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Pri-Tal O, Sun Y, Dadras A, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Zimran G, Michaeli D, Wijerathna-Yapa A, Shpilman M, Merilo E, Yarmolinsky D, Efroni I, de Vries J, Kollist H, Mosquna A. Constitutive activation of ABA receptors in Arabidopsis reveals unique regulatory circuitries. New Phytol 2024; 241:703-714. [PMID: 37915144 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is best known for regulating the responses to abiotic stressors. Thus, applications of ABA signaling pathways are considered promising targets for securing yield under stress. ABA levels rise in response to abiotic stress, mounting physiological and metabolic responses that promote plant survival under unfavorable conditions. ABA elicits its effects by binding to a family of soluble receptors found in monomeric and dimeric states, differing in their affinity to ABA and co-receptors. However, the in vivo significance of the biochemical differences between these receptors remains unclear. We took a gain-of-function approach to study receptor-specific functionality. First, we introduced activating mutations that enforce active ABA-bound receptor conformation. We then transformed Arabidopsis ABA-deficient mutants with the constitutive receptors and monitored suppression of the ABA deficiency phenotype. Our findings suggest that PYL4 and PYL5, monomeric ABA receptors, have differential activity in regulating transpiration and transcription of ABA biosynthesis and stress response genes. Through genetic and metabolic data, we demonstrate that PYR1, but not PYL5, is sufficient to activate the ABA positive feedback mechanism. We propose that ABA signaling - from perception to response - flows differently when triggered by different PYLs, due to tissue and transcription barriers, thus resulting in distinct circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Pri-Tal
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Yufei Sun
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Armin Dadras
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gil Zimran
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Daphna Michaeli
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Akila Wijerathna-Yapa
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Michal Shpilman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | | | - Idan Efroni
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtsr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Assaf Mosquna
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
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Song G, Son S, Lee KS, Park YJ, Suh EJ, Lee SI, Park SR. OsWRKY114 Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance by Restricting Stomatal Closure in Rice. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11151938. [PMID: 35893642 PMCID: PMC9331222 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The WRKY family of transcription factors plays a pivotal role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. The WRKY Group III transcription factor OsWRKY114 is a positive regulator of innate immunity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae; however, its role in abiotic stress responses is largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the abundant OsWRKY114 transcripts present in transgenic rice plants are reduced under drought conditions. The overexpression of OsWRKY114 significantly increased drought sensitivity in rice, which resulted in a lower survival rate after drought stress. Moreover, we showed that stomatal closure, which is a strategy to save water under drought, is restricted in OsWRKY114-overexpressing plants compared with wild-type plants. The expression levels of PYR/PYL/RCAR genes, such as OsPYL2 and OsPYL10 that confer drought tolerance through stomatal closure, were also markedly lower in the OsWRKY114-overexpressing plants. Taken together, these results suggest that OsWRKY114 negatively regulates plant tolerance to drought stress via inhibition of stomatal closure, which would otherwise prevent water loss in rice.
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Belda-Palazón B, Rodriguez PL. Microscopic Imaging of Endosomal Trafficking of ABA Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2462:59-69. [PMID: 35152380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2156-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The abscisic acid (ABA) is a key hormone for stress tolerance. The balance between growth/development and stress responses is crucial for the optimal course of plant life meaning that plants need to control the timing and extent of ABA pathway activation. In this regard, protein turnover regulation by means of both the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and non-26S proteasome endomembrane trafficking pathways, plays a critical role in the regulation of ABA signaling activation and deactivation. Over the last few years, the ubiquitination of ABA receptors PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS (RCAR) at the plasma membrane by the RING between RING fingers (RBR)-type E3 ligase RING FINGER OF SEED LONGEVITY1 (RSL1) triggering their internalization through the clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) pathway, followed by their endosomal trafficking and delivery to the vacuole for degradation, was reported. For this process, the direct role of some components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, that is, FYVE DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 (FYVE1)/FYVE DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR ENDOSOMAL SORTING 1 (FREE1) and VACUOLAR PROTEIN SORTING23A (VPS23A) members of ESCRT-I complex, and ALG-2 INTERACTING PROTEIN-X (ALIX) associated protein of ESCRT-III, was reported. In this chapter, we will detail two methods for imaging endosomal trafficking of ABA receptor proteins by confocal microscopy: (a) colocalization of GFP-PYL4 (also known as RCAR10) and CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 2 (CLC2)-mOrange in clathrin-coated vesicles in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells and (b) localization of GFP-PYL4 into Wortmannin (WM)-enlarged late endosomes in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Coego A, Julian J, Lozano-Juste J, Pizzio GA, Alrefaei AF, Rodriguez PL. Ubiquitylation of ABA Receptors and Protein Phosphatase 2C Coreceptors to Modulate ABA Signaling and Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7103. [PMID: 34281157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications play a fundamental role in regulating protein function and stability. In particular, protein ubiquitylation is a multifaceted modification involved in numerous aspects of plant biology. Landmark studies connected the ATP-dependent ubiquitylation of substrates to their degradation by the 26S proteasome; however, nonproteolytic functions of the ubiquitin (Ub) code are also crucial to regulate protein interactions, activity, and localization. Regarding proteolytic functions of Ub, Lys-48-linked branched chains are the most common chain type for proteasomal degradation, whereas promotion of endocytosis and vacuolar degradation is triggered through monoubiquitylation or Lys63-linked chains introduced in integral or peripheral plasma membrane proteins. Hormone signaling relies on regulated protein turnover, and specifically the half-life of ABA signaling components is regulated both through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system and the endocytic/vacuolar degradation pathway. E3 Ub ligases have been reported that target different ABA signaling core components, i.e., ABA receptors, PP2Cs, SnRK2s, and ABFs/ABI5 transcription factors. In this review, we focused specifically on the ubiquitylation of ABA receptors and PP2C coreceptors, as well as other post-translational modifications of ABA receptors (nitration and phosphorylation) that result in their ubiquitination and degradation.
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Komatsu K, Takezawa D, Sakata Y. Decoding ABA and osmostress signalling in plants from an evolutionary point of view. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:2894-2911. [PMID: 33459424 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is fundamental for land plant adaptation to water-limited conditions. Osmostress, such as drought, induces ABA accumulation in angiosperms, triggering physiological responses such as stomata closure. The core components of angiosperm ABA signalling are soluble ABA receptors, group A protein phosphatase type 2C and SNF1-related protein kinase2 (SnRK2). ABA also has various functions in non-angiosperms, however, suggesting that its role in adaptation to land may not have been angiosperm-specific. Indeed, among land plants, the core ABA signalling components are evolutionarily conserved, implying their presence in a common ancestor. Results of ongoing functional genomics studies of ABA signalling components in bryophytes and algae have expanded our understanding of the evolutionary role of ABA signalling, with genome sequencing uncovering the ABA core module even in algae. In this review, we describe recent discoveries involving the ABA core module in non-angiosperms, tracing the footprints of how ABA evolved as a phytohormone. We also cover the latest findings on Raf-like kinases as upstream regulators of the core ABA module component SnRK2. Finally, we discuss the origin of ABA signalling from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Komatsu
- Department of Bioresource Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takezawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Belda-Palazón B, Rodriguez PL. Degradation of Abscisic Acid Receptors Through the Endosomal Pathway. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2177:35-48. [PMID: 32632803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0767-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Turnover of membrane proteins or soluble proteins associated to plasma membrane involves clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), endosomal trafficking, and vacuolar degradation. Thus, endocytic and endosomal trafficking regulate numerous physiological processes, including mineral transport, hormone signaling, and pathogen response. Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling is triggered upon ABA perception by PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1-LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS (RCAR), which are soluble proteins that can associate to membrane by interaction with members of the C2-domain ABA-related (CAR) protein family and the RING finger of seed longevity (RSL1) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Half-life of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors is regulated by ubiquitination and degradation in different subcellular compartments. In particular, pharmacological, genetic, and cell biology approaches have been used to study the different steps that encompass from CME to receptor degradation in the vacuole. In this chapter, we will focus on (1) coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays of clathrin heavy chain (CHC) subunits together with HA-tagged PYL4 ABA receptor and (2) analysis of PYL4 delivery to the vacuole using the TMD23-Ub marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Li G, Hu X, Hou L, Cao L, Wang Q, Wang D, Mu X, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Xie CG. Molecular identification of BrHAB2a, one of the two AtHAB2-like proteins in Brassica rapa, is an important component of ABA signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:495-500. [PMID: 29704501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling is a vital physiological step that is used by many land plants to fight against environmental stress. As components of the linear ABA signaling pathway, clade A protein phosphatases type 2C (PP2C-As) are mainly inhibited by PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1/PYR1-LIKE/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS (PYLs)-type receptors upon their binding to ABA. Here, we show that the genome of Brassica rapa encodes 14 putative clade A PP2C-like proteins (BrPP2C-As). Two of these BrPP2C-As, Bra025964 and Bra016595, show high similarity to the HAB2 (Homology to ABI2) protein in Arabidopsis. RNAseq data reveal that nearly all BrPP2C-As, like BrHAB2a (Bra025964) and BrHAB2b (Bra016595), were highly expressed in at least one tissue. Overexpression of BrHAB2a conferred ABA insensitivity to Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Furthermore, the phosphatase activity of BrHAB2a could be inhibited by AtPYL1 or BrPYL1 in the presence of ABA. Overall, these results suggest that BrHAB2a is a functional PP2C-A like protein phosphotase and a key component of ABA signaling in Brassica rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaochen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lulu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaona Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chang Gen Xie
- Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China.
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Li Y, Wang D, Sun C, Hu X, Mu X, Hu J, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Xie CG, Zhou X. Molecular characterization of an AtPYL1-like protein, BrPYL1, as a putative ABA receptor in Brassica rapa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:684-689. [PMID: 28450111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA)-induced physiological changes are conserved in many land plants and underlie their responses to environmental stress and pathogens. The PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1/PYR1-LIKE/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS (PYLs)-type receptors perceive the ABA signal and initiate signal transduction. Here, we show that the genome of Brassica rapa encodes 24 putative AtPYL-like proteins. The AtPYL-like proteins in Brassica rapa (BrPYLs) can also be classified into 3 subclasses. We found that nearly all BrPYLs displayed high expression in at least one tissue. Overexpression of BrPYL1 conferred ABA hypersensitivity to Arabidopsis. Further, ABA activated the expression of an ABA-responsive reporter in Arabidopsis protoplasts expressing BrPYL1. Overall, these results suggest that BrPYL1 is a putative functional ABA receptor in Brassica rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Congcong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaochen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqian Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang Gen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaona Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhang XL, Jiang L, Xin Q, Liu Y, Tan JX, Chen ZZ. Structural basis and functions of abscisic acid receptors PYLs. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:88. [PMID: 25745428 PMCID: PMC4333806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a key role in many developmental processes and responses to adaptive stresses in plants. Recently, a new family of nucleocytoplasmic PYR/PYL/RCAR (PYLs) has been identified as bona fide ABA receptors. PYLs together with protein phosphatases type-2C (PP2Cs), Snf1 (Sucrose-non-fermentation 1)-related kinases subfamily 2 (SnRK2s) and downstream substrates constitute the core ABA signaling network. Generally, PP2Cs inactivate SnRK2s kinases by physical interaction and direct dephosphorylation. Upon ABA binding, PYLs change their conformations and then contact and inhibit PP2Cs, thus activating SnRK2s. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in research regarding the structures of the core signaling pathways of ABA, including the (+)-ABA, (-)-ABA and ABA analogs pyrabactin as well as 6AS perception by PYLs, SnRK2s mimicking PYLs in binding PP2Cs. PYLs inhibited PP2Cs in both the presence and absence of ABA and activated SnRK2s. The present review elucidates multiple ABA signal perception and transduction by PYLs, which might shed light on how to design small chemical compounds for improving plant performance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing L. Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xing L. Zhang, Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524001, China e-mail:
| | - Lun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qi Xin
- National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian X. Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical CollegeZhanjiang, China
| | - Zhong Z. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- Zhong Z. Chen, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China e-mail:
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