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Bjørnstad F, Havik S, Aarhus TI, Mahdi I, Unger A, Habenberger P, Degenhart C, Eickhoff J, Klebl BM, Sundby E, Hoff BH. Pyrrolopyrimidine based CSF1R inhibitors: Attempted departure from Flatland. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116053. [PMID: 38141285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is an attractive target for inflammation disorders and cancers. Based on a series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine containing two carbo-aromatic rings, we have searched for new CSF1R inhibitors having a higher fraction of sp3-atoms. The phenyl unit in the 4-amino group could efficiently be replaced by tetrahydropyran (THP) retaining inhibitor potency. Exchanging the 6-aryl group with cyclohex-2-ene units also resulted in highly potent compounds, while fully saturated ring systems at C-6 led to a loss of activity. The structure-activity relationship study evaluating THP containing pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivates identified several highly active inhibitors by enzymatic studies. A comparison of 11 pairs of THP and aromatic compounds showed that inhibitors containing THP had clear benefits in terms of enzymatic potency, solubility, and cell toxicity. Guided by cellular experiments in Ba/F3 cells, five CSF1R inhibitors were further profiled in ADME assays, indicating the para-aniline derivative 16t as the most attractive compound for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frithjof Bjørnstad
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Material Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Simen Havik
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Ihle Aarhus
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Lead Discovery Center GmbH (LDC), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Iktedar Mahdi
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anke Unger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH (LDC), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Habenberger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH (LDC), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Degenhart
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH (LDC), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH (LDC), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bert M Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH (LDC), Otto-Hahn-Strasse 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Eirik Sundby
- Department of Material Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bård Helge Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Aloui M, Er-rajy M, Imtara H, Goudzal A, Zarougui S, El fadili M, Arthur DE, Mothana RA, Noman OM, Tarayrah M, Menana E. QSAR modelling, molecular docking, molecular dynamic and ADMET prediction of pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101911. [PMID: 38226346 PMCID: PMC10788635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a focus on developing and discovering novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, as they offer an effective treatment strategy for B-cell malignancies. BTK plays a crucial role in B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated activation and proliferation by regulating downstream factors such as the NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways. To address this challenge and propose potential therapeutic options for B-cell lymphomas, researchers conducted 2D-QSAR and ADMET studies on pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives that act as inhibitors of the BCR site in cytochrome b. These studies aim to improve and identify new compounds that could serve as more potent potential BTK inhibitors, which would lead to the identification of new drug candidates in this field. In our study, we used 2D-QSAR (multiple linear regression, multiple nonlinear regression, and artificial neural networks), molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and ADMET properties to investigate the potential of 35 pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives as BTK inhibitors. A molecular docking study and molecular dynamics simulations of molecule 13 over 10 ns revealed that it establishes multiple hydrogen bonds with several residues and exhibits frequent stability throughout the simulation period. Based on the results obtained by molecular modeling, we proposed six new compounds (Pred1, Pred2, Pred3, Pred4, Pred5, and Pred6) with highly significant predicted activity by MLR models. A study based on the in silico evaluation of the predicted ADMET properties of the new candidate molecules is strongly recommended to classify these molecules as promising candidates for new anticancer agents specifically designed to target Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Aloui
- LIMAS Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Er-rajy
- LIMAS Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Hamada Imtara
- Faculty of Sciences, Arab American University Palestine, Jenin 44862, Palestine
| | - Amina Goudzal
- Engineering Laboratory of Organometallic, Molecular Materials and Environment, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences, Fez, Morocco
| | - Sara Zarougui
- LIMAS Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El fadili
- LIMAS Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - David E. Arthur
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Tarayrah
- Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Port Royal, Faculty of Medicine, Institut Cochin, Paris University, CNRS, IN-SERM, 75000, Paris, France
| | - Elhalaoui Menana
- LIMAS Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Chen X, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Fang J, Jiang D, Mou Z, Liu H, Su R, Wang C, He F, Chen X, Xie F, Pan X, Li Z. 18F-Labelled pyrrolopyrimidines reveal brain leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 expression implicated in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113245. [PMID: 33582389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
18F-Labelled pyrrolopyrimidines were synthesized and evaluated as positron emission tomography (PET) probes to determine leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) expression in the brain. With pyrrolopyrimidine derivative PF-06447475 as the lead compound, two in vivo-stable 18F-labelled pyrrolopyrimidines ([18F]1 and [18F]2) were synthesized automatically at radiochemical yields 8-10% (non-decay-corrected) with molar activities of 0.95 and 0.5 GBq/μmol, respectively. The measured Kd of 6.90 nM for 1 and 14.27 nM for 2 demonstrated high affinities for LRRK2. The LRRK2 G2019S mice had higher uptakes (P < 0.01) of [18F]1 in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and hippocampus than WT mice during microPET/CT imaging, consistent with immunohistology results of LRRK2 distribution. [11C]CFT microPET/CT imaging demonstrated a lower expression of dopamine transporter in LRRK2 G2019S mice. Parkinson's disease-like deficits in dopamine transporter synthesis and cognitive declines were noticed along with LRRK2 expression increase in the olfactory bulb, striatum, and hippocampus. Therefore, 18F-labelled pyrrolopyrimidines can reflect real-time LRRK2 expression changes implicated in Parkinson's disease, which paves the way for LRRK2-related neurodegenerative precise therapy.
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Kilic-Kurt Z, Aka Y, Kutuk O. Novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives induce p53-independent apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in colon cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 330:109236. [PMID: 32866467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrrolopyrimidine urea derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against colon cancer cell lines. Compounds showed the remarkable cytotoxic activity on HCT-116 wt cell line. The most potent compound 4c (IC50 = 0.14 μM) induced apoptosis in HCT-116 wt and HCT-116 p53-/- cell lines. Otherwise, treatment of HCT-116 BAX-/-BAK-/- cells with compound 4c didn't lead to activation of apoptosis, suggesting that compound 4c induces apoptotic cell death by activating BAX/BAK-dependent pathway. Moreover, while the compound 4c increase the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels in HCT-116 wt and HCT-116 p53-/- cells, caspase-3 or caspase-9 activation was not observed in HCT-116 BAX-/-BAK-/- cells. In addition, compound 4c induced mitochondrial apoptosis in cells grown as oncospheroids, which better mimic the in vivo milieu of tumors. 4c treatment also activated JNK along with inhibition of prosurvival kinases such as Akt and ERK 1/2 in HCT-116 wt and HCT-116 p53 -/- cells as well as in HCT-116 BAX-/-BAK-/- cells. Notably, our results indicated that compound 4c induced mitochondrial apoptosis through activation p53-independent apoptotic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zühal Kilic-Kurt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Yeliz Aka
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kutuk
- Baskent University School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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Khalil OM, Kamal AM, Bua S, El Sayed Teba H, Nissan YM, Supuran CT. Pyrrolo and pyrrolopyrimidine sulfonamides act as cytotoxic agents in hypoxia via inhibition of transmembrane carbonic anhydrases. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:112021. [PMID: 31901743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel sulfonamide derivatives bearing pyrrole and pyrrolopyrimidine scaffolds were synthesized and screened as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The inhibition activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against the cytosolic human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I and II and the transmembranal isoforms IX and XII. Several candidates showed potent inhibitory activity against IX and XII isoforms. Furthermore, ex vivo screening of cytotoxic selectivity and activity of the most potent derivatives were carried out against normal cells (WI38) and cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) under normal and hypoxic conditions using acetazolamide as reference drug. Compound 11b potency was nearly three folds higher in hypoxic than normoxic condition whereas that of compound 11f was nearly four folds higher in hypoxic vs. normoxic HeLa cells. All the screened derivatives exhibited less potency on normal cells (WI38). Molecular docking was carried out to discover the possible binding mode of compounds within the active site of isoform CA IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omneya M Khalil
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aliaa M Kamal
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Cairo, Egypt; Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Silvia Bua
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Heba El Sayed Teba
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Yassin M Nissan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 11787, Giza, Egypt
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Reiersølmoen AC, Aarhus TI, Eckelt S, Nørsett KG, Sundby E, Hoff BH. Potent and selective EGFR inhibitors based on 5-aryl-7H-pyrrolopyrimidin-4-amines. Bioorg Chem 2019; 88:102918. [PMID: 30999245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor represents an important target in cancer therapy, and low molecular weight inhibitors based on quinazolines have reached the marked. Herein we report on a new scaffold, 5-aryl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines, and show that when employing (S)-phenylglycinol as C-4 substituent, potent inhibitors can be made. The two most active inhibitors have suitable druglike properties, were equipotent with Erlotinib in Ba/F3 cell studies, and showed lower cross reactivity than Erlotinib in a panel of 50 kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Christin Reiersølmoen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Thomas Ihle Aarhus
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Material Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Sarah Eckelt
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Welckerstrasse 8, 201354 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Gabestad Nørsett
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Eirik Sundby
- Department of Material Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bård Helge Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Deng Y, Wang XZ, Huang SH, Li CH. Antibacterial activity evaluation of synthetic novel pleuromutilin derivatives in vitro and in experimental infection mice. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:194-202. [PMID: 30445267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pleuromutilin derivatives embracing 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine moiety were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens as well as in vivo efficacy in lethal systemic infected mice. Most compounds displayed good in vitro potency against MSSA, MRSA, MSSE, MRSE and E. faecium (MIC = 0.0625-4 μg/mL), especially 15a, 15b and 15o showed excellent activity that even more active than the comparator valnemulin. The in vivo efficacy investigation exhibited compound 15a (ED50 = 16.0 mg/kg) had comparable activity to valnemulin (ED50 = 13.5 mg/kg). The results provided by the dose-response study demonstrated 15a can supply infected mice with 70% survival rate at dose of 40 mg/kg via intragastric (i.g.) administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460, China
| | - Shu-Heng Huang
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences & Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460, China.
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Mohamed MS, Sayed AI, Khedr MA, Soror SH. Design, synthesis, assessment, and molecular docking of novel pyrrolopyrimidine (7-deazapurine) derivatives as non-nucleoside hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2146-57. [PMID: 27052365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly persistent and presents an unmet medical need requiring more effective treatment options. This has spurred intensive efforts to discover novel anti-HCV agents. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), NS5B of HCV, constitutes a selective target for drug discovery due to its absence in human cells; also, it is the centerpiece for viral replication. Here, we synthesized novel pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine derivatives. The non-toxic doses of these compounds on Huh 7.5 cell line were determined and their antiviral activity against HCVcc genotype 4a was examined. Compounds 7j, 7f, 5c, 12i and 12f showed significant anti HCV activity. The percent of reduction for the non-toxic doses of 7j, 7f, 5c, 12i and 12f were 90%, 76.7±5.8%, 73.3±5.8%, 70% and 63.3±5.8%, respectively. The activity of these compounds was interpreted by molecular docking against HCV NS5B polymerase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad S Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira I Sayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Khedr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Soror
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, University Campus, 11795 Cairo, Egypt; Center for Scientific Excellence 'Helwan Structural Biology Research (HSBR)', Cairo, Egypt.
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Sundby E, Han J, Kaspersen SJ, Hoff BH. In vitro baselining of new pyrrolopyrimidine EGFR-TK inhibitors with Erlotinib. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 80:56-65. [PMID: 26296860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors are useful in treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, and show promise in combination therapy settings. Two novel chiral pyrrolopyrimidines have been baselined towards Erlotinib, Lapatinib and Dasatinib using in vitro cellular studies and ADME profiling. One of these, (S)-2-((6-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-2-phenylethan-1-ol, was more active than Erlotinib in lung and breast cancer cell models. The compound also had promising activity towards ovarian cancer cell lines, while low activity was seen towards cells of haematological origin. ADME profiling revealed good solubility, higher metabolic stability than Erlotinib and no inhibitory effect towards the hERG voltage-gated ion channel. Investigation of inhibitory potency towards 6 CYP isoforms generally revealed low inhibitory potency, but in the case of CYP3A4, a substrate dependent inhibition was noted using testosterone as substrate (IC50: 12.5μM). No cellular or gene toxicity was noted for the compounds or products of phase I metabolism. However, permeability studies using Caco-2 cells revealed a high efflux ratio. Further experiments using ABC transporter inhibitors revealed that the pyrrolopyrimidines are actively transported by the breast cancer resistant protein and P-glycoprotein transporters, which might prevent their further development into drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Sundby
- Sør-Trøndelag University College, E. C. Dahls gt. 2, NO-7004 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jin Han
- Sør-Trøndelag University College, E. C. Dahls gt. 2, NO-7004 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Svein Jacob Kaspersen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bård Helge Hoff
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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