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Abstract
The clinical and epidemiological threat of the growing antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens, particularly for β-lactams, the most frequently used and relevant antibiotics, urges research to find new therapeutic weapons to combat the infections caused by these microorganisms. An essential previous step in the development of these therapeutic solutions is to identify their potential targets in the biology of the pathogen. This is precisely what we sought to do in this review specifically regarding the barely exploited field analyzing the interplay among the biology of the peptidoglycan and related processes, such as β-lactamase regulation and virulence. Hence, here we gather, analyze, and integrate the knowledge derived from published works that provide information on the topic, starting with those dealing with the historically neglected essential role of the Gram-negative peptidoglycan in virulence, including structural, biogenesis, remodeling, and recycling aspects, in addition to proinflammatory and other interactions with the host. We also review the complex link between intrinsic β-lactamase production and peptidoglycan metabolism, as well as the biological costs potentially associated with the expression of horizontally acquired β-lactamases. Finally, we analyze the existing evidence from multiple perspectives to provide useful clues for identifying targets enabling the future development of therapeutic options attacking the peptidoglycan-virulence interconnection as a key weak point of the Gram-negative pathogens to be used, if not to kill the bacteria, to mitigate their capacity to produce severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Juan
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Isabel Maria Barceló
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Son Espases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Baleares (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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Prates TP, Taira TM, Holanda MC, Bignardi LA, Salvador SL, Zamboni DS, Cunha FQ, Fukada SY. NOD2 contributes to Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced bone resorption. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1155-62. [PMID: 25239844 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514551770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD-like receptors are cytoplasmic proteins that sense microbial by-products released by invasive bacteria. Although NOD1 and NOD2 are functionally expressed in cells from oral tissues and play a role triggering immune responses, the role of NOD2 receptor in the bone resorption and in the modulation of osteoclastogenesis is still unclear. We show that in an experimental model of periodontitis with Porphyromonas gingivalis W83, NOD2(-/-) mice showed lower bone resorption when compared to wild type. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that wild-type infected mice showed an elevated RANKL/OPG ratio when compared to NOD2(-/-) infected mice. Moreover, the expression of 2 osteoclast activity markers-cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase 9-was significantly lower in gingival tissue from NOD2(-/-) infected mice compared to WT infected ones. The in vitro study reported an increase in the expression of the NOD2 receptor 24 hr after stimulation of hematopoietic bone marrow cells with M-CSF and RANKL. We also evaluated the effect of direct activation of NOD2 receptor on osteoclastogenesis, by the activation of this receptor in preosteoclasts culture, with different concentrations of muramyl dipeptide. The results show no difference in the number of TRAP-positive cells. Although it did not alter the osteoclasts differentiation, the activation of NOD2 receptor led to a significant increase of cathepsin K expression. We confirm that this enzyme was active, since the osteoclasts resorption capacity was enhanced by muramyl dipeptide stimulation, evaluated in osteoassay plate. These results show that the lack of NOD2 receptor impairs the bone resorption, suggesting that NOD2 receptor could contribute to the progression of bone resorption in experimental model of periodontitis. The stimulation of NOD2 by its agonist, muramyl dipeptide, did not affect osteoclastogenesis, but it does favor the bone resorption capacity identified by increased osteoclast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Prates
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T M Taira
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - M C Holanda
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - L A Bignardi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S L Salvador
- Department of Clinical Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
| | - D S Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - F Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - S Y Fukada
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
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Aguilar C, Lenoir C, Lambert N, Bègue B, Brousse N, Canioni D, Berrebi D, Roy M, Gérart S, Chapel H, Schwerd T, Siproudhis L, Schäppi M, Al-Ahmari A, Mori M, Yamaide A, Galicier L, Neven B, Routes J, Uhlig HH, Koletzko S, Patel S, Kanegane H, Picard C, Fischer A, Bensussan NC, Ruemmele F, Hugot JP, Latour S. Characterization of Crohn disease in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-deficient male patients and female symptomatic carriers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:1131-41.e9. [PMID: 24942515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a complex mode of inheritance. Although nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) is the strongest risk factor, the cause of Crohn disease remains unknown in the majority of the cases. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency causes X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2. IBD has been reported in some XIAP-deficient patients. OBJECTIVE We characterize the IBD affecting a large cohort of patients with mutations in XIAP and examine the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. METHODS We performed a phenotypical and histologic analysis of the IBD affecting 17 patients with hemizygous mutations in XIAP, including 3 patients identified by screening 83 patients with pediatric-onset IBD. The X chromosome inactivation was analyzed in female carriers of heterozygous XIAP mutations, including 2 adults with IBD. The functional consequences of XIAP deficiency were analyzed. RESULTS Clinical presentation and histology of IBD in patients with XIAP deficiency overlapped with those of patients with Crohn disease. The age at onset was variable (from 3 months to 41 years), and IBD was severe and difficult to treat. In 2 patients hematopoietic stem cell transplantation fully restored intestinal homeostasis. Monocytes of patients had impaired NOD2-mediated IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) production, as well as IL-10, in response to NOD2 and Toll-like receptor 2/4 costimulation. Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1)-mediated IL-6 and IL-8 production was defective in fibroblasts from XIAP-deficient patients. The 2 heterozygous female carriers of XIAP mutations with IBD displayed abnormal expression of the XIAP mutated allele, resulting in impaired activation of the NOD2 pathway. CONCLUSION IBD in patients with XIAP deficiency is similar to Crohn disease and is associated with defective NOD2 function in monocytes. Importantly, we report that it is not restricted to male patients because we identified 2 symptomatic female heterozygous carriers of XIAP mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Aguilar
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and EBV Susceptibility, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Lenoir
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and EBV Susceptibility, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lambert
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies (CEDI), Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Bègue
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Laboratory of Interactions of the Intestinal Epithelium and the Immune System, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Brousse
- Pathology Department, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Danielle Canioni
- Pathology Department, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Berrebi
- Pathology Department, Hospital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 843, Hospital Bichat, Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Roy
- INSERM UMR 843, Hospital Bichat, Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Gérart
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and EBV Susceptibility, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Helen Chapel
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- University of Munich Medical Center, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Laurent Siproudhis
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Michela Schäppi
- Pediatrics Center, Clinique des Grangettes and Medical University Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ali Al-Ahmari
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masaaki Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamaide
- Division of Allergy and Rheumatology, Chiba Children's Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Department of Immunology and Haematology, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - John Routes
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Children's Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sibylle Koletzko
- University of Munich Medical Center, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Smita Patel
- Primary Immunodeficiency Unit, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hirokazu Kanegane
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and EBV Susceptibility, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies (CEDI), Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and EBV Susceptibility, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Department of Immunology and Haematology, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Nadine Cerf Bensussan
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Laboratory of Interactions of the Intestinal Epithelium and the Immune System, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Frank Ruemmele
- University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Laboratory of Interactions of the Intestinal Epithelium and the Immune System, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- INSERM UMR 843, Hospital Bichat, Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and EBV Susceptibility, INSERM UMR 1163, Hospital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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