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Desharnais B, Lajoie MJ, Laquerre J, Mireault P, Skinner CD. A threshold LC-MS/MS method for 92 analytes in oral fluid collected with the Quantisal® device. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 317:110506. [PMID: 33035929 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A study of impaired driving rates in the province of Québec is currently planned following the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada. Oral fluid (OF) samples are to be collected with a Quantisal® device and sent to the laboratory for analysis. In order to prepare for this project, a qualitative decision point analysis method monitoring for the presence of 97 drugs and metabolites in OF was developed and validated. This high throughput method uses incubation with a precipitation solvent (acetone:acetonitrile 30:70 v:v) to boost drug recovery from the collecting device and improve stability of benzodiazepines (e.g., α-hydroxyalprazolam, clonazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, flunitrazepam, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, N-desmethylflunitrazepam, nitrazepam). The Quantisal® device has polyglycol in its stabilizing buffer, but timed use of the mass spectrometer waste valve proved sufficient to avoid the glycol interferences for nearly all analytes. Interferences from OF matrices and 140 potentially interfering compounds, carryover, ion ratios, stability, recovery, reproducibility, robustness, false positive rate, false negative rate, selectivity, sensitivity and reliability rates were tested in the validation process. Five of the targeted analytes (olanzapine, oxazepam, 7-aminoclonazepam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam) did not meet the set validation criteria but will be monitored for identification purposes (no comparison to a cut-off level). Blind internal proficiency testing was performed, where six OF samples were tested and analytes were classified as "negative", "likely positive" or "positive" with success. The final validated OF qualitative decision point method covers 92 analytes, and the presence of 5 additional analytes is screened in this high throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada; Concordia University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Jo Lajoie
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Julie Laquerre
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Pascal Mireault
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais Street, Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Cameron D Skinner
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, H4B 1R6, Canada
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White RM. Instability and poor recovery of cannabinoids in urine, oral fluid, and hair. Forensic Sci Rev 2018; 30:33-49. [PMID: 29273570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids including, but not limited to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol, and (-)-11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid are known to toxicologists and synthetic chemists as difficult compounds because they are subject to numerous degradative pathways. It is the purpose of this short review article to discuss common pathways that result in the disappearance of cannabinoids - such as conjugate formation, adsorption to surfaces, chemical reactions, microbial action, thermal decomposition, chemical bonding, photosensitivity, sample handling, analytical methodology, and micelle trapping - and to point out possible ways to avoid such degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M White
- Centre for Forensic Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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White RM, Mitchell JM, Hart ED, Evans A, Meaders M, Norsworthy SE, Hayes ED, Flegel R, Maha GC, Shaffer MD, Hall EM, Rogers K. Assessment of the stability of DNA in specimens collected under conditions for drug testing-A pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 283:41-46. [PMID: 29248811 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For forensic biological sample collections, the specimen donor is linked solidly to his or her specimen through a chain of custody (CoC) sometimes referenced as a chain of evidence. Rarely, a donor may deny that a urine or oral fluid (OF) specimen is his or her specimen even with a patent CoC. The goal of this pilot study was to determine the potential effects of short-term storage on the quality and quantity of DNA in both types of specimen under conditions that may be encountered with employment-related drug testing specimens. Fresh urine and freshly collected oral fluid all produced complete STR profiles. For the "pad" type OF collectors, acceptable DNA was extractable both from the buffer/preservative and the pad. Although fresh urine and OF produced complete STR profiles, partial profiles were obtained after storage for most samples. An exception was the DNA in the Quantisal OF collector, from which a complete profile was obtained for both freshly collected OF and stored OF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M White
- RTI International, Center for Forensic Sciences, Bldg. 7, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States.
| | - John M Mitchell
- RTI International, Center for Forensic Sciences, Bldg. 7, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - E Dale Hart
- RTI International, Center for Forensic Sciences, Bldg. 7, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Amy Evans
- RTI International, Center for Forensic Sciences, Bldg. 7, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Meredith Meaders
- RTI International, Center for Forensic Sciences, Bldg. 7, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Sarah E Norsworthy
- RTI International, Center for Forensic Sciences, Bldg. 7, P.O. Box 12194, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, United States
| | - Eugene D Hayes
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA/CBHSQ), Division of Workplace Programs, 5600 Fishers Lane, 16N02, Rockville, MD 20857, United States
| | - Ron Flegel
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA/CBHSQ), Division of Workplace Programs, 5600 Fishers Lane, 16N02, Rockville, MD 20857, United States
| | - George C Maha
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, 1440 York Court, Burlington, North Carolina 27215-3361, United States
| | - Megan D Shaffer
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, 1440 York Court, Burlington, North Carolina 27215-3361, United States
| | - Erin M Hall
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, 1440 York Court, Burlington, North Carolina 27215-3361, United States
| | - Kelley Rogers
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, 1440 York Court, Burlington, North Carolina 27215-3361, United States
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