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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Sobol
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Diego Preciado
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Health System, George Washington University School of Medicine, 111 Michigan Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Scott M Rickert
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatrics, and Plastic Surgery, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, NYU Langone Health, 240 East 38th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Saitoh I, Inada E, Kaihara Y, Nogami Y, Murakami D, Kubota N, Sakurai K, Shirazawa Y, Sawami T, Goto M, Nosou M, Kozai K, Hayasaki H, Yamasaki Y. An exploratory study of the factors related to mouth breathing syndrome in primary school children. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 92:57-61. [PMID: 29753207 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mouth breathing syndrome (MBS) is defined as a set of signs and symptoms that may be completely or incompletely present in subjects who, for various reasons, replace the correct pattern of nasal breathing with an oral or mixed pattern. It is important to identify the relevant factors affecting MBS in order to diagnose its cause since breathing obstructions can result from multiple factors. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relevant factors and the interrelationships between factors affecting MBS among children. DESIGN We surveyed 380 elementary school children from 6 to 12 years in age. The questionnaire consisted of 44 questions regarding their daily health conditions and lifestyle habits and was completed by the children's guardians. A factor analysis was performed to classify closely related questions into their respective factors and to examine the strength of the correlation between the newly revealed factors. RESULTS Twenty-six out of the 44 questions were selected, and they were classified into seven factors. Factors 1-7 were defined as "Incompetent lip seal", "Diseases of the nose and throat", "Eating and drinking habits", "Bad breath", "Problems with swallowing and chewing", "Condition of teeth and gums", and "Dry lips", respectively. There were also correlations between these factors themselves. CONCLUSION MBS was categorized according to 7 major factors. Because Factor 1 was defined as "Incompetent lip seal", which was representative of the physical appearance of mouth breathers and correlated with other factors, we suggested that MBS should consist of 7 factors in total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kaihara
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nogami
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Naoko Kubota
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakurai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshito Shirazawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sawami
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Miyuki Goto
- Shinonome Elementary School attached to Hiroshima University, 3-1-33 Shinonome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0022, Japan
| | - Maki Nosou
- Department of Public Oral Health Integrated Health Sciences Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kozai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Haruaki Hayasaki
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Youichi Yamasaki
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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