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Ganganboina AB, Park EY. Signal-Amplified Nanobiosensors for Virus Detection Using Advanced Nanomaterials. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2024. [PMID: 38337075 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and treatment of infectious illnesses are crucial for clinical outcomes and public health. Biosensing developments enhance diagnostics at the point of care. This is superior to traditional procedures, which need centralized lab facilities, specialized personnel, and large equipment. The emerging coronavirus epidemic threatens global health and economic security. Increasing viral surveillance and regulatory actions against disease transmission necessitate rapid, sensitive testing tools for viruses. Due to their sensitivity and specificity, biosensors offer a possible reliable and quantifiable viral detection method. Current advances in genetic engineering, such as genetic alteration and material engineering, have provided several opportunities to enhance biosensors' sensitivity, selectivity, and recognition efficiency. This chapter explains biosensing techniques, biosensor varieties, and signal amplification technologies. Challenges and potential developments for viral microorganisms based on biosensors and signal amplification were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Babu Ganganboina
- International Center for Young Scientists ICYS-NAMIKI, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan.
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2
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Ali E, Sayah MA, Dawood AAAS, Hamoody AHM, Hamoodah ZJ, Ramadan MF, Abbas HA, Alawadi A, Alsalamy A, Abbass R. CO 2 reduction reaction on Sc-doped nanocages as catalysts. J Mol Model 2023; 29:381. [PMID: 37985487 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The catalytic ability of Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 as catalysts of CO2-RR to create the CH4 and CH3OH is investigated. The mechanisms of CO2-RR are examined by theoretical methods and ΔGreaction of reaction steps of CO2-RR mechanisms are calculated. The overpotential of CH4 and CH3OH production on Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 is calculated. The Sc atoms of Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 can adsorb the CO2 molecule as the first step of CO2-RR. The CH4 is produced from hydrogenation of *CH3O and the *CO → *CHO reaction step is the rate limiting step for CH4 production. The CH3OH can be formed on Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 by *CO → *CHO → *CH2O → *CH3O → CH3OH mechanism and HCOOH → *CHO → *CH2O → *CH3O → CH3OH mechanism. The Sc-C46 and Sc-Al23P23 can catalyze the CO2-RR to produce the CH4 and CH3OH by acceptable mechanisms. METHODS Here, the structures are optimized by PW91PW91/6-311+G (2d, 2p) and M06-2X/cc-pVQZ methods in GAMESS software. The frequencies of nanocages and their complexes with species of CO2-RR are investigated by mentioned methods. The transition state of each reaction step of CO2-RR is searched by Berny method to find the CO2-RR intermediates. The ∆Eadsorption of intermediates of CO2-RR on surfaces of nanocages is calculated and the ∆Greaction of reaction steps of CO2-RR is calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyhab Ali
- Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hussein Abdullah Abbas
- College of Technical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Medical Technique, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Al-Muthanna, 66002, Iraq.
| | - Rathab Abbass
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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Cosottini L, Zineddu S, Massai L, Ghini V, Turano P. 19F: A small probe for a giant protein. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112236. [PMID: 37146532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe a method for the efficient production (∼90% fluorination) of 5-F-Trp human H ferritin via the selective incorporation of 19F into the side chain of W93 using 5-fluoroindole as the fluorinated precursor of the amino acid. Human H ferritin is a nanocage composed of 24 identical subunits, each containing a single Trp belonging to a loop exposed on the external surface of the protein nanocage. This makes 5-F-Trp a potential probe for the study of intermolecular interactions in solution by exploiting its intrinsic fluorescence. More interestingly, albeit the large size of the cage (12 nm external diameter, ∼500 kDa molecular mass) we observe a broad but well defined NMR 19F resonance that can be used for the dual purpose of detecting solution intermolecular interactions via chemical shift perturbation mapping and monitoring the uptake of ferritin by cells treated with ferritin-based drug carriers, the latter being an application area of increasing importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Cosottini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Stefano Zineddu
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Paola Turano
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.
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Shabani Gokeh M, Afradi A, Obeid RA, Abdullah Fatah SA, Alnassar YS, Hameed NM, Abbood SK. Alkali metal-doped borospherenes M@C 4B 32 (M = K, Na, and Li) as a highly efficient alternative for the drug delivery. J Mol Model 2023; 29:147. [PMID: 37069404 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nanomaterials enjoy a great surface-to-surface area ratio, small size, extremely high stability, satisfactory bio-compatibility, improved permeability, specificity in receptor targeting, and tunable lifetime. This paper investigates alkali metal-doped borospherenes M@C4B32 (in which M denotes K, Na, and Li) as a highly efficient alternative for the delivery of drugs using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A borospherene with a B36 nanocage doped with four C atoms (i.e., C4B32) recently showed promising performance. Therefore, the present work investigates C4B32 nanoclusters doped with alkali metals for the effective delivery of drugs. METHODS This paper primarily seeks to evaluate the interaction between thioguanine (TG) as a cancer drug and pristine M@C4B32 through DFT (PBE/6-31 + G (d)) calculations. The UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated a redshift in the complex electronic spectra to higher wavelengths (i.e., lower energy levels). Hence, K@C4B32 was concluded to be effective in TG delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Afradi
- Department of Mining and Geology, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Ruaa Ali Obeid
- College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | | | - Noora M Hameed
- Anesthesia Techniques, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sarah Kamil Abbood
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
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Alharthy KM, Fadhil Alsaffar M, Althurwi HN, Albaqami FF, Reidh Abass R, Majid Alawi A, Salah Jalal S, Tabassum S, Zhang H, Peng W. Boron nitride nanocage as drug delivery systems for chloroquine, as an effective drug for treatment of coronavirus disease: A DFT study. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023; 150:110482. [PMID: 36777967 PMCID: PMC9899703 DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown that chloroquine (CQ) can effectively help control COVID-19 infection. B24N24 nanocage is a drug delivery system. Thus, through density functional theory, the present study analyzed pristine nanocage-CQ interaction and CQ interaction with Si- and Al -doped nanocage. The findings revealed that nanocage doping, particularly with Si and Al, yields more satisfactory drug delivery for CQ due to their greater electronic and energetic characteristics with CQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Alharthy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Fadhil Alsaffar
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hillah, Babil, Iraq
| | - Hassan N Althurwi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal F Albaqami
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Russul Reidh Abass
- Al-Farahidi University, Medical Lab. Techniques department, College of Medical Techology, Iraq
| | - Aisha Majid Alawi
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sarah Salah Jalal
- College of nursing, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Shazia Tabassum
- Department of English, College of Science and Arts, Rejal Alma'a Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Wang B, Li D, Shen J, Zhang Z, Wang X. Fabrication of 2H/3C-SiC heterophase junction nanocages for enhancing photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:31-39. [PMID: 35487109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and structure of photocatalyst play an important role in photocatalytic activity. SiC semiconductor is considered as a promising material for the photocatalytic CO2 reduction due to its negative conduction band position. Herein, SiC nanocages is creatively synthesized by simple low-temperature molten-salt-mediated magnesiothermic reduction method with using SiO2 as template. The morphology and phase composition of SiC nanocages can be controlled by magnesium dosage and reaction temperature. The 2H and 3C crystal phase in SiC nanocage can form heterophase junctions uniformly to effectively accelerate the photogenerated electron transfer, and plays a key role in improving the photocatalytic activity of 2H/3C-SiC samples. The optimal SiC nanocage sample possesses a CO generation rate of 4.68 μmol g-1h-1 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, which is 3.25 times higher than that of commercial SiC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Liu
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Dongmiao Li
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Jinni Shen
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China.
| | - Zizhong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China; Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou 362801, China.
| | - Xuxu Wang
- State Key Lab of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
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Zhang T, Wang Y, Yuan J, Fang K, Wang AJ. Heterostructured CoP·CoMoP nanocages as advanced electrocatalysts for efficient hydrogen evolution over a wide pH range. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:465-474. [PMID: 35150954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable and environmental-friendly method to produce hydrogen with high purity is the electrochemical water splitting, but its commercialization is challenged due to lack of cost-effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) over a wide pH range. Herein, a series of CoP·xCoMoP heterostructured nanocages (NCs) were prepared via a dissolution-regrowth and subsequent phosphorization process using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as template. The three-dimensional (3D) architecture of CoP·xCoMoP is constituted by the heterostructured nanosheets composed with CoP and CoMoP phase. These noble-metal-free earth-abundant transition metal phosphide (TMP) catalysts show a pH-universal HER activity with high efficiency. Under the optimal atom ratio of Co and Mo (6:5), CoP·5CoMoP NC catalysts can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at the overpotential of 72 mV with a Tafel slope of 60.3 mV dec-1 in 1.0 M KOH solution. The same current output requires overpotential of 44 mV in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution and 151 mV in1.0 M phosphate buffered solution (PBS), respectively. The superior HER activity of CoP·5CoMoP NC catalysts can be comparable to or even better than most of noble metal-free HER electrocatalysts reported recently. In addition, CoP·5CoMoP NC catalysts also show a fairly high HER stability over a wide pH range, and their HER activity can be well kept without significant loss for long-term electrolysis. The 3D CoP·5CoMoP heterostructured catalysts hold promise as efficient and low-cost catalysts for water splitting devices over a wide pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Yihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China; School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.
| | - Keming Fang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Ai-Jun Wang
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
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Pi J, Zhang Z, Yang E, Chen L, Zeng L, Chen Y, Wang R, Huang D, Fan S, Lin W, Shen H, Xu JF, Zeng G, Shen L. Nanocages engineered from Bacillus Calmette-Guerin facilitate protective Vγ2Vδ2 T cell immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:36. [PMID: 35033108 PMCID: PMC8760571 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, remains a top killer among infectious diseases. While Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the sole TB vaccine, the clumped-clustered features of BCG in intradermal immunization appear to limit both the BCG protection efficacy and the BCG vaccination safety. We hypothesize that engineering of clumped-clustered BCG into nanoscale particles would improve safety and also facilitate the antigen-presenting-cell (APC)’s uptake and the following processing/presentation for better anti-TB protective immunity. Here, we engineered BCG protoplasts into nanoscale membraned BCG particles, termed as “BCG-Nanocage” to enhance the anti-TB vaccination efficiency and safety. BCG-Nanocage could readily be ingested/taken by APC macrophages selectively; BCG-Nanocage-ingested macrophages exhibited better viability and developed similar antimicrobial responses with BCG-infected macrophages. BCG-Nanocage, like live BCG bacilli, exhibited the robust capability to activate and expand innate-like T effector cell populations of Vγ2+ T, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells of rhesus macaques in the ex vivo PBMC culture. BCG-Nanocage immunization of rhesus macaques elicited similar or stronger memory-like immune responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, as well as Vγ2Vδ2 T and CD4+/CD8+ T effectors compared to live BCG vaccination. BCG-Nanocage- immunized macaques developed rapidly-sustained pulmonary responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells upon Mtb challenge. Furthermore, BCG- and BCG-Nanocage- immunized macaques, but not saline controls, exhibited undetectable Mtb infection loads or TB lesions in the Mtb-challenged lung lobe and hilar lymph node at endpoint after challenge. Thus, the current study well justifies a large pre-clinical investigation to assess BCG-Nanocage for safe and efficacious anti-TB vaccination, which is expected to further develop novel vaccines or adjuvants. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Pi
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Enzhuo Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingming Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingchan Zeng
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Medical Records Management, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiwei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Richard Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shuhao Fan
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Wensen Lin
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Hongbo Shen
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Institute for Advanced Study, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Gucheng Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Lu F, Li Z, Sheng Y, Ma Y, Yang Y, Ren Y, Su Z, Yu R, Zhang S. Thermal-triggered packing of lipophilic NIR dye IR780 in hepatitis B core at critical ionic strength and cargo-host ratio for improved stability and enhanced cancer phototherapy. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121035. [PMID: 34303153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) holding internal cavity with diameter from tens up to one hundred nanometers are attractive platform for drug delivery. Nevertheless, the packing of drugs in the nanocage mainly relies on complicated disassembly-reassembly process. In this study, hepatitis B core protein (HBc) VLPs which can withstand temperature up to 90 °C was employed as carrier to load a lipophilic near infrared dye IR780. It was found that an attaching-dis-atching-diffusing process was involved for the entering of IR780 in the cavity of HBc. The first two steps were associated with the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged HBc and IR780, which was critically manipulated by ionic strength and HBc/IR780 mass ratio at which they were mixed; while the diffusion of IR780 across the shell of HBc showed a temperature-dependent manner that can be triggered by thermal induced pore-opening of the HBc capsid. At optimized condition, about 1055 IR780 molecules were encapsulated in each HBc by simply mixing them for 10 min at 60 °C. Compared with free IR780, the HBc-IR780 particles showed significantly improved aqueous and photostability, as well as enhanced photothermal and photodynamic performance for cancer therapy. This study provides a novel drug loading strategy and nanomemedicine for cancer phototherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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10
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Kim GB, Sung HD, Nam GH, Kim W, Kim S, Kang D, Lee EJ, Kim IS. Design of PD-1-decorated nanocages targeting tumor-draining lymph node for promoting T cell activation. J Control Release 2021; 333:328-338. [PMID: 33794271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of immunomodulatory molecules to the lymph nodes is an attractive means of improving the efficacy of anti-cancer immunotherapy. In this study, to improve the efficacy of PD-1 blockade-based therapy, nanocages were designed by surface engineering to decorate a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) that is capable of binding against programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and -ligand 2 (PD-L2). This nanocage-mediated multivalent interaction remarkably increases the binding affinity and improves the antagonistic activity compared to free soluble PD-1. In addition, with the desirable nanocage size for optimal tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) targeting (approximately 20 nm), rapid draining and increased accumulation into the TDLNs were observed. Moreover, the interference of the PD-1/PD-L axis with ultra-high affinity in the tumor microenvironment (effector phase) and the TDLNs (cognitive phase) significantly enhances the dendritic cell-mediated tumor-specific T cell activation. This characteristic successfully inhibited tumor growth and induced complete tumor eradication in some mice. Thus, the delivery of immunomodulatory molecules with nanocages can be a highly efficient strategy to achieve stronger anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Beom Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Dong Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wonjun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeon Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Kaatz FH, Bultheel A. Magical Mathematical Formulas for Nanoboxes. Nanoscale Res Lett 2021; 16:39. [PMID: 33649973 PMCID: PMC7921274 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hollow nanostructures are at the forefront of many scientific endeavors. These consist of nanoboxes, nanocages, nanoframes, and nanotubes. We examine the mathematics of atomic coordination in nanoboxes. Such structures consist of a hollow box with n shells and t outer layers. The magical formulas we derive depend on both n and t. We find that nanoboxes with t = 2 or 3, or walls with only a few layers generally have bulk coordinated atoms. The benefits of low-coordination in nanostructures is shown to only occur when the wall thickness is much thinner than normally synthesized. The case where t = 1 is unique, and has distinct magic formulas. Such low-coordinated nanoboxes are of interest for a myriad variety of applications, including batteries, fuel cells, plasmonic, catalytic and biomedical uses. Given these formulas, it is possible to determine the surface dispersion of the nanoboxes. We expect these formulas to be useful in understanding how the atomic coordination varies with n and t within a nanobox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest H. Kaatz
- Mesalands Community College, 911 South 10th Street, Tucumcari, NM 88401 USA
| | - Adhemar Bultheel
- Department of Computer Science, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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12
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Wu L, Fu H, Wei Q, Zhao Q, Wang P, Wang CC. Porous Cd 0.5Zn 0.5S nanocages derived from ZIF-8: boosted photocatalytic performances under LED-visible light. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:5218-5230. [PMID: 32964388 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A facile strategy was adopted to prepare porous Cd0.5Zn0.5S (CZS-X) nanocages by sulfurizing the rhombic dodecahedral ZIF-8 as precursor with thioacetamide (TAA) at different durations (0, 1, 3, 5 h), in which the fabrication mechanism of the porous CZS-X nanocages was clarified. The photocatalytic activities of CZS-X for Cr(VI) elimination and organic pollutant decomposition were assessed. The results revealed that CZS-3 exhibited optimal photocatalytic activity under visible light along with satisfied recyclability and stability after several runs' operation. As well, the CZS-3's photocatalytic cleanup abilities toward both Cr(VI) and organic pollutants were explored in different actual water bodies to clarify the influence of different foreign ions. Finally, the intrinsic photocatalysis mechanism of CZS-X was verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Huifen Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Qi Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chong-Chen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
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13
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Demchuk AM, Patel TR. The biomedical and bioengineering potential of protein nanocompartments. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107547. [PMID: 32294494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein nanocompartments (PNCs) are self-assembling biological nanocages that can be harnessed as platforms for a wide range of nanobiotechnology applications. The most widely studied examples of PNCs include virus-like particles, bacterial microcompartments, encapsulin nanocompartments, enzyme-derived nanocages (such as lumazine synthase and the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), ferritins and ferritin homologues, small heat shock proteins, and vault ribonucleoproteins. Structural PNC shell proteins are stable, biocompatible, and tolerant of both interior and exterior chemical or genetic functionalization for use as vaccines, therapeutic delivery vehicles, medical imaging aids, bioreactors, biological control agents, emulsion stabilizers, or scaffolds for biomimetic materials synthesis. This review provides an overview of the recent biomedical and bioengineering advances achieved with PNCs with a particular focus on recombinant PNC derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey M Demchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
| | - Trushar R Patel
- Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Discovery Lab, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 6-010 Katz Center for Health Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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14
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Razavi R, Abrishamifar SM, Rajaei GE, Kahkha MRR, Najafi M. Theoretical investigation of the use of nanocages with an adsorbed halogen atom as anode materials in metal-ion batteries. J Mol Model 2018; 24:64. [PMID: 29468439 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of C44, B22N22, Ge44, and Al22P22 nanocages, as well as variants of those nanocages with an adsorbed halogen atom, as high-performance anode materials in Li-ion, Na-ion, and K-ion batteries was investigated theoretically via density functional theory. The results obtained indicate that, among the nanocages with no adsorbed halogen atom, Al22P22 would be the best candidate for a novel anode material for use in metal-ion batteries. Calculations also suggest that K-ion batteries which utilize these nanocages as anode materials would give better performance and would yield higher cell voltages than the corresponding Li-ion and Na-ion batteries with nanocage-based anodes. Also, the results for the nanocages with an adsorbed halogen atom imply that employing them as anode materials would lead to higher cell voltages and better metal-ion battery performance than if the nanocages with no adsorbed halogen atom were to be used as anode materials instead. Results further implied that nanocages with an adsorbed F atom would give higher cell voltages and better battery performance than nanocages with an adsorbed Cl or Br atom. We were ultimately able to conclude that a K-ion battery that utilized Al21P22 with an adsorbed F atom as its anode material would afford the best metal-ion battery performance; we therefore propose this as a novel highly efficient metal-ion battery. Graphical abstract The results of a theoretical investigation indicated that Al22P22 is a better candidate for a high-performance anode material in metal-ion batteries than Ge44 is. Calculations also showed that K-ion batteries with nanocage-based anodes would produce higher cell voltages and perform better than the equivalent Li-ion and Na-ion batteries with nanocage-based anodes, and that anodes based on nanocages with an adsorbed F atom would perform better than anodes based on nanocages with an adsorbed Cl or Br atom.
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15
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Najafi H, Changizi-Ashtiyani S, Najafi M. Antioxidant activity of omega-3 derivatives and their delivery via nanocages and nanocones: DFT and experimental in vivo investigation. J Mol Model 2017; 23:326. [PMID: 29080914 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of omega-3 were investigated via experimental in vivo and theoretical methods. For experimental evaluation, oxidative stress was induced by 30 min bilateral renal ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion in male Sprague Dawley rats. The oxidative stress was evaluated through measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) levels in renal tissue. In theoretical methods, the reaction enthalpies of antioxidant mechanisms of omega-3 were calculated and the effects of NHMe, OMe, OH, Cl, and Me substituents on its antioxidant activity were investigated. Moreover, the omega-3 delivery potential by carbon and boron nitride nanocages and naocones were evaluated. The experimental results showed that omega-3 administration decreases MDA and increases FRAP levels after their changes by ischemia/reperfusion. Theoretical results indicated that NHMe and OMe substituents can significantly improve the antioxidant activity of omega-3. Also, boron nitride nanocone (BNNC) has higher |∆Ead| values, so it has higher potential for omega-3 delivery. Taken together, the new findings presented here indicate that omega-3 has anti-oxidative properties and NHMe and OMe substituents can improve its antioxidant activity. Moreover, adsorption of omega-3 on the surface of the studied nanostructures was exothermic, and BNNC with higher |∆Ead| values has higher potential for omega-3 delivery. Graphical abstract The interaction and adsorption of BNNC with omega-3 is exothermic and experimentally possible from the energetic viewpoint, so the BNNC with higher |∆Ead| and |∆Gad| values has higher potential for omega-3 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houshang Najafi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 67148-69914, Iran
| | - Saeed Changizi-Ashtiyani
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Meysam Najafi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 67148-69914, Iran.
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16
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Ruozi B, Veratti P, Vandelli MA, Tombesi A, Tonelli M, Forni F, Pederzoli F, Belletti D, Tosi G. Apoferritin nanocage as streptomycin drug reservoir: Technological optimization of a new drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 2016; 518:281-288. [PMID: 28017769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to formulate and characterize streptomycin-loaded apoferritin nanoparticles (ApoStrep NPs) for their potential therapeutic use in bacterial resistant infections (i.e. tuberculosis). ApoStrep NPs were prepared by disassembly/reassembly process via pH method and changing apoferritin/drug molar ratio, purified by dialyses process also associated with gel filtration chromatography and characterized in their chemico-physical and technological parameters as yield, size distribution, polidispersivity, morphology, internal structure, zeta potential and loading efficacy. The results showed that spherical reproducible NPs could be obtained by using apoferritin/drug molar ratio lower than 1:25 and purification based on the combination of dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. Photon correlation spectroscopy, Uv-visible detection and electron microscopy showed the maintenance of the native apoferritin chemico-physical properties and structure. When formulated with apoferritin/drug 1:10 and 1:25 molar ratio, ApoStrep NPs showed remarkable encapsulation efficacy (35% and 28%, respectively) along with kinetic profile of drug delivery, approximately 15% at 37 °C in 72h, as evidenced by "in vitro" release experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruozi
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - P Veratti
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - M A Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - A Tombesi
- CIGS, Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Tonelli
- CIGS, Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F Forni
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - F Pederzoli
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - D Belletti
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - G Tosi
- Department of Life Sciences, Via Campi 103, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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17
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Xia D, Tao J, He Y, Zhu Q, Chen D, Yu M, Cui F, Gan Y. Enhanced transport of nanocage stabilized pure nanodrug across intestinal epithelial barrier mimicking Listeria monocytogenes. Biomaterials 2014; 37:320-32. [PMID: 25453961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ligand grafted nanoparticles have been shown to enhance drug transport across epithelium barrier and are expected to improve drug delivery. However, grafting of these ligands to the surface of pure nanodrug, i.e., nanocrystals (NCs), is a critical challenge due to the shedding of ligands along with the stabilizer upon high dilution or dissolving of the drug. Herein, a non-sheddable nanocage-like stabilizer was designed by covalent cross-linking of poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(methyl acrylate) on drug nanocrystal surface, and a ligand, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), was successfully anchored to the surface of itraconazole (ITZ) NCs by covalent conjugation to the nanocage (WGA-cage-NCs). The cellular study showed that large amount of WGA-cage-NCs were adhered to Caco-2 cell membrane, and invaded into cells, resulting in a higher drug uptake than that of ordinary NCs (ONCs). After oral administration to rats, WGA-cage-NC were largely accumulated on the apical side of epithelium cells, facilitating drug diffusing across epithelium barrier. Interestingly, WGA-cage-NCs were capable of invading rat intestinal villi and reaching to lamina propria by transcytosis across goblet cells, which behaved like a foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. The WGA-cage-NCs showed an improved oral bioavailability, which was 17.5- and 2.41-folds higher than that of coarse crystals and ONCs, respectively. To our best knowledge, this may represent the first report that a functional ligand was successfully anchored to the surface of pure nanodrug by using a cage-like stabilizer, showing unique biological functions in gastrointestinal tract and having an important significance in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengning Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinsong Tao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330066, China
| | - Yuan He
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Quanlei Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miaorong Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fude Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yong Gan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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