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Loh A, Kim D, Hwang K, An JG, Choi N, Hyun S, Yim UH. Emissions from ships' activities in the anchorage zone: A potential source of sub-micron aerosols in port areas. J Hazard Mater 2023; 457:131775. [PMID: 37295332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Busan Port is among the world's top ten most air-polluted ports, but the role of the anchorage zone as a significant contributor to pollution has not been studied. To assess the emission characteristics of sub-micron aerosols, a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed in Busan, South Korea from September 10 to October 6, 2020. The concentration of all AMS-identified species and black carbon were highest when the winds came from the anchorage zone (11.9 µg·m-3) and lowest with winds from the open ocean (6.64 µg·m-3). The positive matrix factorization model identified one hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) and two oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) sources. HOAs were highest with winds from Busan Port, while oxidized OOAs were predominant with winds from the anchorage zone (less oxidized) and the open ocean (more oxidized). We calculated the emissions from the anchorage zone using ship activity data and compared them to the total emissions from Busan Port. Our results suggest that emissions from ship activities in the anchorage zone should be considered a significant source of pollution in the Busan Port area, especially given the substantial contributions of gaseous emissions (NOx: 8.78%; volatile organic compounds: 7.52%) and their oxidized moieties as secondary aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Loh
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyucheol Hwang
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Narin Choi
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Hyun
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Loh A, Kim D, An JG, Choi N, Yim UH. Chemical characterization of sub-micron aerosols over the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159173. [PMID: 36191721 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the land-sea-air interactions of aerosol are scarce considering their significant role in global environmental changes. Here, we investigated potential sources of sub-micron aerosols over the East Sea (Sea of Japan), which is strongly influenced by continental and marine aerosols. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was used to measure the size-resolved chemical compositions of sub-micron aerosols during the period March 10-15, 2020. Concentrations of all AMS species, black carbon (BC), PM10 (particulate matter <10 μm) and PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm) were higher when cruising in industrialized coastal areas compared to the offshore region. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified five distinct sources, i.e., hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol, semi-volatile and low-volatile oxygenated aerosols, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS; C2H6S) oxidation, which accounted for 5.98 %, 21.6 %, 28.3 %, 34.5 %, and 9.64 % of the total organic mass, respectively. The spatiotemporal variation of MSA, as well as the MSA to sulfate ratio (MSA:SO42-) over the East Sea, was determined for the first time. The mass concentrations of MSA displayed a similar time series distribution pattern to those of DMS. The time series distributions of the MSA:SO42- ratio displayed distinct differences, with higher ratios downwind of the ocean (0.216 ± 0.083 μg·m-3) than land (0.089 ± 0.030 μg·m-3). The growth of ultrafine particles (10-35 nm) was observed during two of the elevated MSA:SO42- ratio events, suggesting a potential role of MSA in new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Loh
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Geon An
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Narin Choi
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Chen C, Zhang Z, Wei L, Qiu Y, Xu W, Song S, Sun J, Li Z, Chen Y, Ma N, Xu W, Pan X, Fu P, Sun Y. The importance of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in winter haze episodes in North China Plain. Environ Res 2022; 211:113093. [PMID: 35292245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), a key marker species of aqueous-phase processing, plays a significant role in sulfur budget in atmosphere. Here we have a comprehensive characterization of HMS at urban and rural sites in North China Plain (NCP) by using the real-time measurements from a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a single-particle AMS together with offline filter analysis. Our results showed much higher winter concentration of HMS at the rural site (average±1σ: 2.58 ± 2.56 μg m-3) than that (1.70 ± 2.68 μg m-3) in Beijing due to the more frequent fog events, low particle acidity and high concentration of precursors. The HMS on average contributed 6.3% and 5.2% to organic aerosol (OA), and 16% and 12% to the total particulate sulfur, at the rural and urban sites, respectively. HMS was highly correlated with aqueous-phase secondary OA and sulfate, and its contribution to the total particulate sulfur increased significantly as a function of relative humidity demonstrating the effective HMS production from aqueous-phase processing. Single-particle analysis showed that HMS-containing particles were mainly mixed with amine-related compounds. In addition, we found that organosulfur compounds (OS) estimated from sulfur-containing fragments of AMS correlated well with HMS at both urban and rural sites. While OS at the rural site was dominated by HMS, other types of OS were also important in urban area. The high HMS also affected the estimation of particle acidity using the AMS measured and predicted ammonium, particularly during severe haze episodes. Overall, our results demonstrated the importance of HMS in winter in NCP, and it could be more important in total particulate sulfur budget as the continuous decrease in sulfate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunle Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Zhang X, Xu J, Zhao W, Zhai L, Kang S, Wang J, Ge X, Zhang Q. High-spatial-resolution distributions of aerosol chemical characteristics in urban Lanzhou, western China, during wintertime: Insights from an on-road mobile aerosol mass spectrometry measurement experiment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:153069. [PMID: 35038503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high-spatial-resolution distributions of the mass concentration and chemical composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) across four different functional districts in Lanzhou, a typical northwestern city in China, were studied during the winter haze pollution period using an on-road real-time mobile monitoring system. The purpose of this study is to characterize the spatial variation in the sources and chemical formation of aerosols at the intra-urban scale. A higher PM1 mass concentration (63.0 μg m-3) was observed in an industrially influenced district (XG) with major contributions (70.4%) from three secondary inorganic species (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and two oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) components with different oxygenation levels. Compared with the densely populated district (CG), sulfate and more-oxidized OOA were the two most distinct contributors to the elevated PM1 mass in XG during the daytime (30.9% in XG vs. 17.5% in CG), whereas nitrate and less-oxidized OOA dominated (41.4% in XG vs. 30.6% in CG) during the nighttime. A lower PM1 mass (44.3 μg m-3) was observed in CG and was contributed predominantly by primary organic aerosols emitted from traffic, cooking, and heating activities. The chemical formation mechanisms of secondary PM1 species in the two different districts during the daytime and nighttime are further examined, which indicated the important photochemical formations of nitrate in CG but sulfate in XG during the daytime, whereas favorable aqueous-phase formations of nitrate and LO-OOA in both districts during the nighttime. The stronger atmospheric oxidation capability might be a key factor leading to the more significant formations of secondary species in XG than CG. These results illustrate city-scale aerosol loading and chemical processes and are useful for local policy makers to develop differentiated and efficient mitigation strategies for the improvement of air quality in Lanzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lalchandani V, Kumar V, Tobler A, M Thamban N, Mishra S, Slowik JG, Bhattu D, Rai P, Satish R, Ganguly D, Tiwari S, Rastogi N, Tiwari S, Močnik G, Prévôt ASH, Tripathi SN. Real-time characterization and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in the Delhi megacity area during late winter. Sci Total Environ 2021; 770:145324. [PMID: 33736388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
National Capital Region (NCR) encompassing New Delhi is one of the most polluted urban metropolitan areas in the world. Real-time chemical characterization of fine particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) was carried out using three aerosol mass spectrometers, two aethalometers, and one single particle soot photometer (SP2) at two sites in Delhi (urban) and one site located ~40 km downwind of Delhi, during January-March 2018. The campaign mean PM2.5 (NR-PM2.5 + BC) concentrations at the two urban sites were 153.8 ± 109.4 μg.m-3 and 127.8 ± 83.2 μg.m-3, respectively, whereas PM1 (NR-PM1 + BC) was 72.3 ± 44.0 μg.m-3 at the downwind site. PM2.5 particles were composed mostly of organics (43-44)% followed by chloride (14-17)%, ammonium (9-11)%, nitrate (9%), sulfate (8-10)%, and black carbon (11-16)%, whereas PM1 particles were composed of 47% organics, 13% sulfate as well as ammonium, 11% nitrate as well as chloride, and 5% black carbon. Organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment was done using positive matrix factorization (PMF), solved using an advanced multi-linear engine (ME-2) model. Highly mass-resolved OA mass spectra at one urban and downwind site were factorized into three primary organic aerosol (POA) factors including one traffic-related and two solid-fuel combustion (SFC), and three oxidized OA (OOA) factors. Whereas unit mass resolution OA at the other urban site was factorized into two POA factors related to traffic and SFC, and one OOA factor. OOA constituted a majority of the total OA mass (45-55)% with maximum contribution during afternoon hours ~(70-80)%. Significant differences in the absolute OOA concentration between the two urban sites indicated the influence of local emissions on the oxidized OA formation. Similar PM chemical composition, diurnal and temporal variations at the three sites suggest similar type of sources affecting the particulate pollution in Delhi and adjoining cities, but variability in mass concentration suggest more local influence than regional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Navaneeth M Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Suneeti Mishra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, New Delhi Branch, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shashi Tiwari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Griša Močnik
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andre S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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Wang Z, Hu W, Niu H, Hu W, Wu Y, Wu L, Ren L, Deng J, Guo S, Wu Z, Zhang D, Fu P, Hu M. Variations in physicochemical properties of airborne particles during a heavy haze-to-dust episode in Beijing. Sci Total Environ 2021; 762:143081. [PMID: 33190904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The variations in physicochemical properties of airborne particles collected during a typical transition from haze to dust were investigated using single particle analysis with transmission and scanning electron microscopes combined with online measurement of chemical compositions of airborne particles in Beijing in February 2013. The transition was divided into three phases based on the weather condition. During haze pollution (Phase 1), gaseous and particle pollutants enhanced gradually. Results from single particle analysis showed that more coatings and more anthropogenic elements (e.g., S) appeared on the surface of fine and coarse particles, which was probably caused by efficient aqueous-phase reactions under high humidity (70%) condition. Phase 2 was dust intrusion episode. PM10 reached over 1000 μg m-3. Larger fractions of mineral particles and bare-like soot particles were observed in fine particles, while the fraction of secondary particles with coatings decreased. The proportion of black carbon in submicron particles also increased. Photochemical oxidation in gas phase likely dominated in secondary formation under high O3 concentration. After the dust episode (Phase 3), secondary formation enhanced obviously. Soot aged quickly and had a larger mode of 0.45 μm than the other phases. The size modes of airborne fine particles during Phases 1 and 3 were 0.35 μm, which were a bit larger than that during Phase 2 (0.24 μm). These results indicate that dust plumes accompanied with strong wind brought mineral particles in both fine and coarse modes and freshly emitted particles with smaller sizes, and swept away pre-presence air pollutants. This study could provide detailed information on the physicochemical properties of airborne particles during typical severe pollution processes in a short time. Such short-term change should be taken into account in order to more accurately assess the environmental, climatic and health-related effects of airborne particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Hongya Niu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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Zhu W, Guo S, Lou S, Wang H, Yu Y, Xu W, Liu Y, Cheng Z, Huang X, He L, Zeng L, Chen S, Hu M. A novel algorithm to determine the scattering coefficient of ambient organic aerosols. Environ Pollut 2021; 270:116209. [PMID: 33360069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we propose a novel algorithm to determine the scattering coefficient of OA by evaluating the relationships of the MSEs for primary organic aerosol (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) with their mass concentrations at three distinct sites, i.e. an urban site, a rural site, and a background site in China. Our results showed that the MSEs for POA and SOA increased rapidly as a function of mass concentration in low mass loading. While the increasing rate declined after a threshold of mass loading of 50 μg/m3 for POA, and 15 μg/m3 for SOA, respectively. The dry scattering coefficients of submicron particles (PM1) were reconstructed based on the algorithm for POA and SOA scattering coefficient and further verified by using multi-site data. The calculated dry scattering coefficients using our reconstructing algorithm have good consistency with the measured ones, with the high correlation and small deviation in Shanghai (R2 = 0.98; deviations: 2.9%) and Dezhou (R2 = 0.90; deviations: 4.7%), indicating that our algorithms for OA and PM1 are applicable to predict the scattering coefficient of OA and Submicron particle (PM1) in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, PR China.
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Weizhao Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Yucun Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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8
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Chen T, Liu Y, Chu B, Liu C, Liu J, Ge Y, Ma Q, Ma J, He H. Differences of the oxidation process and secondary organic aerosol formation at low and high precursor concentrations. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 79:256-263. [PMID: 30784449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Current atmospheric quality models usually underestimate the level of ambient secondary organic aerosol (SOA), one of the possible reasons is that the precursors at different concentrations may undergo different oxidation processes and further affect SOA formation. Therefore, there is a need to perform more chamber studies to disclose the influence. In this work, SOA formation over a wide range of initial precursor concentrations (tens of ppb to hundreds of ppb levels) was investigated in a 30 m3 indoor smog chamber, and mainly through the analysis of multiple generations of VOCs detected from HR-ToF-PTRMS to expound the difference in the oxidation process between low and high precursor concentrations. Compared to high initial concentrations, gas-phase intermediates formed at low concentrations had a higher intensity by about one order of magnitude, and the low-volatility compounds also had a higher formation potential due to the competition between semi-volatile intermediates and precursors with oxidants. In addition, the formed SOA was more oxidized with higher f44 value (0.14 ± 0.02) and more relevant to real atmosphere than that formed at high concentrations. This work should help to deeply understand SOA formation and improve the performance of air quality models for SOA simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changgeng Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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9
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Yan J, Chen L, Lin Q, Zhao S, Li L. Pollutants identification of ambient aerosols by two types of aerosol mass spectrometers over southeast coastal area, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 64:252-263. [PMID: 29478647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two different aerosol mass spectrometers, Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) were deployed to identify the aerosol pollutants over Xiamen, representing the coastal urban area. Five obvious processes were classified during the whole observation period. Organics and sulfate were the dominant components in ambient aerosols over Xiamen. Most of the particles were in the size range of 0.2-1.0μm, accounting for over 97% of the total particles measured by both instruments. Organics, as well as sulfate, measured by AMS were in good correlation with measured by SPAMS. However, high concentration of NH4+ was obtained by AMS, while extremely low value of NH4+ was detected by SPAMS. Contrarily, high particle number counts of NO3- and Cl- were given by SPAMS while low concentrations of NO3- and Cl- were measured by AMS. The variations of POA and SOA obtained from SPAMS during event 1 and event 2 were in accordance with the analysis of HOA and OOA given by AMS, suggesting that both of AMS and SPAMS can well identify the organic clusters of aerosol particles. Overestimate or underestimate of the aerosol sources and acidity would be present in some circumstances when the measurement results were used to analyze the aerosol properties, because of the detection loss of some species for both instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Liqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Johnson AM, Waring MS, DeCarlo PF. Real-time transformation of outdoor aerosol components upon transport indoors measured with aerosol mass spectrometry. Indoor Air 2017; 27:230-240. [PMID: 27008502 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor aerosols are transported indoors, where their component concentrations depend on aerosol size, physiochemical properties, indoor sources and losses, and cross-environment gradients of temperature and relative humidity. We explored these dependencies by measuring real-time outdoor and indoor non-refractory, submicron (PM1 ) aerosol component mass concentrations in a mixed-use laboratory space with an Aerodyne mini-aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and black carbon (BC) with an aethalometer. The median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios were 0.60 for sulfate, 0.25 for nitrate, 0.52 for ammonium, 0.73 for organics, and 0.61 for BC. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) on organic aerosol data identified hydrocarbon-like (HOA), cooking (COA), and oxygenated (OOA) factors. By assuming sulfate was nonvolatile, lost only by mechanical processes, and without indoor sources, the transformations of other components i due to partitioning changes or indoor sources were parameterized by normalizing their I/O ratios by sulfate's I/O ratio, that is, (I/O)i/SO4 . Component-specific behavior was quantified by regressions of (I/O)i/SO4 to outdoor-to-indoor temperature differences. Nitrate and HOA strongly and OOA weakly showed losses with increasing temperatures indoors vs. outdoors, and HOA likely had an indoor source. To our knowledge, this is the first reported deployment of an AMS to analyze real-time indoor aerosol composition and outdoor-to-indoor transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Johnson
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P F DeCarlo
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Park J, Kim D, Lee K, Han S, Kim H, Williams LR, Joo HS, Park K. Effect of phytoplankton biomass in seawater on chemical properties of sea spray aerosols. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 110:231-237. [PMID: 27345708 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the effect of biological seawater properties on sea spray aerosols (SSA). Concentrations of chlorophyll-a and bacteria were measured at coastal site in Korea in fall and summer seasons. Also, aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was used to determine chemical constituents (organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride) of non-refractory submicrometer aerosols sprayed from seawaters using a bubble bursting system. The average concentration of chlorophyll-a in seawater in fall was 1.75±0.78μg/l, whereas it significantly increased to 5.11±2.16μg/l in summer. It was found that the fraction of organics in the submicrometer SSA was higher in summer (68%) than fall (49%), and that the organic fraction in the SSA increased as the concentration of chlorophyll-a increased in seawater, suggesting that the high phytoplankton biomass in seawater could lead to the enhancement of organic species in the SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyung Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Han
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hung Soo Joo
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Zhang JK, Cheng MT, Ji DS, Liu ZR, Hu B, Sun Y, Wang YS. Characterization of submicron particles during biomass burning and coal combustion periods in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2016; 562:812-821. [PMID: 27110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed along with other observation instruments to measure the characteristics of PM1 (particulate matter with a vacuum aerodynamic diameter of ≤1μm) during the biomass burning period (October 1 to 27; BBP) and the coal combustion period (December 10 to 31; CCP) in Beijing in 2014. The average PM1 mass concentrations during the BBP and CCP were 82.3 and 37.5μgm(-3), respectively. Nitrate, ammonium and other pollutants emitted by the burning processes, especially coal combustion, increased significantly in association with increased pollution levels. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to a unified high-resolution mass spectra database of organic species with NO(+) and NO2(+) ions to discover the relationships between organic and inorganic species. One inorganic factor was identified in both periods, and another five and four distinct organic factors were identified in the BBP and CCP, respectively. Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) accounted for 55% of the total organic aerosols (OAs) during the BBP, which is higher than the proportion during the CCP (oxygenated OA, 40%). The organic nitrate and inorganic nitrate were first successfully separated through the PMF analysis based on the HR-ToF-AMS observations in Beijing, and organic nitrate components accounted for 21% and 18% of the total nitrate mass during the BBP and CCP, respectively. Although the PM1 mass concentration during the CCP was much lower than in the BBP, the average concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the CCP (107.3±171.6ngm(-3)) was ~5 times higher than that in the BBP (21.9±21.7ngm(-3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - M T Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - D S Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Z R Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - B Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Y Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Y S Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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