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Ahmad N, Afzal U, Zafar R, Arslan M, Riaz S, Naseem S, Naeem M, Fatima A, Ali M, Aslam M. Assessment of heavy metals level in chicken with indeterminate analysis in localities of Lahore, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2024; 196:458. [PMID: 38635016 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The poultry industry is a significant source of animal protein, vitamins, and minerals, particularly through the consumption of chicken meat. In order to conduct the study, 100 samples of liver, chicken feed, and drinking water were collected in nearby areas of Lahore. The investigation aims to detect the presence of specific heavy metals in the collected samples. For this purpose, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used to detect heavy metals after proper preparation of the samples. The experimentally observed data were analyzed through a novel statistical approach known as neutrosophic statistics. It was observed that copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) were the most prominent metals detected with contamination above the safe limits (for chicken drinking water (Zn = 23.09±13.67 mg/L, Cu = 3.84±3.04 mg/L, Cd = 0.805±0.645 mg/L, Pb = 0.275±0.095 mg/L, As = 0.982±0.978 mg/L), for chicken feed (Zn = 2.705±0.715 mg/kg, Cu = 1.85±0.53 mg/kg, Cd = 3.065±1.185 mg/kg, Pb = 0.215±0.175 mg/kg, As = 0.68±0.22 mg/kg), and chicken's liver (Zn = 3.93±0.66 mg/kg, Cu = 1.2±0.52 mg/kg, Cd = 0.07±0.05 mg/kg, Pb = 0.805±0.775 mg/kg, As = 1.05±0.8 mg/kg)). Similarly, the statistical analysis leads that the findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and mitigating heavy metal contamination in the poultry industry to ensure the safety and quality of poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Usama Afzal
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Ramna Zafar
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saira Riaz
- Center of Excellence Solid State Physics, University of Punjab New Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Naseem
- Center of Excellence Solid State Physics, University of Punjab New Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Applied Chemistry Research Center P.C.S.I R, Lahore, 5400, Pakistan
| | - Adeena Fatima
- Department of Physics, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Ali
- Department of Physics, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21551, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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