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Li Y, Schütte W, Dekeukeleire M, Janssen C, Boon N, Asselman J, Lebeer S, Spacova I, De Rijcke M. The immunostimulatory activity of sea spray aerosols: bacteria and endotoxins activate TLR4, TLR2/6, NF-κB and IRF in human cells. Sci Total Environ 2024; 927:171969. [PMID: 38547998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Frequent exposure to sea spray aerosols (SSA) containing marine microorganisms and bioactive compounds may influence human health. However, little is known about potential immunostimulation by SSA exposure. This study focuses on the effects of marine bacteria and endotoxins in SSA on several receptors and transcription factors known to play a key role in the human innate immune system. SSA samples were collected in the field (Ostend, Belgium) or generated in the lab using a marine aerosol reference tank (MART). Samples were characterized by their sodium contents, total bacterial counts, and endotoxin concentrations. Human reporter cells were exposed to SSA to investigate the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in HEK-Blue hTLR4 cells and TLR2/6 in HEK-Blue hTLR2/6 cells, as well as the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRF) in THP1-Dual monocytes. These responses were then correlated to the total bacterial counts and endotoxin concentrations to explore dose-effect relationships. Field SSA contained from 3.0 × 103 to 6.0 × 105 bacteria/m3 air (averaging 2.0 ± 1.9 × 105 bacteria/m3 air) and an endotoxin concentration ranging from 7 to 1217 EU/m3 air (averaging 389 ± 434 EU/m3 air). In contrast, MART SSA exhibited elevated levels of total bacterial count (from 2.0 × 105 to 2.4 × 106, averaging 7.3 ± 5.5 × 105 cells/m3 air) and endotoxin concentration from 536 to 2191 (averaging 1310 ± 513 EU/m3 air). SSA samples differentially activated TLR4, TLR2/6, NF-κB and IRF. These immune responses correlated dose-dependently with the total bacterial counts, endotoxin levels, or both. This study sheds light on the immunostimulatory potential of SSA and its underlying mechanisms, highlighting the need for further research to deepen our understanding of the health implications of SSA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Li
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium; Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Wyona Schütte
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Max Dekeukeleire
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Colin Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irina Spacova
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
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Xu M, Tchinda NT, Li S, Du L. Enhanced saccharide enrichment in sea spray aerosols by coupling surface-active fatty acids. Sci Total Environ 2024; 916:170322. [PMID: 38278262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of aerosols plays a significant role in aerosol-cloud interactions and, although saccharides make up their largest organic mass fraction, the current process model for understanding sea spray aerosol (SSA) composition struggles to replicate the enrichment of saccharides that has been observed. Here, we simulated the generation of SSA and quantified the enrichment of two soluble saccharides (glucose and trehalose) in SSA with a homemade sea spray aerosol generator. The results of the generation experiments demonstrated that both saccharides, especially trehalose, can promote the generation of SSA, whereas surface-active fatty acids primarily inhibit SSA production due to fewer bubble bursts caused by a large amount of foam accumulation. A significant decrease in surface tension of seawater with the addition of fatty acids was observed, while only a minor decrease was observed for seawater with the addition of only saccharide. Enrichment factors (EFs) of saccharides measured using high performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) revealed no enrichment of glucose in submicron SSA, while trehalose showed a slight enrichment. In the presence of surface-active fatty acids on the seawater surface, a significant increase in the enrichment of saccharides in SSA was observed, with glucose and trehalose showing EF of approximately 27-fold and 58-fold, respectively. Besides, this enrichment was accompanied by the accumulation of calcium and magnesium ions. The results presented here suggest that the coupling interaction mechanism of soluble saccharides and surface-active fatty acids on the ocean surface contributes to the enrichment of soluble saccharides in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse Tsona Tchinda
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Siyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, No. 58, Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Catarino AI, León MC, Li Y, Lambert S, Vercauteren M, Asselman J, Janssen CR, Everaert G, De Rijcke M. Micro- and nanoplastics transfer from seawater to the atmosphere through aerosolization under controlled laboratory conditions. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 192:115015. [PMID: 37172341 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray has been suggested to enable the transfer of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) from the ocean to the atmosphere, but only a few studies support the role of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) as a source of airborne particles. We demonstrated that MNPs are aerosolized during wave action, via SSAs, under controlled laboratory conditions. We used a mini-Marine-Aerosol-Reference-Tank (miniMART), a device that mimics naturally occurring physical mechanisms producing SSAs, and assessed the aerosolization of fluorescent polystyrene beads (0.5-10 μm), in artificial seawater. The SSAs contained up to 18,809 particles/mL of aerosols for 0.5 μm beads, with an enrichment factor of 19-fold, and 1977 particles/mL of aerosols for 10 μm beads with a 2-fold enrichment factor. Our study demonstrates that the use of the miniMART is essential to assess MNPs aerosolization in a standardized way, supporting the hypothesis which states that MNPs in the surface of the ocean may be transferred to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Catarino
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Maria Camila León
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium; Free University of Brussels (VUB), Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Pleinlaan 2 - room F806, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Krijgslaan 281,9000 Gent, Belgium; Antwerp University, Faculty of Sciences, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Yunmeng Li
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Silke Lambert
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maaike Vercauteren
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Gert Everaert
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Research Division, Ocean and Human Health, InnovOcean Campus, Jacobsenstraat 1, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
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Song Y, Li J, Tsona NT, Liu L, Du L. Enrichment of short-chain organic acids transferred to submicron sea spray aerosols. Sci Total Environ 2022; 851:158122. [PMID: 35988626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids, considered to be a substantial component of the marine carbon cycle, can enter the atmosphere through sea spray aerosol (SSA) and further affect the climate. Despite their importance, the distribution and mixing state of organic acids in SSA over the marine boundary layer are poorly understood and therefore need more investigation. Here, we have used ion chromatography (IC) in anion mode to measure short-chain organic acids concentrations in SSA collected throughout a custom-made SSA simulation chamber. The enrichment behavior and morphology of monocarboxylic acids (MAs, C1-8) and dicarboxylic acids (DAs) in submicron SSA were studied in seawater. We found that with MAs addition, the number concentration and mass concentration of SSA particles decreased gradually for C5-8 MAs, whereas they weakly varied with DAs addition due to the fact that carboxyl groups at both ends of DAs increased the surface tension of seawater. Moreover, the target compounds in submicron SSA displayed a surface activity-dependent enrichment behavior, where seawater with stronger surface activity, such as that containing MAs with >5 carbons, was more enriched in SSA in comparison to seawater with weaker surface activity. MAs with chain length <5 carbons were slightly enriched in SSA, whereas the enrichment factor (EF) of C5-8 MAs further increased with increasing chain length. These findings are of utmost importance in further understanding and quantifying the contribution of organic matter to SSA, which is crucial for assessing the atmosphere feedback of the marine carbon cycle. MAIN FINDING OF THE WORK: Surface tension of seawater is the key factor affecting the enrichment of short-chain organic acids in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Song
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingrui Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Dall'Osto M, Sotomayor-Garcia A, Cabrera-Brufau M, Berdalet E, Vaqué D, Zeppenfeld S, van Pinxteren M, Herrmann H, Wex H, Rinaldi M, Paglione M, Beddows D, Harrison R, Avila C, Martin-Martin RP, Park J, Barbosa A. Leaching material from Antarctic seaweeds and penguin guano affects cloud-relevant aerosol production. Sci Total Environ 2022; 831:154772. [PMID: 35364145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the Southern Ocean, the greatest warming is occurring on the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) where clear cryospheric and biological consequences are being observed. Antarctic coastal systems harbour a high diversity of marine and terrestrial ecosystems heavily influenced by Antarctic seaweeds (benthonic macroalgae) and bird colonies (mainly penguins). Primary sea spray aerosols (SSA) formed by the outburst of bubbles via the sea-surface microlayer depend on the organic composition of the sea water surface. In order to gain insight into the influence of ocean biology and biogeochemistry on atmospheric aerosol, we performed in situ laboratory aerosol bubble chamber experiments to study the effect of different leachates of biogenic material - obtained from common Antarctic seaweeds as well as penguin guano - on primary SSA. The addition of different leachate materials on a seawater sample showed a dichotomous effect depending on the leachate material added - either suppressing (up to 52%) or enhancing (22-88%) aerosol particle production. We found high ice nucleating particle number concentrations resulting from addition of guano leachate material. Given the evolution of upper marine polar coastal ecosystems in the AP, further studies on ocean-atmosphere coupling are needed in order to represent the currently poorly understood climate feedback processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ana Sotomayor-Garcia
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Cabrera-Brufau
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Zeppenfeld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Wex
- Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Paglione
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roy Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafael P Martin-Martin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Andrés Barbosa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Park J, Kim D, Lee K, Han S, Kim H, Williams LR, Joo HS, Park K. Effect of phytoplankton biomass in seawater on chemical properties of sea spray aerosols. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 110:231-237. [PMID: 27345708 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the effect of biological seawater properties on sea spray aerosols (SSA). Concentrations of chlorophyll-a and bacteria were measured at coastal site in Korea in fall and summer seasons. Also, aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was used to determine chemical constituents (organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride) of non-refractory submicrometer aerosols sprayed from seawaters using a bubble bursting system. The average concentration of chlorophyll-a in seawater in fall was 1.75±0.78μg/l, whereas it significantly increased to 5.11±2.16μg/l in summer. It was found that the fraction of organics in the submicrometer SSA was higher in summer (68%) than fall (49%), and that the organic fraction in the SSA increased as the concentration of chlorophyll-a increased in seawater, suggesting that the high phytoplankton biomass in seawater could lead to the enhancement of organic species in the SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyung Kim
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyul Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Han
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hung Soo Joo
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- National Leading Research Laboratory (Aerosol Technology and Monitoring Laboratory), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-Gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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