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Ran MS, Wang C, Cai J, Deng ZY, Mu YF, Huang Y, Zhang W, Song HJ, Deng AP, Qiu CJ, Shen WW, Chen Y, Zhang L, Meng XD, Huang XH, Chen T, Meng YJ, Chen J, Liu T, Li B, Long J, Liu B, Gao R, Chen XC, Liu GL. The mutual overlapping impact of stress and infection on mental health problems in adolescents and youths during and after COVID-19 pandemic in China. J Affect Disord 2024; 347:500-508. [PMID: 38065477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear about the mutual impact of COVID-19 related psychological stress and infection on mental health of adolescent and youth students. This study aimed to explore the mutual impact of COVID-19 related psychological stress and infection on mental health problems among students. METHODS This study was conducted from December 14, 2022 to February 28, 2023 in Sichuan, China. Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, Insomnia Severity Index, and Internet Addiction Test were used. Participants were grouped by COVID-19 infection and psychological stress level. The differences among groups were compared, and logistic regression analysis was used to investigate risk factors for depression, anxiety, PTSD and insomnia among groups. RESULTS Of 90,118 participants, 82,873 (92.0 %) finished the questionnaires and were included in the study. Of 82,873 participants, 33,314 (40.2 %) reported to be infected with COVID-19. Participants had depression symptoms (38.1 %), anxiety symptoms (31.8 %), PTSD (33.9 %), insomnia (34.0 %), and internet addiction (60.3 %). Compared with participants uninfected with low psychological stress level, the risk for symptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD and insomnia increased by 9.6 %, 12.3 %, 6.6 %, and 12.0 % in participants infected with low psychological stress level (p < 0.001), 106.8 %, 125.9 %, 125.2 %, and 95.7 % in participants uninfected with high psychological stress level (p < 0.001), and 147.3 %, 161.1 %, 158.7 %, and 141.0 % in participants infected with high psychological stress level (p < 0.001). LIMITATION This study is a cross-sectional design, and no causal associations should be inferred. Infection status was based on self-report of participants with infectious symptoms. CONCLUSION COVID-19 related psychological stress and infection per se have mutually overlapping impacts on mental health problems among students. Further health policies and psychosocial interventions should be developed to reduce mutually overlapping impact and improve the long-term mental health among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Sheng Ran
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Cong Wang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhong-Yue Deng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yun-Fei Mu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hong-Jun Song
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Outpatient Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ai-Ping Deng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; Outpatient Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Chang-Jian Qiu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wen-Wu Shen
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Chen
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xian-Dong Meng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xue-Hua Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ya-Jing Meng
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bin Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Jingzhou Mental Health Center, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, China
| | - Ru Gao
- Wenjiang People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610037, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Chen
- Ya'an Fourth People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan 625000, China
| | - Ge-Ling Liu
- West China Health School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
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