change. Cities play an important role in global BC emission. The present study investigated the spatial pattern of in-traffic BC at a high spatial resolution in Shanghai, the commercial and financial center in Mainland China. The determinants including road network, social economic status and point-source pollutants, which may influence the BC spatial variability were also discussed. From October to December 2016, mobile monitoring was conducted to assess the BC concentrations on three sampling routes in Shanghai with a total length of 116 km. The results showed that the mean in-traffic BC among three sampling routes was 10.77 ± 3.50 μg/m3. BC concentrations showed a significant spatial heterogeneity. The highest BC concentrations were near industrial sources and that those high concentrations were associated with either direct emissions from the industries, freight traffic, or both. With the widely distributed polluting enterprises and high emitting vehicles, the average BC in the low urbanization areas (12.80 ± 4.54 μg/m3) was 57% higher than that in the urban core (7.77 ± 2.24 μg/m3). Furthermore, a land use regression (LUR) model based on mobile monitoring was developed to examine the determinants and its spatial variability of BC measurements which corresponded to 17 predictor variables, e.g. road network, land use, meteorological condition etc., in 7 buffer distances (100 m to 10 km). The variables of meteorological, socio-economical and the distance to BC point-sources were selected as the independent variables. It was found that the established LUR model could explain a proportion (68%) of the variability of BC. LUR modeling from mobile measurements was possible, but more work related to the effect of traffic regulation on BC could be helpful for informing best model practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, PR China.
| | - Xia Peng
- Library of East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ziqi Meng
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Taoye Zhou
- Pudong New Area Environmental Monitoring Station, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | - Lingbo Long
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Qiannan She
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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Lin MY, Guo YX, Chen YC, Chen WT, Young LH, Lee KJ, Wu ZY, Tsai PJ. An instantaneous spatiotemporal model for predicting traffic-related ultrafine particle concentration through mobile noise measurements. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:1139-1148. [PMID: 29913576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
People living near roadways are exposed to high concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter < 100 nm). This can result in adverse health effects such as respiratory illness and cardiovascular diseases. However, accurately characterizing the UFP number concentration requires expensive sets of instruments. The development of an UFP surrogate with cheap and convenient measures is needed. In this study, we used a mobile measurement platform with a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) and sound level meter to investigate the spatiotemporal relations of noise and UFP and identify the hotspots of UFP. UFP concentration levels were significantly influenced by temporal and spatial variations (p < 0.001). We proposed a Generalized Additive Models to predict UFP number concentration in the study area. The model uses noise and meteorological covariates to predict the UFP number concentrations at an industrial site in Taichung, Taiwan. During the one year sampling campaign from fall 2013 to summer 2014, mobile measurements were performed at least one week for each season, both on weekdays and weekends. The proposed model can explain 80% of deviance and has coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.77. Moreover, the developed UFP model was able to adequately predict UFP concentrations, and can provide people with a convenient way to determine UFP levels. Finally, the results from this study could help facilitate the future development of noise mobile measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xin Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Young
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jung Lee
- Department of Statistics, College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Zhu-You Wu
- Department of Statistics, College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Lin MY, Hagler G, Baldauf R, Isakov V, Lin HY, Khlystov A. The effects of vegetation barriers on near-road ultrafine particle number and carbon monoxide concentrations. Sci Total Environ 2016; 553:372-379. [PMID: 26930311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that people living in near-roadway communities (within 100 m of the road) are exposed to high ultrafine particle (UFP) number concentrations, which may be associated with adverse health effects. Vegetation barriers have been shown to affect pollutant transport via particle deposition to leaves and altering the dispersion of emission plumes, which in turn would modify the exposure of near-roadway communities to traffic-related UFPs. In this study, both stationary (equipped with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, SMPS) and mobile (equipped with Fast Mobility Particle Sizer, FMPS) measurements were conducted to investigate the effects of vegetation barriers on downwind UFP (particle diameters ranging from 14 to 102 nm) concentrations at two sites in North Carolina, USA. One site had mainly deciduous vegetation while the other was primarily coniferous; both sites have a nearby open field without the vegetation barriers along the same stretch of limited access road, which served as a reference. During downwind conditions (traffic emissions transported towards the vegetation barrier) and when the wind speed was above or equal to 0.5m/s, field measurements indicated that vegetation barriers with full foliage reduced UFP and CO concentrations by 37.7-63.6% and 23.6-56.1%, respectively. When the test was repeated at the same sites during winter periods when deciduous foliage was reduced, the deciduous barrier during winter showed no significant change in UFP concentration before and after the barrier. Results from the stationary (using SMPS) and mobile (using FMPS) measurements for UFP total number concentrations generally agreed to within 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Richard Baldauf
- Office of Research and Development, US EPA, USA; Office of Transportation and Air Quality, US EPA, USA
| | - Vlad Isakov
- Office of Research and Development, US EPA, USA
| | - Hong-Yiou Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, USA
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, USA.
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Bolte JFB, Maslanyj M, Addison D, Mee T, Kamer J, Colussi L. Do car-mounted mobile measurements used for radio-frequency spectrum regulation have an application for exposure assessments in epidemiological studies? Environ Int 2016; 86:75-83. [PMID: 26540087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowing the spatial and temporal trends in environmental exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is important in studies investigating whether there are associated health effects on humans and ecological effects on plants and animals. The main objective of this study is to assess whether the RFeye car-mounted mobile measurement system used for radio frequency spectrum monitoring in The Netherlands and the United Kingdom could be of value in assessing exposure over large areas as an alternative to measuring exposure with personal exposure meters or using complex modelling techniques. We evaluated the responses of various body-worn personal exposure meters in comparison with the mobile measurement system for spectrum monitoring. The comparison was restricted to downlink mobile communication in the GSM900 and GSM1800 frequency bands. Repeated measurements were performed in three areas in Cambridge, United Kingdom and in three areas in Amersfoort, The Netherlands. We found that exposure assessments through the car-mounted measurements are at least of similar quality to exposure modelling and better than the body worn exposimeter data due to the absence of the shielding effect. The main conclusion is that the mobile measurements provide an efficient and low cost alternative particularly in mapping large areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F B Bolte
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Myron Maslanyj
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Darren Addison
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Terry Mee
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Jos Kamer
- Radiocommunications Agency Netherlands, Piet Mondriaanlaan 54, 3812GV Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
| | - Loek Colussi
- Radiocommunications Agency Netherlands, Piet Mondriaanlaan 54, 3812GV Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
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