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Frøysa HG, Nepstad R, Meier S, Donald C, Sørhus E, Bockwoldt M, Carroll J, Vikebø FB. Mind the gap - Relevant design for laboratory oil exposure of fish as informed by a numerical impact assessment model. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166951. [PMID: 37696403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments provide knowledge of species-specific effects thresholds that are used to parameterize impact assessment models of oil contamination on marine ecosystems. Such experiments typically place individuals of species and life stages in tanks with different contaminant concentrations. Exposure concentrations are usually fixed, and the individuals experience a shock treatment being moved from clean water directly into contaminated water and then back to clean water. In this study, we use a coupled numerical model that simulates ocean currents and state, oil dispersal and fate, and early life stages of fish to quantify oil exposure histories, specifically addressing oil spill scenarios of high rates and long durations. By including uptake modelling we also investigate the potential of buffering transient high peaks in exposure. Our simulation results are the basis for a recommendation on the design of laboratory experiments to improve impact assessment model development and parameterization. We recommend an exposure profile with three main phases: i) a gradual increase in concentration, ii) a transient peak that is well above the subsequent level, and iii) a plateau of fixed concentration lasting ∼3 days. In addition, a fourth phase with a slow decrease may be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard G Frøysa
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Raymond Nepstad
- SINTEF Ocean, PO Box 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carey Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mathias Bockwoldt
- Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - JoLynn Carroll
- Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Akvaplan-Niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frode B Vikebø
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, PO Box 7830, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Jones ER, Griffitt RJ. Oil and hypoxia alter DNA methylation and transcription of genes related to neurological function in larval Cyprinodon variegatus. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 251:106267. [PMID: 36058102 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark involved in modulating transcription. While multiple studies document the ability of environmental stressors to alter methylation patterns, there is little information regarding the effects of oil and hypoxia on the methylome. Oil and hypoxic stress are threats in coastal ecosystems, which act as nursery habitats for developing fish. To explore the methylation altering effects of oil and hypoxia on developing fish, we exposed larval Cyprinodon variegatus to oil, hypoxia, or both for 48 h followed by 48 h of depuration in clean, normoxic conditions. We then used immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (MeDIP seq) to evaluate genome-wide methylation changes. We also performed RNA seq to associate methylation and altered transcription. Oil and hypoxia together elicited greater impacts to methylation than either stressor individually. Additionally, the oil+hypoxia treatment exhibited an overlap between differentially methylated regions and differential gene expression at 20 loci. Functional analyses of these loci revealed enrichment of processes related to neurological function and development. Two neurological genes (slc1a2, asxl2) showed altered methylation of promoter CpG islands and transcriptional changes, suggesting epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Our results suggest a possible mechanism explaining altered behavior patterns noted in fish following oil exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Jones
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 112 McIlwain Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA; Department of Biology, Francis Marion University, 4822 Palmetto Street, Florence, South Carolina, 29506, USA.
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 112 McIlwain Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
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Jones ER, Simning D, Serafin J, Sepúlveda MS, Griffitt RJ. Acute exposure to oil induces age and species-specific transcriptional responses in embryo-larval estuarine fish. Environ Pollut 2020; 263:114325. [PMID: 32240905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because oil spills frequently occur in coastal regions that serve as spawning habitat, characterizing the effects of oil in estuarine fish carries both economic and environmental importance. There is a breadth of research investigating the effects of crude oil on fish, however few studies have addressed how transcriptional responses to oil change throughout development or how these responses might be conserved across taxa. To investigate these effects, we performed RNA-seq and pathway analysis following oil exposure 1) in a single estuarine species (Cyprinodon variegatus) at three developmental time points (embryos, yolk-sack larvae, free-feeding larvae), and 2) in two ecologically similar species (C. variegatus and Fundulus grandis), immediately post-hatch (yolk-sack stage). Our results indicate that C. variegatus embryos mount a diminished transcriptional response to oil compared to later stages, and that few transcriptional responses are conserved throughout development. Pathway analysis of larval C. variegatus revealed dysregulation of similar biological processes at later larval stages, including alteration of cholesterol biosynthesis pathways, cardiac development processes, and immune functions. Our cross-species comparison showed that F. grandis exhibited a reduced transcriptional response compared to C. variegatus. Pathway analysis revealed that the two species shared similar immune and cardiac responses, however pathways related to cholesterol biosynthesis exhibited a divergent response as they were activated in C. variegatus but inhibited in F. grandis. Our results suggest that examination of larval stages may provide a more sensitive estimate of oil-impacts than examination of embryos, and challenge assumptions that ecologically comparable species respond to oil similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Jones
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, United States; Department of Biology, Francis Marion University, United States.
| | - Danielle Simning
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, United States
| | - Jenifer Serafin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, United States
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, United States
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, United States
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Kirby AR, Cox GK, Nelson D, Heuer RM, Stieglitz JD, Benetti DD, Grosell M, Crossley DA. Acute crude oil exposure alters mitochondrial function and ADP affinity in cardiac muscle fibers of young adult Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 218:88-95. [PMID: 30658134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is critical to support aerobic metabolism through the production of ATP, and deficiencies in mitochondrial bioenergetics will directly impact the performance capacity of highly aerobic tissues such as the myocardium. Cardiac function in fish has been shown to be negatively affected by crude oil exposure, however, the mechanism for this adverse response is largely unexplored. We hypothesized that lipophilic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in crude oil disrupt the electron transport system (ETS) ultimately leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, mitochondrial respiration and ADP affinity we measured using high resolution respirometery in permeabilized cardiac muscle fibers of young adult Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) after an acute (24 h) whole animal crude oil exposure. Oil exposure reduced both complex I-fueled ADP stimulated respiration (OXPHOSCI) and complex I,II-fueled ADP stimulated respiration (OXPHOSCI, CII) by 33%,while complex II-fueled ADP stimulated respiration (OXPHOSCII) was reduced by 25%. These changes were found without changes in enzyme activity or mitochondrial density between control and oil exposed Mahi. Additionally, mitochondrial affinity for ADP was decreased three-fold after acute exposure to crude oil. We purpose that acute crude oil exposure selectively impairs mitochondrial complexes of the electron transport system and ATP supply to the cell. This limited ATP supply could present several challenges to a predatory animal like the mahi; including a reliance on anaerobic metabolism and ultimately cell or tissue death as metabolic substrates are rapidly depleted. However, the impact of this impairment may only be evident under periods of increased aerobic metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Reynolds Kirby
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Georgina K Cox
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
| | - Derek Nelson
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Rachael M Heuer
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Developmental and Integrative Biology Division, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
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Kelly KL, Taylor CM. Effects of crude oil on survival and development in embryonated eggs in Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 (Decapoda, Portunidae). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5985. [PMID: 30581659 PMCID: PMC6294050 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896, are ubiquitous along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the USA. These organisms play an integral role in the ecosystems of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), where not only are they a keystone species, but are also socioeconomically important. The survival of embryonated eggs is necessary to ensure adequate recruitment into the next generation. Because the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH) occurred during the peak of the blue crab spawning season, the incident likely impacted blue crab embryos. In order to assess the effect of oil on embryonic growth and development, we collected embryonated eggs from seven different female blue crabs from the GOM throughout the spawning season and exposed them to an oil concentration of 500 ppb (the approximate concentration of oil at the surface water near the site of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig). Exposure to oil at this concentration caused a significantly larger proportion of prezoeae vs. zoeae to hatch from embryonated eggs in experiments lasting longer than 4 days. Exposure to oil did not significantly affect overall survival or development rate. The prezoeal stage is a little-studied stage of blue crab development. Though it may or may not be a normal stage of development, this stage has been found to occur in suboptimal conditions and has lower survival than zoeal stages. The larger proportion of prezoeae following prolonged exposure to oil thus indicates that crude oil at concentrations likely to be experienced by crabs after the DWH spill negatively impacted the development of blue crab embryos. In addition to providing insight into the effects of the DWH, this study sheds light on embryonic development in blue crabs, a critical, but poorly investigated phase of this important species' life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caz M Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Enerstvedt KS, Sydnes MO, Pampanin DM. Study of the plasma proteome of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Changes due to crude oil exposure. Mar Environ Res 2018; 138:46-54. [PMID: 29692335 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oil contamination is an environmental issue of great concern and the necessity for background studies and monitoring programs to continuously evaluate the levels of oil pollution is required. In this study, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed to dispersed crude oil for 1 and 4 weeks to simulate environmental contamination. Fractionated plasma samples were then analysed by tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 717 proteins were identified and 10 new protein biomarker candidates were found. The significant proteome changes were related to the immune response by alterations in the levels of specific immunoglobulins, alpha-2-macroglobulin and galectin-3-binding proteins. After 4 weeks of oil exposure, a lowered level of a NLRC3-like protein was also observed. The results from this study provide insight into the Atlantic cod plasma proteome and into the toxicological effects and potential response mechanisms of short and long-term exposure to crude oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne S Enerstvedt
- International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS) - Environment Department, Mekjarvik 12, NO-4070 Randaberg, Norway; Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Magne O Sydnes
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Daniela M Pampanin
- International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS) - Environment Department, Mekjarvik 12, NO-4070 Randaberg, Norway; Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway.
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Bagi A, Riiser ES, Molland HS, Star B, Haverkamp THA, Sydnes MO, Pampanin DM. Gastrointestinal microbial community changes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to crude oil. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:25. [PMID: 29609542 PMCID: PMC5879832 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expansion of offshore oil exploration increases the risk of marine species being exposed to oil pollution in currently pristine areas. The adverse effects of oil exposure through toxic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been well studied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Nevertheless, the fate of conjugated metabolites in the intestinal tract and their effect on the diversity of intestinal microbial community in fish is less understood. Here, we investigated the intestinal microbial community composition of Atlantic cod after 28 days of exposure to crude oil (concentration range 0.0-0.1 mg/L). RESULTS Analysis of PAH metabolites in bile samples confirmed that uptake and biotransformation of oil compounds occurred as a result of the exposure. Various evidence for altered microbial communities was found in fish exposed to high (0.1 mg/L) and medium (0.05 mg/L) concentrations of oil when compared to fish exposed to low oil concentration (0.01 mg/L) or no oil (control). First, altered banding patterns were observed on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for samples pooled from each treatment group. Secondly, based on 16S rRNA sequences, higher levels of oil exposure were associated with a loss of overall diversity of the gut microbial communities. Furthermore, 8 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found to have significantly different relative abundances in samples from fishes exposed to high and medium oil concentrations when compared to samples from the control group and low oil concentration. Among these, only one OTU, a Deferribacterales, had increased relative abundance in samples from fish exposed to high oil concentration. CONCLUSIONS The results presented herein contribute to a better understanding of the effects of oil contamination on the gut microbial community changes in fish and highlight the importance of further studies into the area. Our findings suggest that increased relative abundance of bacteria belonging to the order Deferribacterales may be indicative of exposure to oil at concentrations higher than 0.05 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bagi
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway. .,IRIS-Environment, International Research Institute of Stavanger, N-4070, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Even Sannes Riiser
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Steine Molland
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bastiaan Star
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas H A Haverkamp
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Olav Sydnes
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Daniela Maria Pampanin
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway.,IRIS-Environment, International Research Institute of Stavanger, N-4070, Stavanger, Norway
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Perrichon P, Le Menach K, Akcha F, Cachot J, Budzinski H, Bustamante P. Toxicity assessment of water-accommodated fractions from two different oils using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo-larval bioassay with a multilevel approach. Sci Total Environ 2016; 568:952-966. [PMID: 27312275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum compounds from chronic discharges and oil spills represent an important source of environmental pollution. To better understand the deleterious effects of these compounds, the toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAF) from two different oils (brut Arabian Light and Erika heavy fuel oils) were used in this study. Zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) were exposed during 96h at three WAF concentrations (1, 10 and 100% for Arabian Light and 10, 50 and 100% for Erika) in order to cover a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations, representative of the levels found after environmental oil spills. Several endpoints were recorded at different levels of biological organization, including lethal endpoints, morphological abnormalities, photomotor behavioral responses, cardiac activity, DNA damage and exposure level measurements (EROD activity, cyp1a and PAH metabolites). Neither morphological nor behavioral or physiological alterations were observed after exposure to Arabian Light fractions. In contrast, the Erika fractions led a high degree of toxicity in early life stages of zebrafish. Despite of defense mechanisms induced by oil, acute toxic effects have been recorded including mortality, delayed hatching, high rates of developmental abnormalities, disrupted locomotor activity and cardiac failures at the highest PAH concentrations (∑TPAHs=257,029±47,231ng·L(-1)). Such differences in toxicity are likely related to the oil composition. The use of developing zebrafish is a good tool to identify wide range of detrimental effects and elucidate their underlying foundations. Our work highlights once more, the cardiotoxic action (and potentially neurotoxic) of petroleum-related PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescilla Perrichon
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Biogéochimie et Écotoxicologie, L'Houmeau/Nantes, France; Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, UMRi 7266, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - Karyn Le Menach
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, avenue des Facultés, F33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Farida Akcha
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Biogéochimie et Écotoxicologie, L'Houmeau/Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, avenue des Facultés, F33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR EPOC CNRS 5805, avenue des Facultés, F33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, UMRi 7266, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
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Sandrini-Neto L, Martins CC, Lana PC. Are intertidal soft sediment assemblages affected by repeated oil spill events? A field-based experimental approach. Environ Pollut 2016; 213:151-159. [PMID: 26890483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of repeated diesel spills on the structure of intertidal macrofaunal assemblages of a subtropical estuary. Three frequencies of exposure events were compared against two dosages of oil in a factorial experiment with asymmetrical controls. Hypotheses were tested to distinguish between (i) the overall effect of oil spills, (ii) the effect of diesel dosage via different exposure regimes, and (iii) the effect of time since last spill. Repeated oil spills dramatically altered the overall structure of assemblages and reduced the total density of macrofauna and densities of dominant taxa. Increasing the frequency of oil spills negatively affected macrofauna. In general, frequent low-dosage oil spills were more deleterious than infrequent high-dosage ones. However, increases in densities of some taxa, mainly the gastropod Heleobia australis, were observed in response to infrequent spills. Our results highlight the importance of repeated exposure events in determining the extent of oil impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sandrini-Neto
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s/n, PO Box 61, Pontal do Paraná 83255-976, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s/n, PO Box 61, Pontal do Paraná 83255-976, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Lana
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Beira Mar s/n, PO Box 61, Pontal do Paraná 83255-976, Paraná, Brazil
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