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Han QQ, Wang YP, Li J, Li J, Yin XC, Jiang XY, Yu M, Wang SM, Shabala S, Zhang JL. The mechanistic basis of sodium exclusion in Puccinellia tenuiflora under conditions of salinity and potassium deprivation. Plant J 2022; 112:322-338. [PMID: 35979653 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a significant threat to global agriculture. Understanding salt exclusion mechanisms in halophyte species may be instrumental in improving salt tolerance in crops. Puccinellia tenuiflora is a typical salt-excluding halophytic grass often found in potassium-deprived saline soils. Our previous work showed that P. tenuiflora possesses stronger selectivity for K+ than for Na+ ; however, the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon remained elusive. Here, P. tenuiflora PutHKT1;5 was cloned and the functions of PutHKT1;5 and PutSOS1 were characterized using heterologous expression systems. Yeast assays showed that PutHKT1;5 possessed Na+ transporting capacity and was highly selective for Na+ over K+ . PutSOS1 was located at the plasma membrane and operated as a Na+ /K+ exchanger, with much stronger Na+ extrusion capacity than its homolog from Arabidopsis. PutHKT2;1 mediated high-affinity K+ and Na+ uptake and its expression levels were upregulated by mild salinity and K+ deprivation. Salinity-induced changes of root PutHKT1;5 and PutHKT1;4 transcript levels matched the expression pattern of root PutSOS1, which was consistent with root Na+ efflux. The transcript levels of root PutHKT2;1 and PutAKT1 were downregulated by salinity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the functional activity of PutHKT1;5 and PutSOS1 in P. tenuiflora roots is fine-tuned under saline conditions as well as by operation of other ion transporters/channel (PutHKT1;4, PutHKT2;1, and PutAKT1). This leads to the coordination of radial Na+ and K+ transport processes, their loading to the xylem, or Na+ retrieval and extrusion under conditions of mild salinity and/or K+ deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Chang Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Yu Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, P. R. China
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, P. R. China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jin-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, P. R. China
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, P. R. China
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Ukwatta J, Pabuayon ICM, Park J, Chen J, Chai X, Zhang H, Zhu JK, Xin Z, Shi H. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analysis reveals salinity tolerance mechanisms in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Planta 2021; 254:98. [PMID: 34657208 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mota Maradi is a sorghum line that exhibits holistic salinity tolerance mechanisms, making it a viable potential donor in breeding efforts for improved sorghum lines. High soil salinity is one of the global challenges for crop growth and productivity. Understanding the salinity tolerance mechanisms in crops is necessary for genetic breeding of salinity-tolerant crops. In this study, physiological and molecular mechanisms in sorghum were identified through a comparative analysis between a Nigerien salinity-tolerant sorghum landrace, Mota Maradi, and the reference sorghum line, BTx623. Significant differences on physiological performances were observed, particularly on growth and biomass gain, photosynthetic rate, and the accumulation of Na+, K+, proline, and sucrose. Transcriptome profiling of the leaves, leaf sheaths, stems, and roots revealed contrasting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Mota Maradi and BTx623 which supports the physiological observations from both lines. Among the DEGs, ion transporters such as HKT, NHX, AKT, HAK5, and KUP3 were likely responsible for the differences in Na+ and K+ accumulation. Meanwhile, DEGs involved in photosynthesis, cellular growth, signaling, and ROS scavenging were also identified between these two genotypes. Functional and pathway analysis of the DEGs has revealed that these processes work in concert and are crucial in elevated salinity tolerance in Mota Maradi. Our findings indicate how different complex processes work synergistically for salinity stress tolerance in sorghum. This study also highlights the unique adaptation of landraces toward their respective ecosystems, and their strong potential as genetic resources for future plant breeding endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayan Ukwatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | | | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Junping Chen
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, USDA-ARS, Lubbock, TX, 79415, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Chai
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, USDA-ARS, Lubbock, TX, 79415, USA
| | - Huazhong Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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Tao R, Ding J, Li C, Zhu X, Guo W, Zhu M. Evaluating and Screening of Agro-Physiological Indices for Salinity Stress Tolerance in Wheat at the Seedling Stage. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:646175. [PMID: 33868346 PMCID: PMC8044411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.646175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a worldwide issue that affects wheat production. A comprehensive understanding of salt-tolerance mechanisms and the selection of reliable screening indices are crucial for breeding salt-tolerant wheat cultivars. In this study, 30 wheat genotypes (obtained from a rapid selection of 96 original varieties) were chosen to investigate the existing screening methods and clarify the salinity tolerance mechanisms in wheat. Ten-day-old seedlings were treated with 150 mM NaCl. Eighteen agronomic and physiological parameters were measured. The results indicated that the effects of salinity on the agronomic and physiological traits were significant. Salinity stress significantly decreased K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio in the whole plant, while the leaf K+/Na+ ratio was the strongest determinant of salinity tolerance and had a significantly positive correlation with salt tolerance. In contrast, salinity stress significantly increased Na+ concentration and relative gene expression (TaHKT1;5, TaSOS1, and TaAKT1-like). The Na+ transporter gene (TaHKT1;5) showed a significantly greater increase in expression than the K+ transporter gene (TaAKT1-like). We concluded that Na+ exclusion rather than K+ retention contributed to an optimal leaf K+/Na+ ratio. Furthermore, the present exploration revealed that, under salt stress, tolerant accessions had higher shoot water content, shoot dry weight and lower stomatal density, leaf sap osmolality, and a significantly negative correlation was observed between salt tolerance and stomatal density. This indicated that changes in stomata density may represent a fundamental mechanism by which a plant may optimize water productivity and maintain growth under saline conditions. Taken together, the leaf K+/Na+ ratio and stomatal density can be used as reliable screening indices for salt tolerance in wheat at the seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinkai Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Karahara I, Horie T. Functions and structure of roots and their contributions to salinity tolerance in plants. Breed Sci 2021; 71:89-108. [PMID: 33762879 PMCID: PMC7973495 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is an increasing threat to the productivity of glycophytic crops worldwide. The root plays vital roles under various stress conditions, including salinity, as well as has diverse functions in non-stress soil environments. In this review, we focus on the essential functions of roots such as in ion homeostasis mediated by several different membrane transporters and signaling molecules under salinity stress and describe recent advances in the impacts of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) or genetic loci (and their causal genes, if applicable) on salinity tolerance. Furthermore, we introduce important literature for the development of barriers against the apoplastic flow of ions, including Na+, as well as for understanding the functions and components of the barrier structure under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichirou Karahara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Horie
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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Silva BRS, Batista BL, Lobato AKS. Anatomical changes in stem and root of soybean plants submitted to salt stress. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:57-65. [PMID: 32841475 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The soybean is a legume that is widely cultivated in many countries due to the high levels of protein and oil contained in its seed, and is used for human and animal nutrition. However, salinity affects more than 800 million hectares worldwide, limiting global agricultural production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the structural behaviour of the roots and stems under progressive salt stress, detailing the possible anatomical modifications to these organs in soybean plants during this stress. The plants were randomized into five treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm NaCl). All the root regions studied and exposed to 100 mm Na+ exhibited increases in the epidermis and endodermis and formation of lysogenic aerenchyma with increasing salinity, revealing the protective roles of these structures in reducing Na+ influx. In the stem, increases in the cortex and pith in the first internode subject to 100 mm Na+ suggest anatomical responses that aim to minimize oxidative stress. Soybean plants subjected to progressive salt stress (>50 mm Na+ ) avoided cavitation and loss of function linked to vessel elements, reducing the metaxylem in all the root and stem regions analysed. Finally, our results confirm anatomical changes to the roots and stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R S Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. Paragominas, Pará, Brazil
| | - B L Batista
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A K S Lobato
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. Paragominas, Pará, Brazil
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Yang Z, Li JL, Liu LN, Xie Q, Sui N. Photosynthetic Regulation Under Salt Stress and Salt-Tolerance Mechanism of Sweet Sorghum. Front Plant Sci 2020; 10:1722. [PMID: 32010174 PMCID: PMC6974683 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum is a C4 crop with the characteristic of fast-growth and high-yields. It is a good source for food, feed, fiber, and fuel. On saline land, sweet sorghum can not only survive, but increase its sugar content. Therefore, it is regarded as a potential source for identifying salt-related genes. Here, we review the physiological and biochemical responses of sweet sorghum to salt stress, such as photosynthesis, sucrose synthesis, hormonal regulation, and ion homeostasis, as well as their potential salt-resistance mechanisms. The major advantages of salt-tolerant sweet sorghum include: 1) improving the Na+ exclusion ability to maintain ion homeostasis in roots under salt-stress conditions, which ensures a relatively low Na+ concentration in shoots; 2) maintaining a high sugar content in shoots under salt-stress conditions, by protecting the structures of photosystems, enhancing photosynthetic performance and sucrose synthetase activity, as well as inhibiting sucrose degradation. To study the regulatory mechanism of such genes will provide opportunities for increasing the salt tolerance of sweet sorghum by breeding and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Biological Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Lu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Jadamba C, Kang K, Paek NC, Lee SI, Yoo SC. Overexpression of Rice Expansin7 ( Osexpa7) Confers Enhanced Tolerance to Salt Stress in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020454. [PMID: 31936829 PMCID: PMC7013816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansins are key regulators of cell-wall extension and are also involved in the abiotic stress response. In this study, we evaluated the function of OsEXPA7 involved in salt stress tolerance. Phenotypic analysis showed that OsEXPA7 overexpression remarkably enhanced tolerance to salt stress. OsEXPA7 was highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem, root, and the leaf sheath. Promoter activity of OsEXPA7:GUS was mainly observed in vascular tissues of roots and leaves. Morphological analysis revealed structural alterations in the root and leaf vasculature of OsEXPA7 overexpressing (OX) lines. OsEXPA7 overexpression resulted in decreased sodium ion (Na+) and accumulated potassium ion (K+) in the leaves and roots. Under salt stress, higher antioxidant activity was also observed in the OsEXPA7-OX lines, as indicated by lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and increased antioxidant activity, when compared with the wild-type (WT) plants. In addition, transcriptional analysis using RNA-seq and RT-PCR revealed that genes involved in cation exchange, auxin signaling, cell-wall modification, and transcription were differentially expressed between the OX and WT lines. Notably, salt overly sensitive 1, which is a sodium transporter, was highly upregulated in the OX lines. These results suggest that OsEXPA7 plays an important role in increasing salt stress tolerance by coordinating sodium transport, ROS scavenging, and cell-wall loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuluuntsetseg Jadamba
- Crop Molecular Breeding Laboratory, Department of Plant Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Jungangro, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17579, Korea;
| | - Kiyoon Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea; (K.K.); (N.-C.P.)
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea; (K.K.); (N.-C.P.)
| | - Soo In Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.I.L.); (S.-C.Y.)
| | - Soo-Cheul Yoo
- Crop Molecular Breeding Laboratory, Department of Plant Life and Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Jungangro, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17579, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.I.L.); (S.-C.Y.)
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Lema M, Ali MY, Retuerto R. Domestication influences morphological and physiological responses to salinity in Brassica oleracea seedlings. AoB Plants 2019; 11:plz046. [PMID: 31579110 PMCID: PMC6757351 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brassica oleracea cultivars include important vegetable and forage crops grown worldwide, whereas the wild counterpart occurs naturally on European sea cliffs. Domestication and selection processes have led to phenotypic and genetic divergence between domesticated plants and their wild ancestors that inhabit coastal areas and are exposed to saline conditions. Salinity is one of the most limiting factors for crop production. However, little is known about how salinity affects plants in relation to domestication of B. oleracea. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of domestication status (wild, landrace or cultivar) on the response of different B. oleracea crops to salinity, as measured by seed germination, plant growth, water content and mineral concentration parameters at the seedling stage. For this purpose, two independent pot experiments were conducted with six accessions of B. oleracea, including cabbage (group capitata) and kale (group acephala), in a growth chamber under controlled environmental conditions. In both taxonomic groups, differences in domestication status and salt stress significantly affected all major process such as germination, changes in dry matter, water relations and mineral uptake. In the acephala experiment, the domestication × salinity interaction significantly affected water content parameters and shoot Na+ allocation. At early stages of development, wild plants are more succulent than cultivated plants and have a higher capacity to maintain lower Na+ concentrations in their shoots in response to increasing levels of salinity. Different responses of domesticated and cultivated accessions in relation to these traits indicated a high level of natural variation in wild B. oleracea. Exclusion of Na+ from shoots and increasing succulence may enhance salt tolerance in B. oleracea exposed to extreme salinity in the long term. The wild germplasm can potentially be used to improve the salt tolerance of crops by the identification of useful genes and incorporation of these into salinity-sensitive cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lema
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Md Y Ali
- Agrotechnology Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - R Retuerto
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Wu GQ, Wang JL, Li SJ. Genome-Wide Identification of Na +/H + Antiporter (NHX) Genes in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and Their Regulated Expression under Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E401. [PMID: 31137880 PMCID: PMC6562666 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major environment factors that limits the growth of plants and the productivity of crops worldwide. It has been shown that Na+ transporters play a central role in salt tolerance and development of plants. The objective of this study was to identify Na+/H+ antiporter (NHX) genes and investigate their expression patterns in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) subjected to various concentrations of NaCl. A total of five putative NHX genes were identified and distributed on four chromosomes in sugar beet. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these BvNHX genes are grouped into three major classes, viz Vac- (BvNHX1, -2 and -3), Endo- (BvNHX4), and PM-class NHX (BvNHX5/BvSOS1), and within each class the exon/intron structures are conserved. The amiloride-binding site is found in TM3 at N-terminus of Vac-class NHX proteins. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) prediction suggested that only BvNHX5 putatively interacts with calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPK), implying it might be the primary NHX involved in CBL-CIPK pathway under saline condition. It was also found that BvNHX5 contains one abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element (ABRE), suggesting that BvNHX5 might be involved in ABA signal responsiveness. Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that all the BvNHX genes in both roots and leaves are significantly up-regulated by salt, and the transcription levels under high salinity are significantly higher than those under either low or moderate salinity. Taken together, this work gives a detailed overview of the BvNHX genes and their expression patterns under salt stress. Our findings also provide useful information for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Na+ homeostasis and further functional identification of the BvNHX genes in sugar beet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Jin-Long Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Shan-Jia Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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Liu Y, Yu Y, Sun J, Cao Q, Tang Z, Liu M, Xu T, Ma D, Li Z, Sun J. Root-zone-specific sensitivity of K+-and Ca2+-permeable channels to H2O2 determines ion homeostasis in salinized diploid and hexaploid Ipomoea trifida. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1389-1405. [PMID: 30689932 PMCID: PMC6382330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyploids generally possess superior K+/Na+ homeostasis under saline conditions compared with their diploid progenitors. In this study, we identified the physiological mechanisms involved in the ploidy-related mediation of K+/Na+ homeostasis in the roots of diploid (2x) and hexaploid (6x; autohexaploid) Ipomoea trifida, which is the closest relative of cultivated sweet potato. Results showed that 6x I. trifida retained more K+ and accumulated less Na+ in the root and leaf tissues under salt stress than 2x I. trifida. Compared with its 2x ancestor, 6x I. trifida efficiently prevents K+ efflux from the meristem root zone under salt stress through its plasma membrane (PM) K+-permeable channels, which have low sensitivity to H2O2. Moreover, 6x I. trifida efficiently excludes Na+ from the elongation and mature root zones under salt stress because of the high sensitivity of PM Ca2+-permeable channels to H2O2. Our results suggest the root-zone-specific sensitivity to H2O2 of PM K+- and Ca2+-permeable channels in the co-ordinated control of K+/Na+ homeostasis in salinized 2x and 6x I. trifida. This work provides new insights into the improved maintenance of K+/Na+ homeostasis of polyploids under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yicheng Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghe Cao
- Sweet Potato Research Institute (CAAS), Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Institute, MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonghou Tang
- Sweet Potato Research Institute (CAAS), Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Institute, MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiyan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daifu Ma
- Sweet Potato Research Institute (CAAS), Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweet Potato Research Institute, MOA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweet Potato, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongyun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Jian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence: or
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shabala
- International Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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12
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Oda Y, Kobayashi NI, Tanoi K, Ma JF, Itou Y, Katsuhara M, Itou T, Horie T. T-DNA Tagging-Based Gain-of-Function of OsHKT1;4 Reinforces Na Exclusion from Leaves and Stems but Triggers Na Toxicity in Roots of Rice Under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E235. [PMID: 29329278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The high affinity K⁺ transporter 1;4 (HKT1;4) in rice (Oryza sativa), which shows Na⁺ selective transport with little K⁺ transport activity, has been suggested to be involved in reducing Na in leaves and stems under salt stress. However, detailed physiological roles of OsHKT1;4 remain unknown. Here, we have characterized a transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutant line of rice, which overexpresses OsHKT1;4, owing to enhancer elements in the T-DNA, to gain an insight into the impact of OsHKT1;4 on salt tolerance of rice. The homozygous mutant (the O/E line) accumulated significantly lower concentrations of Na in young leaves, stems, and seeds than the sibling WT line under salt stress. Interestingly, however, the mutation rendered the O/E plants more salt sensitive than WT plants. Together with the evaluation of biomass of rice lines, rhizosphere acidification assays using a pH indicator bromocresol purple and 22NaCl tracer experiments have led to an assumption that roots of O/E plants suffered heavier damages from Na which excessively accumulated in the root due to increased activity of Na⁺ uptake and Na⁺ exclusion in the vasculature. Implications toward the application of the HKT1-mediated Na⁺ exclusion system to the breeding of salt tolerant crop cultivars will be discussed.
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Prusty MR, Kim SR, Vinarao R, Entila F, Egdane J, Diaz MGQ, Jena KK. Newly Identified Wild Rice Accessions Conferring High Salt Tolerance Might Use a Tissue Tolerance Mechanism in Leaf. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 29740456 PMCID: PMC5926390 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is very sensitive to salt stress. So far a few rice landraces have been identified as a source of salt tolerance and utilized in rice improvement. These tolerant lines primarily use Na+ exclusion mechanism in root which removes Na+ from the xylem stream by membrane Na+ and K+ transporters, and resulted in low Na+ accumulation in shoot. Identification of a new donor source conferring high salt tolerance is imperative. Wild relatives of rice having wide genetic diversity are regarded as a potential source for crop improvement. However, they have been less exploited against salt stress. Here, we simultaneously evaluated all 22 wild Oryza species along with the cultivated tolerant lines including Pokkali, Nona Bokra, and FL478, and sensitive check varieties under high salinity (240 mM NaCl). Based on the visual salt injury score, three species (O. alta, O. latifolia, and O. coarctata) and four species (O. rhizomatis, O. eichingeri, O. minuta, and O. grandiglumis) showed higher and similar level of tolerance compared to the tolerant checks, respectively. All three CCDD genome species exhibited salt tolerance, suggesting that the CCDD genome might possess the common genetic factors for salt tolerance. Physiological and biochemical experiments were conducted using the newly isolated tolerant species together with checks under 180 mM NaCl. Interestingly, all wild species showed high Na+ concentration in shoot and low concentration in root unlike the tolerant checks. In addition, the wild-tolerant accessions showed a tendency of a high tissue tolerance in leaf, low malondialdehyde level in shoot, and high retention of chlorophyll in the young leaves. These results suggest that the wild species employ tissue tolerance mechanism to manage salt stress. Gene expression analyses of the key salt tolerance-related genes suggested that high Na+ in leaf of wild species might be affected by OsHKT1;4-mediated Na+ exclusion in leaf and the following Na+ sequestration in leaf might be occurring independent of tonoplast-localized OsNHX1. The newly isolated wild rice accessions will be valuable materials for both rice improvement to salinity stress and the study of salt tolerance mechanism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R. Prusty
- Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
| | - Sung-Ryul Kim
- Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ricky Vinarao
- Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
| | - Frederickson Entila
- Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
| | - James Egdane
- Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria G. Q. Diaz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Kshirod K. Jena
- Strategic Innovation Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
- *Correspondence: Kshirod K. Jena,
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14
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Kobayashi NI, Yamaji N, Yamamoto H, Okubo K, Ueno H, Costa A, Tanoi K, Matsumura H, Fujii-Kashino M, Horiuchi T, Nayef MA, Shabala S, An G, Ma JF, Horie T. OsHKT1;5 mediates Na + exclusion in the vasculature to protect leaf blades and reproductive tissues from salt toxicity in rice. Plant J 2017; 91:657-670. [PMID: 28488420 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salt tolerance quantitative trait loci analysis of rice has revealed that the SKC1 locus, which is involved in a higher K+ /Na+ ratio in shoots, corresponds to the OsHKT1;5 gene encoding a Na+ -selective transporter. However, physiological roles of OsHKT1;5 in rice exposed to salt stress remain elusive, and no OsHKT1;5 gene disruption mutants have been characterized to date. In this study, we dissected two independent T-DNA insertional OsHKT1;5 mutants. Measurements of ion contents in tissues and 22 Na+ tracer imaging experiments showed that loss-of-function of OsHKT1;5 in salt-stressed rice roots triggers massive Na+ accumulation in shoots. Salt stress-induced increases in the OsHKT1;5 transcript were observed in roots and basal stems, including basal nodes. Immuno-staining using an anti-OsHKT1;5 peptide antibody indicated that OsHKT1;5 is localized in cells adjacent to the xylem in roots. Additionally, direct introduction of 22 Na+ tracer to leaf sheaths also demonstrated the involvement of OsHKT1;5 in xylem Na+ unloading in leaf sheaths. Furthermore, OsHKT1;5 was indicated to be present in the plasma membrane and found to localize also in the phloem of diffuse vascular bundles in basal nodes. Together with the characteristic 22 Na+ allocation in the blade of the developing immature leaf in the mutants, these results suggest a novel function of OsHKT1;5 in mediating Na+ exclusion in the phloem to prevent Na+ transfer to young leaf blades. Our findings further demonstrate that the function of OsHKT1;5 is crucial over growth stages of rice, including the protection of the next generation seeds as well as of vital leaf blades under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko I Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo, 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Kaoru Okubo
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ueno
- Gene Research Center, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Keitaro Tanoi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsumura
- Gene Research Center, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Miho Fujii-Kashino
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo, 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Horiuchi
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Mohammad Al Nayef
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, Kyungbuk, 446-701, Korea
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo, 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Horie
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
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15
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Cao D, Lutz A, Hill CB, Callahan DL, Roessner U. A Quantitative Profiling Method of Phytohormones and Other Metabolites Applied to Barley Roots Subjected to Salinity Stress. Front Plant Sci 2017; 7:2070. [PMID: 28119732 PMCID: PMC5222860 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As integral parts of plant signaling networks, phytohormones are involved in the regulation of plant metabolism and growth under adverse environmental conditions, including salinity. Globally, salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stressors with an estimated 800 million hectares of arable land affected. Roots are the first plant organ to sense salinity in the soil, and are the initial site of sodium (Na+) exposure. However, the quantification of phytohormones in roots is challenging, as they are often present at extremely low levels compared to other plant tissues. To overcome this challenge, we developed a high-throughput LC-MS method to quantify ten endogenous phytohormones and their metabolites of diverse chemical classes in roots of barley. This method was validated in a salinity stress experiment with six barley varieties grown hydroponically with and without salinity. In addition to phytohormones, we quantified 52 polar primary metabolites, including some phytohormone precursors, using established GC-MS and LC-MS methods. Phytohormone and metabolite data were correlated with physiological measurements including biomass, plant size and chlorophyll content. Root and leaf elemental analysis was performed to determine Na+ exclusion and K+ retention ability in the studied barley varieties. We identified distinct phytohormone and metabolite signatures as a response to salinity stress in different barley varieties. Abscisic acid increased in the roots of all varieties under salinity stress, and elevated root salicylic acid levels were associated with an increase in leaf chlorophyll content. Furthermore, the landrace Sahara maintained better growth, had lower Na+ levels and maintained high levels of the salinity stress linked metabolite putrescine as well as the phytohormone metabolite cinnamic acid, which has been shown to increase putrescine concentrations in previous studies. This study highlights the importance of root phytohormones under salinity stress and the multi-variety analysis provides an important update to analytical methodology, and adds to the current knowledge of salinity stress responses in plants at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Cao
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Adrian Lutz
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Camilla B. Hill
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, MurdochWA, Australia
| | - Damien L. Callahan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, BurwoodVIC, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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