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Giuliani-Dewig HK, Gerstner GR, Register-Mihalik JK, Blackburn JT, Padua DA, Staley JA, Ryan ED. The feasibility of workload monitoring among law enforcement officers: A multi-methodological approach. Appl Ergon 2024; 116:104212. [PMID: 38154228 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the feasibility of workload monitoring to assess internal workload in law enforcement officers (LEO) using a multi-methodological approach. Fifty front-line LEO completed workload surveys on workdays for eight weeks. Retention and adherence were assessed across the survey period. LEO completed usability and likelihood to continue questionnaires, while departmental administrators (n = 8) received workload reports and completed utility and sustainability questionnaires. A subsample of LEO and administrators participated in semi-structured interviews, following consensual qualitative research design. LEO retention (96%), survey adherence (94%), and usability scores (88.3/100) were high, with a moderate likelihood to continue to use the survey. Administration reported high utility and sustainability. The high adherence rates and usability scores, coupled with strong administrative support, suggest that workload monitoring may be a feasible strategy among LEO to monitor occupational workloads. The LEO and administration feedback highlight areas of improvement (e.g., data transparency, departmental collaboration) to inform future implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden K Giuliani-Dewig
- Human Performance Innovation Center, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; MOTION Science Institute, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gena R Gerstner
- MOTION Science Institute, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Healthy Work Design and Worker Well-Being, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Johna K Register-Mihalik
- Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Matthew Gfeller Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; STAR Heel Performance Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Troy Blackburn
- MOTION Science Institute, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Darin A Padua
- MOTION Science Institute, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John A Staley
- Carolina Center for Healthy Work Design and Worker Well-Being, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Education and Research Center, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric D Ryan
- MOTION Science Institute, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Healthy Work Design and Worker Well-Being, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Walter RJ, Acolin A, Tillyer MS. Association between property investments and crime on commercial and residential streets: Implications for maximizing public safety benefits. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101537. [PMID: 38162225 PMCID: PMC10757037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical property investments enhance public safety in communities while alleviating the need for criminal justice system responses. Policy makers and local government officials must allocate scare resources for community and economic development activities. Understanding where physical property investments have the greatest crime reducing benefits can inform decision making to maximize economic, safety, and health outcomes. This study uses Spatial Durbin models with street segment and census tract by year fixed effects to examine the impact of physical property investments on changes in property and violent crime over an 11-year period (2008-2018) in six large U.S. cities. The units of analysis are commercial and residential street segments. Street segments are classified into low, medium, and high crime terciles defined by initial crime levels (2008-2010). Difference of coefficients tests identify significant differences in building permit effects across crime terciles. The findings reveal there is a significant negative relationship between physical property investments and changes in property and violent crime on commercial and residential street segments in all cities. Investments have the greatest public safety benefit where initial crime levels are the highest. The decrease in violent crime is larger on commercial street segments, while the decrease in property crime is larger on residential street segments. Targeting the highest crime street segments (i.e., 90th percentile) for property improvements will maximize public safety benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Walter
- Runstad Department of Real Estate, College of Built Environments at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Harborview Injury and Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Arthur Acolin
- Runstad Department of Real Estate, College of Built Environments at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Marie Skubak Tillyer
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
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Li S, Fu B, Li H, Cao Y, Chen S, Guo DY, Li L, Pan Q. Eu-doped ZIF-8 as a ratiometric fluorescence-scattering probe for the anthrax biomarker in food samples based on competitive coordination. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 307:123642. [PMID: 37979540 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis spores can cause contagious anthrax, so it is significant for the public safety to detect its biomarker dipicolinic acid (DPA). Ratiometric fluorescent probes for DPA have attracted great interest because of the self-calibration effect, but they suffer from the complicated construction of dual-emitting materials. With combining fluorescence and second-order scattering (SOS), Eu-doped Zn-based metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) was here designed as a ratiometric probe for DPA, avoiding the completed construction of dual-emitting materials. Eu-doped ZIF-8 exhibited no fluorescence but possessed strong SOS ascribed to the nanostructure. However, the competitive coordination of DPA not only triggered the antenna effect of Eu3+ but also caused the decomposition of Eu-doped ZIF-8. As a consequence, the fluorescence enhancement and the SOS weakness were observed upon the addition of DPA to Eu-doped ZIF-8. And thus, a ratiometric probe for DPA was constructed based on Eu-doped ZIF-8 by integrating fluorescence with SOS. The probe as-constructed could quantify DPA in a wide range of 0.1-150 μM with a rapid response (1 min) and a low detection limit (31 nM). It also displayed excellent manifestation for the analysis of food samples with reasonable accuracy (recoveries, 90.0%-101.5%) and satisfactory precision (RSDs, 0.6%-5.7%), offering a reliable tool for the supervision of the public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Yatian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shengming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dong-Yu Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen Huli Guoyu Clinic, Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China.
| | - Le Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Qinhe Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Allen B, Urmanche A. NYC RxStat: Stakeholder perspectives on a national model public health and public safety partnership to reduce overdose deaths. Eval Program Plann 2023; 98:102275. [PMID: 36924570 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
NYC RxStat, the United States' first public health and public safety partnership aiming to reduce overdose deaths, began in 2012 and established a national model for cross-sector partnerships. The partnership aimed to integrate data-driven policing with actionable public health interventions and surveillance to develop and implement cross-sector overdose responses. With federal support, jurisdictions nationally have implemented public health and public safety partnerships modeled on RxStat. To inform partnership replication efforts, we conducted a stakeholder evaluation of RxStat. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 current and former RxStat stakeholders. Interviews probed stakeholder perceptions of RxStat's successes, challenges, and opportunities for growth. Interview data were iteratively coded and thematically analyzed. Stakeholders reported certainty about the need for cross-sector collaboration and described cross-disciplinary tensions, challenges to collaboration and implementation, and opportunities for partnership optimization and growth. Findings informed 12 strategies to improve RxStat and partnerships in its model, organized into three opportunity areas: (1) ensure stakeholder and agency accountability; (2) build secure and mutually beneficial data systems; and (3) structure partnerships to facilitate equitable collaboration. Cross-sector partnerships offer a promising strategy to integrate the public health and safety sectors, but disciplinary tensions in approach may hamper implementation. Findings can inform efforts to implement and scale cross-sector partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett Allen
- Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Adelya Urmanche
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, United States
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Wang S, Huang X. A Review on Higher Education of Fire Safety in China. Fire Technol 2023:1-60. [PMID: 37360676 PMCID: PMC10173216 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-023-01416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Along with the rapid urbanization and economic growth in China over the last four decades, the higher education in Fire Safety Science and Engineering has been developed and changed significantly. This work systemically reviews the origin and evolution of fire safety higher education history in China, from Fire Protection Technology (before the 1980s) to Fire Safety Science and Engineering (from about 1985 to the 2010s) and to Human-Oriented Public Safety and Smart Firefighting (from the 2010s to today). The scopes of fire safety discipline are discussed by introducing the requirements of firefighters, registered professional fire protection engineers and safety engineers in China. The courses and curriculum in fire safety higher education in representative universities are introduced and compared in detail. By comparing their undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, we explain the context of fire safety education in different universities. From a historical viewpoint, we introduce the unique features and the diversity developed in different institutes, based on the evolution of programme documents and first-hand teaching materials. This review aims to introduce the higher education systems of fire safety in China to the world and encourage more international collaboration with the Chinese fire safety science and engineering communities in the future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10694-023-01416-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supan Wang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xinyan Huang
- Research Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Bangham C, Cunnington S, Fielman S, Hurley M, Gergerian S, Greece JA. Using formative evaluation of a community-based opioid overdose prevention program to inform strategic communication for adoption, implementation, and sustainability. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:341. [PMID: 36793001 PMCID: PMC9930042 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid addiction and overdose is a public health problem in the United States and is expected to remain with substance use increasing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Communities that approach this issue through multi-sector partnerships experience more positive health outcomes. Understanding motivation for stakeholder engagement in these efforts is essential to successful adoption, implementation, and sustainability particularly in the shifting landscape of needs and resources. METHODS A formative evaluation was conducted on the C.L.E.A.R. Program in Massachusetts, a state heavily impacted by the opioid epidemic. A stakeholder power analysis identified appropriate stakeholders for the study (n = 9). The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided data collection and analysis. Surveys (n = 8) examined perception and attitudes on the program; motivations and communication for engagement; and, benefits and barriers to collaboration. Stakeholder interviews (n = 6) explored the quantitative findings in more detail. Surveys were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a content analysis with deductive approach was conducted for stakeholder interviews. The Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory guided recommendations for communications to engage stakeholders. RESULTS Agencies represented a range of sectors and the majority (n = 5) were familiar with the C.L.E.A.R. PROGRAM Despite the many strengths of the program and existing collaboration, based on the coding densities of each CFIR construct stakeholders identified crucial gaps in the services the program provided and noted that the overall infrastructure of the program could be enhanced. Opportunities for strategic communication to address the stages of DOI align with the gaps identified in the CFIR domains to result in increased agency collaboration and expansion of services into the surrounding communities to ensure sustainability of the C.L.E.A.R. PROGRAM CONCLUSIONS This study explored factors necessary for ongoing multi-sector collaboration and sustainability of an existing community-based program especially given the changing context from COVID-19. Findings informed both program revisions and communication strategies to promote the program to new and existing collaborating agencies and the community served, and identify effective communication approaches across sectors. This is essential for successful implementation and sustainability of the program, especially as it is adapted and expanded to address post-pandemic times. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study does not report results of a health care intervention on human participants, however it was reviewed and determined an exempt study with the Boston University Institutional Review Board (IRB #H-42107).
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Bangham
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 02118 Boston, MA USA
| | - Stacey Cunnington
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 02118 Boston, MA USA
| | - Sarah Fielman
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 02118 Boston, MA USA
| | - Meredith Hurley
- Winthrop Department of Public Health & Clinical Services, 45 Pauline Street, 02152 Winthrop, MA USA
| | - Sarko Gergerian
- Winthrop Department of Public Health & Clinical Services, 45 Pauline Street, 02152 Winthrop, MA USA ,Winthrop Police Department, 3 Metcalf Square, 02151 Winthrop, MA USA
| | - Jacey A. Greece
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 02118 Boston, MA USA
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7
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Chiu SK, Hornsby-Myers J, Iverson C, Trout D. A Cluster of Health Symptoms After a Law Enforcement Operation: A Case Study. Saf Health Work 2022; 13:507-511. [PMID: 36579004 PMCID: PMC9772466 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Law enforcement officers (LEOs) often encounter rapidly changing and uncontrolled situations that expose them to various hazards. A law enforcement agency requested an evaluation by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) when multiple LEOs reported illness after executing a search warrant and taking a suspect into custody. NIOSH investigators interviewed LEOs and reviewed medical records, forensic laboratory results for collected evidence, and environmental testing results of samples taken after the operation. Two-thirds (25 of 38) of LEOs who participated in the operation reported ≥1 symptom. Eleven LEOs met a case definition for influenza-like illness (ILI). Members of one unit were more likely to have ILI than non-members (prevalence ratio (PR), 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-13.0; p = 0.01). Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower prevalence of ILI (PR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9; p = 0.02). Preventing employees from working while ill and annual influenza vaccination might prevent similar occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia K. Chiu
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Corresponding author. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Mailstop R-9, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1938, USA.
| | - Jennifer Hornsby-Myers
- Emergency Preparedness and Response Office, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christopher Iverson
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas Trout
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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8
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Ward JA, McGinty EE, Hudson T, Stone EM, Barry CL, Webster DW, Crifasi CK. Reimagining public safety: Public opinion on police reform and gun violence prevention by race and gun ownership in the United States. Prev Med 2022; 165:107180. [PMID: 35933003 PMCID: PMC9722519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inequitable experiences of community gun violence and victimization by police use of force led to nationwide calls to "reimagine public safety" in 2020. In January 2021, we examined public support among U.S. adults for 7 policy approaches to reforming policing and investing in community gun violence prevention. Using a nationally representative sample (N = 2778), with oversampling for Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, and gun owners, we assessed support overall and by racial, ethnic, and gun owner subgroups. Overall, we found majority support for funding and implementing police and mental health co-responder models (66% and 76%, respectively), diversion from incarceration for people with symptoms of mental illness (72%), stronger laws to assure police accountability (72%), and funding for community-based and hospital-based gun violence prevention programs (69% and 60%, respectively). Support for redirecting funding from the police to social services was more variable (44% overall; White: 35%, Black: 60%, Hispanic: 43%). For all survey items, support was strongest among Black Americans. Gun owners overall reported lower support for public safety reforms and investments than respondents who did not own guns, but this distinction was found to be driven by White gun owners. The views of Black gun owners were indistinguishable from Black non-owners and were similar to White non-owners on most issues. These findings suggest that broad public support exists for innovative violence reduction strategies and public safety reforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Ward
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Emma E McGinty
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Talib Hudson
- Department of Public and Urban Policy, The New School Milano School of Policy, Management, and Environment, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Stone
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Colleen L Barry
- Cornell Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel W Webster
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra K Crifasi
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Olson J, Tucker J, Simi R, Wrucke S, Jordan CG. Building towards community-oriented policing: Forming an academic medical center partnership with local police. Prev Med Rep 2022; 30:102015. [PMID: 36237839 PMCID: PMC9551139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Spring of 2020, protective services for the Milwaukee Regional Medical Center (MRMC) Campus began a year-long transition process from the Milwaukee County Sheriff's Department to the Wauwatosa Police Department (WPD). This transition occurred during a time of focused local and national discourse regarding policing in diverse community settings. In response, the MRMC leadership formed the Ad Hoc Advisory Committee for the Transition of Protective Services (AATOPS). Over the course of six months, AATOPS members conducted site visits, developed a training manual, and divided into subcommittees to establish recommendations and key performance indicators in four primary areas: 1) Diversity and Inclusion of the WPD; 2) Psychological Evaluation of WPD Officers; 3) Use and De-Escalation of Force within the WPD; and 4) Communicating the Imminent Transition of Protective Services to MRMC organization employees, faculty, students, trainees, and patients. In this paper, we detail the process of organizing an accountable and collaborative approach to police and medical and academic campus relationships. At the end of the transition period, both the WPD and MRMC expressed commitment to a continued partnership to ensure the safety and security of all on the MRMC campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Olson
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Office of Diversity & Inclusion, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Corresponding author at: Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States.
| | - Janine Tucker
- Office of Diversity & Inclusion, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Robert Simi
- Milwaukee Regional Medical Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Shane Wrucke
- Wauwatosa Police Department, Wauwatosa, WI, United States
| | - C. Greer Jordan
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Office of Diversity & Inclusion, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Haque MT, Hamid F. An optimization model to assign seats in long distance trains to minimize SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract 2022; 162:104-120. [PMID: 35665304 PMCID: PMC9135675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented spread of SARS-CoV-2 has pushed governmental bodies to undertake stringent actions like travel regulations, localized curfews, curb activity participation, etc. These restrictions assisted in controlling the proliferation of the virus; however, they severely affected major economies. This compels policymakers and planners to devise strategies that restrain virus spread as well as operationalize economic activities. In this context, we discuss some of the potential implications of seat inventory management in long-distance passenger trains and create a balance between operators' operational efficiency and passengers' safety. The paper introduces a novel seat assignment policy that aims to mitigate virus diffusion risk among passengers by reducing interaction among them. A mixed-integer linear programming problem has been formulated that concomitantly maximizes the operator's revenue and minimizes virus diffusion. The validity of the model has been tested using real-life data obtained from Indian Railways. The computational results show that a mere 50% capacity utilization may distress operators' economics and prove ineffectual in controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The proposed model produces encouraging results in restricting virus diffusion and improving revenue even under 100% capacity utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tabish Haque
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Faiz Hamid
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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11
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Ross HM, Pine KH, Curran S, Augusta D. Pathway mapping as a tool to address police use of force in behavioral health crisis. Soc Sci Med 2022; 306:115088. [PMID: 35764465 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Police use of force is a significant problem in many communities, particularly related to episodes of behavioral health crisis where police are called to respond. Fragmentation of the behavioral health care system creates a revolving door where many residents with behavioral health challenges cycle in and out of the system, often accessing services via the 9-1-1 emergency system during a crisis episode. This work leverages ethnographic and participatory techniques to build a pathway map in order to represent and characterize the behavioral health crisis system in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, United States. Map findings illustrate that many nominally existing connections are functionally distant when viewed through the lens of a clinical handoff. The resulting pathway map can be used as a planning and confirmatory tool for community members, practitioners, and policymakers to address challenges in behavioral health and public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Ross
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875603, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5603, USA; Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 500 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Kathleen H Pine
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 500 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Sarah Curran
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210203, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Dawn Augusta
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 500 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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12
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Edgelow M, Scholefield E, McPherson M, Mehta S, Ortlieb A. A review of workplace mental health interventions and their implementation in public safety organizations. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:645-664. [PMID: 34628523 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Workplace mental health is relevant to public safety organizations due to the exposure that many public safety personnel (PSP) have to psychological trauma in the course of their daily work. While the importance of attending to PSP mental health has been established, the implementation of workplace mental health interventions is not as well understood. This scoping review describes workplace mental health interventions and their implementation in public safety organizations. METHODS English published primary studies with any publication date up to July 3, 2020 were considered. JBI methodology and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews was followed. RESULTS 89 citations met inclusion criteria out of the 62,299 found. Articles and reports found were largely published within the last decade, most frequently from Western nations, and most often applied to police, followed by firefighters. The focus of interventions was commonly stress management and resilience, and a frequent implementation strategy was multi-session group training. Comprehensive quality improvement initiatives, a focus on supervisors and managers, and interventions across primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, were infrequent. CONCLUSION Public safety organizations are frequently reporting on stress management and resilience interventions for police and firefighters, implemented through multi-session group training. A focus across a range of PSP, including paramedics, corrections officers, and emergency dispatchers, using implementation strategies beyond group training, is suggested. This area of research is currently expanding, with many studies published within the past decade; ongoing evaluation of the quality of interventions and implementation strategies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Edgelow
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, LDA Building, 31 George Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Emma Scholefield
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, LDA Building, 31 George Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew McPherson
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, LDA Building, 31 George Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sonam Mehta
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, LDA Building, 31 George Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Aquila Ortlieb
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, LDA Building, 31 George Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Leroux J, Richmond R, Fitzpatrick S, Kirkland H, Norris D, Mahar A, MacDermid J, Dekel R, Cramm H. Experiences of families of public safety personnel: a systematic review protocol of qualitative evidence. Syst Rev 2021; 10:258. [PMID: 34565463 PMCID: PMC8474829 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01807-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public safety occupations are well-recognized to be dangerous and stressful. Despite recent attention on post-traumatic stress injuries among public safety personnel, there has been considerably less attention paid to the ongoing ways in which the risks and requirements associated with those occupations shape family life, and how families respond and adapt to those lifestyle dimensions. This systematic review aims to understand how day-to-day family life is affected and shaped when a family member works in a public safety sector, such as fire, police, paramedic, corrections, and emergency communications. METHODS Qualitative studies that examine the experiences of families or family members of public safety personnel will be included in this review, with no date or language restrictions. An initial search of Embase and CINAHL will be conducted, followed by an analysis of text words contained in the title and abstract, and of the index terms used to describe the articles. Databases to be searched for published studies include MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Sciences, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts. Titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers. The full texts of selected studies will be assessed in detail, and findings and their illustrations will be extracted and aggregated. Any disagreements between the reviewers that arise at each stage will be resolved through discussion, or by a third reviewer. Further analysis of the synthesized findings will be informed by family systems theory. DISCUSSION The ways that occupational risks and requirements shape family life have been better investigated within other high-risk occupation groups, which has led to productive advancements in organizational policies and supports in the respective sectors. An understanding of the experiences which typify family life ongoing within PSP sectors is a critical gap in the development of meaningful family-informed occupational initiatives and supports. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Submitted to PROSPERO for systematic review registration: CRD42020208126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Leroux
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Rachel Richmond
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sara Fitzpatrick
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Hannah Kirkland
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Deborah Norris
- Department of Family Studies and Gerontology, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Alyson Mahar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Joy MacDermid
- School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Rachel Dekel
- The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Heidi Cramm
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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14
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Retzinger DG, Retzinger AC, Retzinger GS. Estimate of benefit attributable to wearing masks in Chicago during the early days of the pandemic. Med Hypotheses 2021; 156:110678. [PMID: 34560517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stampa M, Sutorma A, Jahn U, Thiem J, Wolff C, Röhrig C. Maturity Levels of Public Safety Applications using Unmanned Aerial Systems: a Review. J INTELL ROBOT SYST 2021; 103:16. [PMID: 34456505 DOI: 10.1007/s10846-021-01462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are becoming increasingly popular in the public safety sector. While some applications have so far only been envisioned, others are regularly performed in real-life scenarios. Many more fall in between and are actively investigated by research and commercial communities alike. This study reviews the maturity levels, or “market-readiness”, of public safety applications for UAS. As individual assessments of all applications suggested in the literature are infeasible due to their sheer number, we propose a novel set of application categories: Remote Sensing, Mapping, Monitoring, Human-drone Interaction, Flying Ad-hoc Networks, Transportation, and Counter UAV Systems. Each category’s maturity is assessed through a literature review of contained applications, using the metric of Application Readiness Levels (ARLs). Relevant aspects such as the environmental complexity and available mission time of addressed scenarios are taken into account. Following the analysis, we infer that improvements in autonomy and software reliability are the most promising research areas for increasing the usefulness and acceptance of UAS in the public safety domain.
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16
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Jaegers LA, Vaughn MG, Werth P, Matthieu MM, Ahmad SO, Barnidge E. Work-Family Conflict, Depression, and Burnout Among Jail Correctional Officers: A 1-Year Prospective Study. Saf Health Work 2021; 12:167-173. [PMID: 34178393 PMCID: PMC8209357 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correctional officers (COs) experience elevated rates of mental and physical ill-health as compared with other general industry and public safety occupations. The purpose of this study was to investigate demographic, mental health, job tenure, and work-family characteristics and their prospective association to burnout within and between jail officers during one year of new employment. METHODS In 2016, newly hired jail officers (N = 144) completed self-reported surveys across four time points in a one-year prospective study at a Midwestern United States urban jail. Linear mixed-effects and growth modeling examined how work-family conflict (W-FC) and depressive symptoms relate to perceptions of burnout over time. RESULTS Jail officer burnout increased and was related to rises in W-FC and depression symptoms. Within-person variance for W-FC (B pooled = .52, p < .001) and depression symptoms (B pooled = .06, p < .01) were significant predictors of burnout. Less time on the job remained a significant predictor of burnout across all analyses (B pooled = .03, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Results from this study indicate that burnout increased during the first year of new employment; and increased W-FC, higher depression, and brief tenure were associated with burnout among jail COs. Future study of correctional workplace health is needed to identify tailored, multilevel interventions that address burnout and W-FC prevention and early intervention among COs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Jaegers
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Saint Louis University Doisy College of Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael G. Vaughn
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Graduate School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Werth
- Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University College of Arts & Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monica M. Matthieu
- School of Social Work, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Syed Omar Ahmad
- Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Saint Louis University Doisy College of Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ellen Barnidge
- Behavioral Science and Health Education, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Patterson PD, Liszka MK, Mcilvaine QS, Nong L, Weaver MD, Turner RL, Platt TE, Opitz SE, Guyette FX, Martin-Gill C, Weiss LS, Buysse DJ, Callaway CW. Does the evidence support brief (≤30-mins), moderate (31-60-mins), or long duration naps (61+ mins) on the night shift? A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101509. [PMID: 34116386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review of four databases to determine if the evidence supports a short or long duration nap during night shifts to mitigate fatigue, and/or improve health, safety, or performance for emergency services and public safety personnel (PROSPERO CRD42020156780). We focused on experimental research and evaluated the quality of evidence with the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) framework. We used the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool to assess bias and reported findings using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Our search yielded n = 10,345 records and n = 44 were reviewed in full-text. Inter-rater agreement during screening was substantial (Kappa = 0.66). We retained n = 11 publications, reporting on n = 7 experimental studies with a cumulative sample size of n = 140. We identified wide variation in study design, napping interventions (i.e., timing, placement, and duration), and outcomes. We identified mixed findings comparing brief, moderate, and long duration naps on outcomes of interest. All seven studies presented serious risk of bias and the quality of evidence was rated as low. Based on the best available evidence, decisions regarding nap duration during night shift work should be based on time (post-nap) and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Daniel Patterson
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Community Health Services, Emergency Medicine Program, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Mary K Liszka
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Quentin S Mcilvaine
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Community Health Services, Emergency Medicine Program, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Lily Nong
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Community Health Services, Emergency Medicine Program, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Matthew D Weaver
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Division of Sleep Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rose L Turner
- University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Thomas E Platt
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Community Health Services, Emergency Medicine Program, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Samantha E Opitz
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Francis X Guyette
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Christian Martin-Gill
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Leonard S Weiss
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Daniel J Buysse
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Clifton W Callaway
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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Di Nota PM, Bahji A, Groll D, Carleton RN, Anderson GS. Proactive psychological programs designed to mitigate posttraumatic stress injuries among at-risk workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2021; 10:126. [PMID: 33910641 PMCID: PMC8079856 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public safety personnel and frontline healthcare professionals are at increased risk of exposure to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTE) and developing posttraumatic stress injuries (PTSI, e.g., depression, anxiety) by the nature of their work. PTSI are also linked to increased absenteeism, suicidality, and performance decrements, which compromise occupational and public health and safety in trauma-exposed workers. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of "prevention" programs designed to mitigate PTSI proactively. The purpose of this review is to measure the effectiveness of proactive PTSI mitigation programs among occupational groups exposed to PPTE on measures of PTSI symptoms, absenteeism, and psychological wellness. METHODS Five electronic databases were searched per PRISMA guidelines for English or French peer-reviewed studies from 2008 to 2019 evaluating PTSI and psychological wellness in adults exposed to occupational PPTE. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS We identified 42 studies evaluating 3182 public safety and frontline healthcare professionals, PPTE-exposed educational staff, and miners. Significant overlap was found across program themes that included mindfulness, psychoeducation, resilience promotion, and stress management strategies. Post-program effect sizes were small (SMD < 0.5) to moderate (SMD < 0.8) for reductions in PTSI symptoms and for promoting measures of well-being as indicated by a meta-analysis on 36 studies. There was no evidence for significant reductions in substance use, absenteeism, or biomarkers of distress except for heart rate. Subgroup analyses indicated that multimodal programs effectively improved general psychological health, while resilience programs improved measures of depression, burnout, coping, and resilience. Effect sizes for resilience, depression, and general psychological health improvements were greatest immediately or 1-month post-training, while improvements in PTSD symptoms and coping were larger at longer follow-up. Studies were of moderate quality and risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS The current results showcase modest evidence for time-limited reductions in PTSI following participation in holistic programs that promote resilience, stress, and emotion regulation among at-risk workers. Implications for organizational implementation of proactive PTSI mitigation programs and areas of future research are discussed. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42019133534).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Di Nota
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anees Bahji
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Dianne Groll
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | | | - Gregory S Anderson
- Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, TRU Way, Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada.
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Abrahams JM, Sagar C, Rickman M. The burden of cycling-related trauma to the orthopaedic and trauma department of a level 1 trauma hospital in Adelaide, South Australia. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:127. [PMID: 33568171 PMCID: PMC7874032 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the fourth largest metropolitan population density, motor vehicle drivers in Adelaide, South Australia, record the most number of motor vehicle insurance claims in Australia. Previous studies have shown a rise in cycling-related emergency department presentations from 2005 to 2010. There is no specific data available specifically related to South Australia. Our institution is the largest level 1 trauma centre in South Australia and Northern Territory and has a local geographic pool of the central metropolitan region of Adelaide. The aims of this study were to establish the demographics of cycling-related presentations to our institution that involved the admission of a patient under the Orthopaedic and Trauma service. Secondary aims were to investigate whether there were any common variables among these presentations that could be modified to prevent or reduce the morbidity of cycling-related trauma. Methods A prospective study was performed at our institution from 1 March 2018 until 31 December 2019 of all inpatient admissions under the Orthopaedics and Trauma department, where the patient was injured as a cyclist. We collated patient-reported information about the accident and their cycling habits. Results One hundred and ten patients were included in the study. One hundred and thirty-one injuries were recorded, requiring 89 surgical procedures. Eighty were upper limb injuries (61%), 49 were lower limb (37%), and 2 injuries occurred in either the spine or ribs. The most common reason for the accident was excessive cyclist speed. Conclusions The majority of cyclists admitted to our unit with orthopaedic injuries were male patients who assessed themselves as experienced riders, and yet still were involved in accidents that resulted predominantly from episodes of poor judgement. Speed is a common and avoidable factor involved in the presentation of orthopaedic-related trauma to the public system. Involvement of other vehicles was relatively uncommon, as was poor weather; upper limb injuries predominate in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Abrahams
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research (COTR), Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Christopher Sagar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Rickman
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research (COTR), Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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20
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Bonvicini B, Cecchi R, Parisi SG, Masotti V, Viero A, Cecchetto G, Terranova C, Viel G, Montisci M. Legal scenarios in the coronavirus time: Medico legal implications in the aspects of governance. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 48:101832. [PMID: 33373948 PMCID: PMC7837105 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Along with rising levels of the infection around the world, the state of emergency prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic has also been having a heavy legal impact. The situation is posing important criminal challenges, as well as an ocean of social and public health issues around the world. It has not only directly affected constitutionally-guaranteed rights and individual freedoms, but also brought to the fore certain types of criminal offence that had previously been of little practical importance, such as the crime of 'maliciously or unintentionally causing an epidemic'. Different countries and states have introduced policies to manage the emergency at different times and in different ways. The measures adopted have been the object of much criticism, also raising questions of constitutional legitimacy in countries like Italy. The present contribution begins with a brief outline of the different international scenarios. Then we examine some of the medicolegal aspects of criminal offences previously envisaged and newly introduced since the arrival of the pandemic. We suggest the need for a sort of 'code of public health laws for the time of coronavirus', that could also be applied to other public health emergencies, pandemic or otherwise. The idea is to give operators in the sector and the general population the opportunity to identify clear and simple rules to follow in the current complex global situation. We need a new, appropriate interpretation of the 'boundaries' of our individual rights in relation to the need to safeguard the wider community and its more vulnerable members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bonvicini
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Rossana Cecchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alessia Viero
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cecchetto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Terranova
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Guido Viel
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Montisci
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Italy
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Rousseau C, Jaimes A, El-Majzoub S. Pandémie et communautés minoritaires marginalisées : vers une approche inclusive en santé publique? Can J Public Health 2020; 111:963-966. [PMID: 33021729 PMCID: PMC7537582 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-020-00422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic has highlighted the complexity of public health measures and their side effects, the intricacy of the underlying health, social and political phenomena at play as well as their specificity for marginalized minority communities. Based on this experience, this commentary suggests that it would be relevant in the future to develop consultation mechanisms that take into account the entire population, including marginalized minority groups, in order to better inform decision-making processes in times of pandemic. In a context of fluid crisis, any consultation process must take into account the limits of what is possible and mourn the comprehensiveness in favour of repeated iterations of dialogue, mediation and decision-making. This means creating conditions favourable to the consideration of the most vulnerable people and groups' voices by public authorities. In order to prepare for the next crises, it is necessary to develop strong links between public institutions and communities, both of majorities and minorities, in order to define the mechanisms favouring the emergence of truly inclusive public health, taking into account the physical, mental and social health of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Rousseau
- Division de psychiatrie sociale et culturelle, Université McGill, CLSC Parc-Extension, 7085 Hutchison, Bureau 204.2, Montréal, QC H3N 1Y9 Canada
| | - Annie Jaimes
- Center for Refugee Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada
- Sherpa University Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Salam El-Majzoub
- Résidente en psychiatrie (R3), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Ciomek AM, Braga AA, Papachristos AV. The influence of firearms trafficking on gunshot injuries in a co-offending network. Soc Sci Med 2020; 259:113114. [PMID: 32615363 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals at the greatest risk of gunshot victimization are often prohibited from legally acquiring guns in the U.S. due to prior felony convictions or other disqualifications. Prohibited persons often rely on others - such as friends, family members, fellow gang members, and gun brokers - to acquire firearms. This study examines whether the sources of guns recovered from high-risk individuals differ relative to the sources of guns recovered more generally in a major U.S. city, and whether illegally-diverted guns are associated with increased gunshot victimization risk. Using official data, we recreate the co-offending network of individuals in Boston who were arrested or contacted by the police with at least one other person between 2007 and 2014. Firearms trace data are then used to develop measures of the shortest distance between individuals and firearms in their immediate network. Results suggest guns with markers of illegal diversion are more likely to be recovered in the highest risk sector of the network and that the probability of gunshot victimization increases with decreased distance to an individual linked to firearms with markers of illegal trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Ciomek
- Harvard University, Department of Sociology, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Anthony A Braga
- Northeastern University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Andrew V Papachristos
- Northwestern University, Department of Sociology and Institute for Policy Research, 1810 Chicago Ave., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Plener J, Csiernik B, Bejarano G, Hjertstrand J, Goodall B. Chiropractic students call for action against unsubstantiated claims. Chiropr Man Therap 2020; 28:26. [PMID: 32404205 PMCID: PMC7218504 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-020-00318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 2019 coronavirus pandemic is a current global health crisis. Many chiropractic institutions, associations, and researchers have stepped up at a time of need. However, a subset of the chiropractic profession has claimed that spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) is clinically effective in improving one’s immunity, despite the lack of supporting scientific evidence. These unsubstantiated claims contradict official public health policy reflecting poorly on the profession. The aim of this commentary is to provide our perspective on the claims regarding SMT and clinically relevant immunity enhancement, drawing attention to the damaging ramifications these claims might have on our profession’s reputation. Main text The World Federation of Chiropractic released a rapid review demonstrating the lack of clinically relevant evidence regarding SMT and immunity enhancement. The current claims contradicting this review carry significant potential risk to patients. Furthermore, as a result of these misleading claims, significant media attention and public critiques of the profession are being made. We believe inaction by regulatory bodies will lead to confusion among the public and other healthcare providers, unfortunately damaging the profession’s reputation. The resulting effect on the reputation of the profession is greatly concerning to us, as students. Conclusion It is our hope that all regulatory bodies will protect the public by taking appropriate action against chiropractors making unfounded claims contradicting public health policy. We believe it is the responsibility of all stakeholders in the chiropractic profession to ensure this is carried out and the standard of care is raised. We call on current chiropractors to ensure a viable profession exists moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Plener
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, 6100 Leslie St., Toronto, ON, M2H 3J1, Canada.
| | - Ben Csiernik
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, 6100 Leslie St., Toronto, ON, M2H 3J1, Canada
| | - Geronimo Bejarano
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Florida Campus, 4777 City Center Pkwy, Port Orange, FL, 32129, USA
| | - Jesper Hjertstrand
- University of South Wales, Treforest Campus, Llantwit Road, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - Benjamin Goodall
- AECC University College, Parkwood Campus, Bournemouth, England, BH5 2DF, UK
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Andersson H, Levivier E, Lindberg G. Private and public willingness to pay for safety: A validity test. Accid Anal Prev 2019; 123:170-175. [PMID: 30517899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stated preference (SP) methods are often used to elicit an affected population's preferences for, e.g., increased safety or better environmental quality. SP methods are based on hypothetical market scenarios which have advantages, since decision alternatives are known to the analysis, but also necessitate thorough validity tests of the results, since decisions are hypothetical. This study suggests a validity test based on theoretical predictions and empirical findings for private and public safety measures. According to the test, willingness to pay (WTP) for a public safety measure should exceed or be equal to the private one. Based on a rich data set eliciting both private and public WTP the results show that private WTP exceeds public WTP. Hence, the findings in this study highlight the importance of validity tests of preference estimates for safety, and suggest that WTP also for a private safety measure should be elicited in studies eliciting WTP for public safety measures, to allow for the validity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Andersson
- Toulouse School of Economics, University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France.
| | - Elodie Levivier
- Toulouse School of Economics, University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France
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25
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Abstract
In the intersection of alcohol ingestion with the law, medical ethics, and public safety, physicians are often unsure about how to proceed. Physicians' primary focus should be on patient education with an ethical and legal duty to warn the patient of the adverse effects of alcohol. Warning third parties of potential harm related to alcohol-related impairment may involve a breach of patient confidentiality; therefore it should only be undertaken after careful analysis suggests that the risk for significant harm exceeds the burden that results to the patient from warning others. The law remains vague in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Balakrishnan
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Stephen Chris Pappas
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Allem JP, Majmundar A. Are electric scooters promoted on social media with safety in mind? A case study on Bird's Instagram. Prev Med Rep 2018; 13:62-63. [PMID: 30515366 PMCID: PMC6263084 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric scooter (e-scooter) companies are growing in popularity across the United States looking to take advantage of the rideshare economy by providing an independent alternative to cars and bicycles. While e-scooter transportation could reduce emissions, and automobile congestion in local areas, powered two-wheeler drivers are extremely vulnerable to road risks. News reports of e-scooter crashes and fatalities have started to accumulate. Earlier research has demonstrated that the ways in which companies promote and demonstrate use of their product or service through social media influences consumer behavior. In the U.S. in 2018, this study examined the official Instagram account of Bird, the e-scooter market share leader with over 66,000 followers, to determine how much it emphasized safety in its posts. All posts to Bird's official Instagram account were collected from 22 September 2017 to 9 November 2018 (n = 324) and rules for coding content were developed. Among all posts, 69.14% contained a person visible with a Bird e-scooter, 6.17% contained persons wearing protective gear, 6.79% had protective gear somewhere in the post, and 1.54% of posts mentioned protective gear in the comment box. About 69.44% of the posts were reposts, and among reposts, 7.11% had persons wearing protective gear. Posts to Bird's official Instagram rarely showed e-scooters being used with protective gear. Photos of customers' experiences with Bird, via reposts, rarely featured protective gear potentially normalizing these behaviors among customers. Public health practitioners may need to establish interventions to promote use of protective gear while operating escooters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Patrick Allem
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anuja Majmundar
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Subica AM, Douglas JA, Kepple NJ, Villanueva S, Grills CT. The geography of crime and violence surrounding tobacco shops, medical marijuana dispensaries, and off-sale alcohol outlets in a large, urban low-income community of color. Prev Med 2018; 108:8-16. [PMID: 29277409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco shops, medical marijuana dispensaries (MMD), and off-sale alcohol outlets are legal and prevalent in South Los Angeles, California-a high-crime, low-income urban community of color. This research is the first to explore the geographic associations between these three legal drug outlets with surrounding crime and violence in a large low-income urban community of color. First, spatial buffer analyses were performed using point-location and publically accessible January-December 2014 crime data to examine the geography of all felony property and violent crimes occurring within 100, 200, 500, and 1000-foot buffers of these three legal drug outlet types across South Los Angeles. Next, spatial regression analyses explored the geographic associations between density of these outlets and property and violent crimes at the census tract level. Results indicated that mean property and violent crime rates within 100-foot buffers of tobacco shops and alcohol outlets-but not MMDs-substantially exceeded community-wide mean crime rates and rates around grocery/convenience stores (i.e., comparison properties licensed to sell both alcohol and tobacco). Spatial regression analyses confirmed that tobacco shops significantly positively associated with property and violent crimes after controlling for key neighborhood factors (poverty, renters, resident mobility, ethnic/racial heterogeneity). Thus, study findings provide the first empirical evidence that tobacco shops may constitute public health threats that associate with crime and violence in U.S. low-income urban communities of color. Implementing and enforcing control policies that regulate and monitor tobacco shops in these communities may promote community health by improving public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Subica
- University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Jason A Douglas
- San Jose State University, Environmental Studies, San Jose, CA, United States
| | - Nancy J Kepple
- University of Kansas, School of Social Welfare, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Sandra Villanueva
- Loyola Marymount University, Psychology Applied Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cheryl T Grills
- Loyola Marymount University, Psychology Applied Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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28
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Magnavita N, Capitanelli I, Garbarino S, Pira E. Work-related stress as a cardiovascular risk factor in police officers: a systematic review of evidence. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:377-89. [PMID: 29344727 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies suggest that work-related stress in police officers may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. A systematic review of studies is, however, still lacking. METHOD According to PRISMA statement, a systematic search of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Cinahl and PsychInfo electronic databases was undertaken. Studies published in English between 1/1/2000 and 31/12/2016 were included. A studies quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS). RESULTS The preliminary search retrieved 752 records. After selection, 16 studies (total population 17,698) were retrieved. The average quality of studies was low. Exposure to stress in cross-sectional studies was inconstantly associated with hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia, and impaired glucose metabolism. In addition, there was a prevalence of positive studies showing an association between stress and cardiovascular disease morbidity. Studies of higher quality, such as longitudinal studies on large sample size, were more supportive of a significant positive association between stress and cardiovascular risk factors. Results were, however, often conflicting and inconsistent with regard to definitions and measurement of stress, features of individual study design, study conduct, and conclusions drawn. CONCLUSIONS A sound precautionary principle would be to adopt worksite health promotion programs designed to implement stress management strategies in this category of workers.
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Marolf A, Heiberger S, Evans J, Joseph L. How Agricultural Media Cover Safety Compared with Periodicals in Two Other Hazardous Industries. J Agric Saf Health 2017; 23:83-94. [PMID: 29140620 DOI: 10.13031/jash.11900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This analysis featured a uniquely broad look at challenges and potentials for engaging agricultural and other industrial media more effectively in covering safety. It involved a content analysis of selected industry periodicals serving agriculture, mining, and transportation, which are three of the nation's most hazardous industries, in terms of human safety. Use of the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) provided insight on safety coverage. In particular, it tested previous research indicating that media coverage tends to amplify (increase) more than attenuate (decrease) a sense of risk. Analysis involved 18 periodicals (9 agriculture, 7 transportation, and 2 mining) spanning a five-year period from 2008 to 2012. Full-text digital analysis identified terms found in safety articles across all three industries. A manual review of articles revealed the quantity and nature of safety coverage within and among these industries. Results identified 528 safety-related articles published during the period. Transportation and mining periodicals averaged more than twice as many safety articles as the agricultural periodicals. The amount of coverage within the three industries also varied greatly. Findings on the nature of coverage supported previous media research within the SARF. Coverage across all three industries was clearly oriented more to amplifying than to attenuating risk. This study adds to the understanding of variations, commonalities, challenges, and potentials for enhancing safety coverage by media serving these three industries. It also provides direction for engaging industry media more effectively in the public safety mission. The authors recommend seven areas of opportunity for further research.
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Abstract
Nowadays, the concepts of soldier and war have changed due to terrorism and the war on terrorism. According to the literature, to prevent terrorism, it is possible to use more violence, but how can we grant the safety of many versus the dignity of a few? In Israel, in order to protect civilians against possible terrorist attacks, Palestinian ambulances that would reach the Israeli hospitals (or the Palestinian hospitals in East Jerusalem) must be quickly controlled. However, many times, at the checkpoint, patients have to wait for an Israeli vehicle that will take them to Israel. This procedure causes many delays in medical emergency. How to avoid that terrorists may receive better care than Palestinian civilians may just because they are already on the Israeli side of the Separation Wall? How is it possible to ensure the life and safety of many, without denying the right to healthcare to somebody? How to decide when the State requirements conflict with traditional medical duties? Is it acceptable to provide health care to a terrorist? What should be done when it is uncertain whether the ambulance transports weapons besides patients? These questions call upon the core role of the doctor and of the medical profession: taking care of all sick persons. The care is the starting point of ethics. If we do not care about other human beings we do not have a real moral comprehension of any human ideal or action. For this reason we can say that the care is the premise of morality. The rights of all citizens, including the claim to public security, grounds on the care for each individual who needs help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Borgo
- Department of Biotechnologies and Sciences of Life, Insubria University, Via O. Rossi N. 9 (Pad. Antonini), 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Mario Picozzi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Sciences of Life, Insubria University, Via O. Rossi N. 9 (Pad. Antonini), 21100, Varese, Italy
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31
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Girard V, Bonin JP, Tinland A, Farnarier C, Pelletier JF, Delphin M, Rowe M, Simeoni MC. Mental health outreach and street policing in the downtown of a large French city. Int J Law Psychiatry 2014; 37:376-382. [PMID: 24746286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Marseille, the second largest city in France, has a large population of homeless persons. A mental health outreach team was created in 2005 as a response to high rates of mental illness among this group. In a national political context where security is a government priority, a new central police station was created in Marseille in 2006 to address robberies, violence and illegal traffic in the downtown area of the city. While not directly related to such crimes, police also are responsible for public safety or behavioral issues related to the presence of individuals who are homeless in this area. OBJECTIVE This report on a two-year pilot study (2009-2011) addresses collaborative work between a mental health outreach team and the police department responding to the clinical needs of persons who are homeless with serious psychiatric disorders. It also describes the homeless persons' interactions with, and perceptions of the presence of, police and mental health professionals on the streets. METHODS Investigators adopted a mixed-methods approach. Data were collected on 40 interactions using brief standardized report for each interaction. Focus groups were conducted with police officers, outreach team members, peer workers, and service users. Minutes of partnership meetings between police officers and outreach workers also served as a source of qualitative data. RESULTS Outreach workers initiated just over half (n=21) of the encounters (n=40) between police and outreach workers. Interactions mainly involved persons with psychosis (77%), the vast majority (80%) of which involved persons in an acute phase of psychosis. Two key themes that emerged from data analysis included the violent nature of life on the streets and the high percentage of ethnic minorities among subjects of the interactions. In addition, it was found that the practices of the outreach workers are sometimes similar to those of the police, especially when outreach workers use coercive methods. "Users" (homeless persons) described police as sometimes using less coercion than the outreach team, and noted that they were more fearful of psychiatrists than police. CONCLUSION Formal initiatives between mental health outreach teams and police departments involve some common street practices. This study demonstrates the potential for closer working relationships between the two parties to help persons who are homeless with mental illnesses receive needed care, and to reduce inappropriate coercion including involuntary hospitalization and arrests.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Girard
- Community Mental Health Outreach Team MARS (Movement and Action for Recovery Social) Assistance Public Hôpitaux de Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., Public Health Research Unit EA 3279, Marseille, France; Yale Program for Recovery and Community Health, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - J P Bonin
- Faculté des sciences infirmières, Université de Montréal et Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, Québec, Canada
| | - A Tinland
- Community Mental Health Outreach Team MARS (Movement and Action for Recovery Social) Assistance Public Hôpitaux de Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ., Public Health Research Unit EA 3279, Marseille, France
| | - C Farnarier
- Community Mental Health Outreach Team MARS (Movement and Action for Recovery Social) Assistance Public Hôpitaux de Marseille, France
| | - J F Pelletier
- Yale Program for Recovery and Community Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - M Delphin
- Yale Program for Recovery and Community Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - M Rowe
- Yale Program for Recovery and Community Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - M C Simeoni
- Aix-Marseille University, LPS EA 849, 13621 Aix-en-Provence, France; APHM, Conception, Medical Evaluation Department, 13385 Marseille, France
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