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Ashoor M, Alshammari S, Alzahrani F, Almulhem N, Almubarak Z, Alhayek A, Alrahim A, Alardhi A. Knowledge and practice of Protective Personal Equipment (PPE) among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia during the early stages of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. J Prev Med Hyg 2021; 62:E830-E840. [PMID: 35603244 PMCID: PMC9104681 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.4.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Healthcare providers are at high risk of becoming infected when taking care of patients who have COVID-19, especially while attending aerosol generating procedures. Protective personal equipment must be used in the correct manner to prevent transmission of the disease. Published protocols on protective personal equipment (PPE) donning and doffing have been issued by disease control agencies. Methods A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was designed. An online anonymous questionnaire, which was validated and tested for reliability, focused on PPE related knowledge, donning and doffing practices of healthcare providers across the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Results A total of 312 healthcare providers across the eastern region of Saudi Arabia participated in the study, 208 physicians (66.7%) and 104 non-physicians (33.3%). Results indicate poor practice regarding PPE donning (13.8% reported the correct sequence) and PPE doffing (3.5% reported the correct sequence) among participants. In addition, practice and confidence scores regarding other issues with PPE were analyzed. Based on questionnaire responses, being male (T = 2.825; p = 0.008), being a non-physician (T = -2.120; p = 0.014) and being an allied medical professional (F = 5.379; p = 0.003) were significantly associated with higher confidence levels. Also, being a consultant was significantly associated with higher practice scores (F = 4.774; p = 0.008). Conclusion The study demonstrates deficiencies among healthcare providers in following the recommended practices for correctly using PPE during the pandemic. Poor practice in PPE donning and doffing necessitates additional educational and training programs focused on infection control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ashoor
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alshammari
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alzahrani
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noorah Almulhem
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaid Almubarak
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhayek
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alrahim
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alardhi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Cag Y, Erdem H, Gormez A, Ankarali H, Hargreaves S, Ferreira-Coimbra J, Rubulotta F, Belliato M, Berger-Estilita J, Pelosi P, Blot S, Lefrant JY, Mardani M, Darazam IA, Cag Y, Rello J. Anxiety among front-line health-care workers supporting patients with COVID-19: A global survey. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 68:90-96. [PMID: 33418193 PMCID: PMC7749993 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore anxiety status across a broad range of HCWs supporting patients with COVID-19 in different global regions. METHOD This was an international online survey in which participation was on voluntary basis and data were submitted via Google Drive, across a two-week period starting from March 18, 2020. The Beck Anxiety Inventory was used to quantify the level of anxiety. RESULTS 1416 HCWs (70.8% medical doctors, 26.2% nurses) responded to the survey from 75 countries. The distribution of anxiety levels was: normal/minimal (n = 503, 35.5%), low (n = 390, 27.5%); moderate (n = 287, 20.3%), and severe (n = 236, 16.7%). According to multiple generalized linear model, female gender (p = 0.001), occupation (ie, being a nurse dealing directly with patients with COVID-19 [p = 0.017]), being younger (p = 0.001), reporting inadequate knowledge on COVID-19 (p = 0.005), having insufficient personal protective equipment (p = 0.001) and poor access to hand sanitizers or liquid soaps (p = 0.008), coexisting chronic disorders (p = 0.001) and existing mental health problems (p = 0.001), and higher income of countries where HCWs lived (p = 0.048) were significantly associated with increased anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Front-line HCWs, regardless of the levels of COVID-19 transmission in their country, are anxious when they do not feel protected. Our findings suggest that anxiety could be mitigated ensuring sufficient levels of protective personal equipment alongside greater education and information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Cag
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Aynur Gormez
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankarali
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sally Hargreaves
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francesca Rubulotta
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine Charing Cross Hospital Imperial College NHS Trust London, United Kingdom
| | - Mirko Belliato
- UOC Anestesia e Rianimazone 1, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Joana Berger-Estilita
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stijn Blot
- Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Science Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean Yves Lefrant
- Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes, France
| | - Masoud Mardani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yakup Cag
- University of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jordi Rello
- Department of Anaesthesia Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital of Nimes, Montpellier University, Nimes, France,Clinical Research and Epidemiology in Pneumonia and Sepsis, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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