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Haddad M, Pailhé A. Return Migration and Fertility: French Overseas Emigrants, Returnees, and Nonmigrants at Origin and Destination. Demography 2024; 61:569-593. [PMID: 38506316 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11235052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Although growing research has emphasized the critical importance of studying returns for understanding various aspects of migration processes, knowledge regarding return migrants' fertility behaviors remains limited. This study addresses this knowledge gap by comparing rates of first births and completed fertility among three groups: nonmigrants (at origin), migrants, and return migrants. Using extensive data collected both in the home regions and at destination, we analyze female migration from Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Réunion Island to metropolitan France (European France). We find intermediate fertility behaviors for return migrants relative to nonmigrants and migrants: on average, completed fertility levels are lower among return migrants than nonmigrants but slightly higher among return migrants than migrants. Some of these differences can be attributed to selection into migration and return, although significant gaps persist among women with similar socioeconomic characteristics. Our findings highlight three key observations. First, when migrants return before beginning childbearing, their transition to motherhood closely resembles that of nonmigrants with similar characteristics. Second, the lower fertility rates among prospective return migrants indicate an anticipation of disruption effects. Finally, reduced fertility while residing in metropolitan France translates into lower completed fertility rates for return migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Haddad
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Aubervilliers, France
| | - Ariane Pailhé
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED), Aubervilliers, France
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Guillot M, Khlat M, Gansey R, Solignac M, Elo I. Return Migration Selection and Its Impact on the Migrant Mortality Advantage: New Evidence Using French Pension Data. Demography 2023; 60:1335-1357. [PMID: 37650652 PMCID: PMC10587819 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10938784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The migrant mortality advantage (MMA) has been observed in many immigrant-receiving countries, but its underlying factors remain poorly understood. This article examines the role of return migration selection effects in explaining the MMA among males aged 65+ using a rich, unique dataset from France. This dataset contains information on native-born and foreign-born pensioners who are tracked worldwide until they die, providing a rare opportunity to assess return migration selection effects and their impact on the MMA. Results provide evidence of substantial and systematic negative return migration selection among foreign-born males in France. Old-age returns, in particular, appear particularly affected by such selection; however, they are not frequent enough to explain the MMA at ages 65+. By contrast, returns at younger ages are much more frequent, and the MMA at ages 65+ essentially disappears once these earlier returns are considered. This study extends the literature on negative selection at return and its impact on the MMA by providing evidence that such negative selection may operate not only at older ages but throughout the life course, with impacts on the MMA that are larger than previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Guillot
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- French Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Myriam Khlat
- French Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France
| | | | - Matthieu Solignac
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- French Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Irma Elo
- Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Paul M, Mandal S, Samanta R. Does early-life migration experience determine health and health-risk behavior in later life? Evidence from elderly returns migrants in Kerala, India. SSM Popul Health 2023; 23:101449. [PMID: 37691975 PMCID: PMC10492143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Becoming elderly is an intrinsic part of life, and the burden of disease increases with age. However, the early life migration experience and occupational hazards at the destination can lead to serious health problems later in life. This study aims to understand the association between early life migration and the health and risky behavior of elderly return migrants using data from the Kerala Migration Survey in 2018. The results of bivariate and multivariate analyses show that the majority of migrants return due to retirement and ill health at the average age of 51 and suffer from poor health and multiple diseases. More than half (55%) of elderly returnees reported poor health, and among them, 70% have at least one chronic disease. The early life migration experience and injuries at the destination are the main determinants of poor self-rated health and chronic disease. Furthermore, elderly return migrants have high-risk health behaviours such as smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as less access to health schemes. Despite some shortcomings, this study identifies the most vulnerable groups among the elderly and their health characteristics. This will help to promote healthy aging in Kerala, India, or areas with increasing numbers of elderly and return migrants around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Paul
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourav Mandal
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramkrishna Samanta
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai-400088, Maharashtra, India
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Weldemariam LF, Ayanlade A, Borderon M, Möslinger K. Dynamics and factors influencing return migration to Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18791. [PMID: 37576201 PMCID: PMC10412836 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Return migration, the process of migrants returning to their countries of origin, is a vital aspect of migration that has received growing attention in recent years. One area of focus in the study of return migration is understanding the motivations that drive migrants to return home. Conducting a regional literature review on the dynamics and factors influencing return migration can provide valuable insights into this complex and dynamic phenomenon. It can inform policy development, help to address economic and social issues and contribute to our understanding of migration patterns and trends in the region. Purpose This study, therefore, aims to understand the dynamics and factors that influence return migration to Sub-Saharan Africa, a region that has experienced significant outflows of migration over the past few decades. This study provides an understanding of the drivers of and barriers to return migration and how far they resonate with factors of mobility and immobility. Methods A two-decade systematic literature review was conducted to determine the driving factors and barriers that influence return migration to Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Multivariate factors of return migration were examined based on the central question: why do migrants return to their homeland? The multiple-step systematic literature search covers a broad range of factors of return migration to sub-Saharan Africa. Result The findings indicate complex scenarios influencing decisions to return to the region, with the interplay of driving factors as well as barriers to return. Social, personal, economic, and policy factors were among the major drivers of return migration, but social and personal drivers were found to be the major motivating factors of decisions to return to SSA, compared to policy and economic issues. The observed drivers and barriers to returning migration in SSA were categorized and discussed under thematic sections considering structural, individual and policy issues. Conclusion The study concludes that migrants' decisions to return could be determined by numerous structural factors, such as economic, political, social and environmental circumstances, both at the place of origin and at the destination. Therefore, the review could be a useful contribution to future research, governments, mobility-oriented organizations and policymakers for effective return-migration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemlem F. Weldemariam
- Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7/5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Ayansina Ayanlade
- Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7/5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Geography, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Marion Borderon
- Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7/5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karoline Möslinger
- Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Universitätsstraße 7/5, 1010 Vienna, Austria
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Weber R, Saarela J. Who Migrates and Who Returns in a Context of Free Mobility? An Analysis of the Reason for Migration, Income and Family Trajectories. Eur J Popul 2023; 39:17. [PMID: 37347312 PMCID: PMC10287874 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of free mobility in Europe has lowered barriers to movement and given rise to diversity in migration and integration patterns. However, in part due to data constraints, it is difficult to study migration motives, integration and return migration together. Using linked Finnish and Swedish register data covering the period 1988-2005, we address these processes within the same framework and study how the reason for migration and trajectories at the destination relate to return migration. In particular, we assess the migration motives of 13,948 Finnish migrants in Sweden using pre- and post-migration information. Finland and Sweden have been part of the common Nordic labour market since 1954, which has allowed Nordic citizens to move without barriers between the two countries. We also study how income trajectories and trajectories of family formation differ across the assessed motives, and analyse how return migration risks are shaped by the motive and by trajectories of income and family formation. Results reveal that labour and tied migrants are initially more likely to have family abroad than student migrants. Student migrants instead continue their education and experience a steeper income increase. The income of student migrants eventually catches up and surpasses that of labour migrants. Return migration risks are shaped by trajectories at the destination, but also by the initial migration motive. These findings underline the importance of assessing diversity across migrants to gain a better understanding of how different migrant groups fare in the destination country and how this relates to subsequent moves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Weber
- Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institut National d'Études Démographiques, 93300, Paris, France.
| | - Jan Saarela
- Åbo Akademi University, Postbox 311, 65101, Vaasa, Finland
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Sheftel MG. Immigrant Wealth Stratification and Return Migration: The Case of Mexican Immigrants in the United States During the Twentieth Century. Demography 2023; 60:809-835. [PMID: 37083302 PMCID: PMC10578872 DOI: 10.1215/00703370-10693686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Considerable wealth stratification exists between U.S.-born and foreign-born populations (Campbell and Kaufman 2006), with low wealth attainment documented among Mexican immigrants (Hao 2007). High rates of Mexican return migration (Azose and Raftery 2019) suggest that nonrandom selection into return migration on wealth is a potential driver of stratification. Existing theories do not conclusively predict asset accumulation among returnees versus stayers, and empirical research on return migration and wealth stratification is scarce. Combining data from the 2000 U.S. Health and Retirement Study and the 2001 Mexican Health and Aging Study to create a novel data set representing all Mexicans aged 50 and older with a history of migration to the United States and adopting a life course perspective, I find that return migration at younger and older ages is associated with higher wealth accumulation and might be a way to maximize assets at older ages. Thus, return migration may contribute to nativity-based wealth stratification in the United States. The study's findings point to the greater financial risks for new cohorts of immigrants aging in place, suggest caution in interpreting wealth stratification as a measure of mobility, and inform theories about the links between return migration and wealth across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Getz Sheftel
- Population Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Sandow E, Lundholm E. Leaving the City: Counterurbanisation and Internal Return Migration in Sweden. Eur J Popul 2023; 39:7. [PMID: 36890336 PMCID: PMC9994779 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-023-09649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines counterurban migration among young families with children in Sweden and the extent to which these moves reflect return migration, recognising the role of family members and family roots at the destination from a life course perspective. Drawing on register data for all young families with children leaving the Swedish metropolitan areas during the years 2003-2013, we analyse the pattern of counterurban moves and explore how the families' socioeconomic characteristics, childhood origins, and links to family networks are associated with becoming a counterurban mover and choice of destination. The results show that four out of ten counterurban movers are former urban movers who choose to return to their home region. Among them, almost all have family at the destination, indicating that family ties are important for counterurban migration. In general, urban residents with a background outside metropolitan areas are much more likely to become counterurban movers. Families' previous residential experiences during childhood, particularly in rural areas, are found to be associated with the residential environment they choose to resettle in when leaving the big city. Counterurban movers making a return move are similar to other counterurban movers in relation to employment status, but tend to be better off economically and move longer distances than other counterurban movers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Sandow
- Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Geography, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Emma Lundholm
- Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Geography, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Vathi Z, King R, Kalir B. Editorial Introduction: The Shifting Geopolitics of Return Migration and Reintegration. J Int Migr Integr 2022; 24:369-385. [PMID: 35789700 PMCID: PMC9244297 DOI: 10.1007/s12134-022-00974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The recent geo-politicisation of return migration warrants deep consideration of the politics of return and reintegration. A focus on geopolitics prefigures the study of reintegration not just as circumstantial to the lives of migrants or the formal strategies of states but also as deeply embedded in the historical socio-cultural and political contexts where it takes place. In introducing a set of papers that explore these links from different angles and based on research from around the world, this article argues that return and reintegration constitute a qualitatively different process from immigration and integration in the receiving countries, first and foremost because the sending state—a key actor in the reintegration process—is in a position of geopolitical power marginality. Indeed, the strategies of all the stakeholders implicated in reintegration are closely linked to the geopolitics of migration governance. In these contexts, migrants’ intimate, as well as pragmatic, strategies of reintegration and re-migration are an expression, as well as a trigger, of multi-scale geopolitics. There is a distinct contrast between the emphasis on borders and securitisation in high-income countries and the informality and precarity of the way that migrants have to manage their ontological security in the process of return and reintegration. Reintegration should thus be understood as a process contingent upon different and, often, incongruous legal, political and socio-economic elements, as endorsed and employed by the different stakeholders involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barak Kalir
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rajan SI, Pattath B. Distress return migration amid COVID-19: Kerala's response. Asian Pac Migr J 2022; 31:176-189. [PMID: 35991298 PMCID: PMC9379595 DOI: 10.1177/01171968221115259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emigrants from Kerala, India, were among the international migrants affected by
the displacing consequences of COVID-19 — job losses, decreasing wages,
inadequate social protection systems, xenophobia and overall uncertainty — which
led to large-scale return migration to India. Returning home due to exogenous
shocks calls into question the voluntary nature of return, the ability of
returnees to reintegrate and the sustainability of re-embedding in the home
country. The role of return migrants in the development of their societies of
origin is also unclear. In this commentary, we explore the circumstances of
return migration since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing on a
case study of Kerala and provide insights on the future of emigration from this
corridor along with policy suggestions. The role of return migrants in the
development of their societies of origin requires further research and policy
interventions.
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10
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Grosa D, King R. The Challenges of Educational Reintegration and the Psychosocial Wellbeing of Returnee Children: Evidence from Latvia. J Int Migr Integr 2022;:1-20. [PMID: 35531269 DOI: 10.1007/s12134-022-00960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
When emigrant families return-migrate to their homeland, what happens to their school-age children? What challenges do these children face when they switch to a different school system and language? This paper addresses these questions in the context of family return migration to Latvia, based on 40 in-depth interviews with children, their parents and key informants - teachers, school support staff and return-migration coordinators. We find that imaginings of a smooth reintegration into a parental homeland of extended family and friends may not be realised; instead, many children, particularly those of secondary and upper primary-school age, experience the move as a rupture in their lives. School may be fraught with unrealistic expectations on all sides, not helped by poor communication between parents, teachers and support staff. The lack of fluency in the Latvian language is seen by teachers as an obstacle, rather than something to be accepted and worked with. Most teachers are unfamiliar with children from different backgrounds and origins and need training in diversity, tolerance and differentiated learning. This will become increasingly necessary in a country like Latvia, with its ongoing high rates of international migration and return. Our findings show that the educational system and children's experiences of schooling play a crucial role in returnee families' overall reintegration. This raises the importance of return preparedness for the children, including language preparation and awareness of pedagogical and curriculum differences.
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Abstract
This paper uses linked Swiss administrative and survey data to examine the relationship between educational mismatch in the labour market and emigration decisions, carrying out the analysis for both Swiss native and previous immigrant workers. In turn, migrants’ decisions separate returning home from onward migration to a third country. We find that undereducation is positively associated with the probability of emigration and return to the country of origin. In contrast, the reverse relationship is found between overeducation and emigration, especially among non-European immigrant workers. According to the predictions of the traditional model of migration, based on self-selection, migrants returning home are positively selected relative to migrants emigrating to other countries. We also find that immigrants from a country outside the EU27/EFTA have little incentive to return home and generally accept jobs for which they are mismatched in Switzerland. These results highlight the relevance to understand emigration behaviours in relation to the type of migrant that is most integrated, and productive, in the Swiss market, hence enabling better migration and domestic labour market policy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wanner
- Institute of Demography and Socioeconomics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pecoraro
- Institute of Economic Research, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
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Saxena A, Dutta A, Fischer HW, Keleman Saxena A, Jantz P. Forest livelihoods and a "green recovery" from the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights and emerging research priorities from India. For Policy Econ 2021; 131:102550. [PMID: 36570104 PMCID: PMC9760494 DOI: 10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
For those concerned with the future of forests, the COVID-19 pandemic has simultaneously offered cause for great concern, and renewed hope. On one hand, the pandemic is occurring at a time when forests are already under unprecedented pressures from climate change, amplifying concerns about unsustainable forest extraction in the name of economic recovery. On the other hand, however, the crisis has helped to gather momentum around the notion of a "green recovery," including setting aside additional land for forest conservation. Drawing insights from past and ongoing research in India, we highlight an issue that exemplifies the tension between these two poles: the role of forests as social safety nets for rural communities in developing countries. It is well established that forests can provide critical resources for rural livelihoods, especially in times of crisis, and preliminary reports suggest that these resources have become even more important in the context of India's COVID lockdowns, and mass return migration from urban to rural areas. As the second wave of the pandemic continues to unfold in India, we highlight some key research priorities, including: 1) understanding how and to what extent forest-dependent communities and industries are changing their use of wood- and non-wood resources in the context of return migration and economic stress; 2) tracking shifts in forest cover, structure, and composition that may result from increased extractive pressures; 3) assessing the role of institutions, whether local, national, or international, in mediating these outcomes. Drawing on these observations, we suggest some key principles for integrating forest-based livelihoods into "green recovery," founded on principles that articulate forests as complex and integrated social-ecological systems, prioritize equity, and build on past learnings of community-based forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alark Saxena
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Anwesha Dutta
- Chr. Michelsen Institute, P.O. Box 6033, N-5892 Bergen, Norway
| | - Harry W Fischer
- Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7012, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alder Keleman Saxena
- Chr. Michelsen Institute, P.O. Box 6033, N-5892 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Patrick Jantz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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Vanthomme K, Vandenheede H. Factors Associated with Return Migration of First-Generation Immigrants in Belgium (2001-2011). Eur J Popul 2021; 37:603-624. [PMID: 34421447 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-021-09581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Belgium is a country with a long and diverse history of migration. Given the diverse context of immigration to Belgium, reasons for return migration will most likely vary as well. With this study, we want to quantify the return migration of Belgium's immigrants and assess whether socio-economic, sociodemographic and health factors are related to return migration. Individually linked census and register data comprising the total Belgian first-generation immigrant population aged 25+ were used. Age-standardized emigration rates (ASER) by migrant origin and gender were calculated for the period 2001-2011. Additionally, relative return migration differences were calculated by country of origin and gender, adjusted for age group, length of stay, household composition, socio-economic indicators (education, home ownership and employment status) and self-rated health in 2001. Return migration was most common among immigrants from Spanish descent and from the neighbouring countries and higher among men than among women. Return migration was highly selective in terms of older age, lower length of stay in Belgium, not living with a partner or children, being high-educated, unemployed and in good health. Key issues for future research include examining the reasons for return migration, identifying the country of destination and accounting for household characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vanthomme
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences & Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hadewijch Vandenheede
- Interface Demography, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences & Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Spring A, Mulder CH, Thomas MJ, Cooke TJ. Migration after union dissolution in the United States: The role of non-resident family. Soc Sci Res 2021; 96:102539. [PMID: 33867010 PMCID: PMC9552123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Separation from a spouse or cohabiting partner is associated with a high likelihood of moving, even over long distances. In this paper, we use longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics for the United States to analyze the role of non-resident family in the migration of separated people immediately after and in the years following union dissolution. We explore both migration in general and return migration among separated people, drawing comparisons to married and never-married people. We find that having parents, children, or siblings living close by substantially deters migration, especially among separated people. We also find marked positive effects of having family members in the county where the respondent grew up on the likelihood of returning there. Separated people are especially likely to return, compared to others, if they have parents in their county of origin. Furthermore, a lack of an effect of years of education on migration, and a negative effect of this variable on return migration, suggest that migration after separation is less related to human-capital considerations than other types of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Spring
- Department of Sociology, Georgia State University, 38 Peachtree Center Ave. SE, Atlanta, GA, 30302-5020, United States.
| | - Clara H Mulder
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Statistics Norway, Akersveien 26, 0177 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thomas J Cooke
- Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, 215 Glenbrook Road, U-4148, Storrs, CT 06269, 4148, United States.
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Chen C, Bernard A, Rylee R, Abel G. Brain Circulation: The Educational Profile of Return Migrants. Popul Res Policy Rev 2021; 41:387-399. [PMID: 33935340 PMCID: PMC8075014 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-021-09655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Countries increasingly compete to attract and retain human capital. However, empirical studies, particularly those of migrants moving back to developing countries, have been limited due to the lack of education-specific migration flow data. Drawing on census microdata from IPUMS, we derive flow data by level of education and age group to quantify the level of return migration and examine the educational and age profile of return migrants for a global sample of 60 countries representing 70% of the world population. We show that return migrants account for a significant share of in-migration flows, particularly in Africa and Latin America, and, in all countries but six, return migrants are more educated than the population in the migrants’ country of birth. Our age decomposition reveals that young adults contribute the most to the positive educational selectivity of return migrants, particularly in Africa and Asia. While this paper does not quantify the net effect of return migration on education levels, it underlines the importance of the human capital contributions of young adult returnees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Asian Demographic Research Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aude Bernard
- Queensland Center for Population Research, School of Earth and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Chamberlain Building, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ryan Rylee
- Independent Scholar, 158 Nanda Rd, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guy Abel
- Asian Demographic Research Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Shanghai, 200444 People’s Republic of China
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Wassink J. International Migration Experience and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Mexico. World Dev 2020; 136:105077. [PMID: 32905509 PMCID: PMC7472998 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of international migration experience on entrepreneurship in sending areas. To identify prosperous businesses that create jobs and encourage economic development, this study isolates businesses other than street-vending enterprises with non-family employees. Retrospective life history data from the Mexican Migration Project (N = 11,789 persons & 146,372 person-years) was used to estimate the annual probability of becoming an entrepreneur across 170 Mexican communities between 1975-2017. This study found that (1) any prior migration experience increases the probability of entrepreneurial entry relative to non-migrants; (2) accumulated months of migration experience are positively associated with the probability of entrepreneurial entry; (3) undocumented status is associated with a lower probability of entrepreneurial entry. The positive effect of accumulated migration experience on entrepreneurship suggests that international migrants can accumulate human and financial resources that are essential to early stage entrepreneurship. Thus, entrepreneurship represents an important pathway through which international migration can encourage economic development in less developed regions. At the same time, the results suggest that that immigration policies in receiving countries can undercut migrants' capacities to mobilize resources and contribute to economic development upon return. These findings suggest that target migration creates a win-win by addressing labor shortages in receiving countries, while transferring resources to sending areas that enable economic mobility and development.
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Irudaya Rajan S, Sivakumar P, Srinivasan A. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Internal Labour Migration in India: A 'Crisis of Mobility'. Indian J Labour Econ 2020; 63:1021-1039. [PMID: 33250596 PMCID: PMC7678601 DOI: 10.1007/s41027-020-00293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on migration. The rapid spread of the pandemic caught countries across the world off guard, resulting in widespread lockdowns that clamped down on mobility, commercial activities and social interactions. In India, the pandemic precipitated a severe 'crisis of mobility', with migrant labourers in many major cities seeking to return to their hometowns. Their desperate attempts to return home by any means available rendered the lockdown ineffective in several areas, prompting clashes with authorities, last-minute policy relief and, eventually, the arrangement of transport measures. This paper aims to shed light on the vulnerability of India's internal migrants in terms of their mobility, gender and mental health. In addition, it critically analyses the limitations of public policy in addressing migrants and suggests recommendations for the way ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Sivakumar
- Department of Development Studies, Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development, Chennai, India
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Awasthi I, Mehta BS. Forced Out-Migration from Hill Regions and Return Migration During the Pandemic: Evidence from Uttarakhand. Indian J Labour Econ 2020; 63:1107-1124. [PMID: 33204055 PMCID: PMC7659421 DOI: 10.1007/s41027-020-00291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with out-migration which has been a common phenomenon in the hill regions and is closely related to their socio-economic and cultural patterns. In particular, male-specific out-migration has been a sustained tradition from the hill districts of Uttarakhand. The people have been migrating not just for seeking diverse avenues of employment, but also for accessing better educational and health opportunities. As per 2011 Census, the overall population growth rate in the state was 1.7% with huge differentials in the hill and plain districts. Hill districts witnessed one-fourth growth (0.7%) of the population compared to that of plain districts (2.8%) suggestive of huge out-migration from these (hill) districts of the state. The important thing to note is that the nature and patterns of out-migration have now paved the way from long-term to permanent out-migration. Also, the lack of employment opportunities is creating distress out-migration to destinations within or outside the state, which has become a major cause of concern. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the most short-term migrants who returned to their villages in desperation resulting in despondency and distress. In this context, the paper explores the factors of distress migration by analysing the data from a quick survey of 323 return migrants carried out in June 2020 to understand their employment and livelihood profile, reasons for their return to native places, coping mechanism and future plans. The findings reveal that due to lack of livelihood opportunities in their place of origin, most of them would eventually like to return to their destination places in the future to eke out their living. From a policy point of view, enhancing the economic base and livelihood opportunities by focusing on niche activities with improved provisioning of educational and health infrastructure and services can eventually help restrict out-migration from Uttarakhand.
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Wassink J, Hagan J. How local community context shapes labour market re-entry and resource mobilisation among return migrants: an examination of rural and urban communities in Mexico. J Ethn Migr Stud 2020; 48:3301-3322. [PMID: 35966139 PMCID: PMC9369101 DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2020.1758552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates suggest that nearly half of all international migrants return to their communities of origin within five years of emigration. Motivated by high levels of return migration, scholars are increasingly investigating the ways in which return migrants mobilize resources they acquire abroad, such as human and financial capital, to achieve economic mobility upon return. Yet, resource mobilization and labor market reintegration unfold in heterogeneous community contexts. To understand the labor market reintegration of return migrants in various local contexts, we draw on an eight-year study that included interviews with 153 Mexican returnees to examine how labor market reintegration and resource mobilization vary across three types of communities: urban, urban-adjacent, and rural. U.S.-Mexico migration is the largest binational return flow in the world, providing a unique opportunity to explore variations in the reintegration experiences of returnees. We find that labor market reintegration and resource mobilization are contextually embedded processes that respond to the social, economic, and spatial features of migrants' origin communities. Following our analysis, we extend three testable hypotheses that can guide future research on international migration and return.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Hagan
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill &, Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Samari G. Coming back and moving backwards: return migration and gender norms in Egypt. J Ethn Migr Stud 2019; 47:1103-1118. [PMID: 33716548 PMCID: PMC7953847 DOI: 10.1080/1369183x.2019.1669437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examines how gender norms and household gender dynamics are modified in Egypt as a result of male return migration from other Arab Countries. Data come from the 2006 and 2012 Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey. For 7,314 married couples in 2006 and 8,992 married couples in 2012, treatment effects regression models of gender norms and household decision-making and return migration are estimated. Egyptian women with spouses who have migrated to an Arab country and returned value more traditional gender norms. Women in households with a spouse who returned also make fewer household decisions compared to women in non-migrant households. Women with spouses who have migrated multiple times also make fewer household decisions compared to women who had a spouse migrate before 2006. The findings suggest transformation of household gender dynamics and reinforcement of traditional gender ideologies by male emigration to and immigration from other Arab countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goleen Samari
- Department of Population & Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
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Abstract
Data from the Mexican Census reveal that between 2005 and 2015, nearly two million migrants returned voluntarily to Mexico from the United States. Currently, high rates of voluntary-return migration to Mexico continue at the same time that migration flows to the U.S. steadily decline. This return migration trend presents serious challenges for Mexico, a country that has long struggled to satisfy the health care demands of its population. However, little is known about return migrants' health care needs. In this study, we examine the health risk profiles and healthcare utilization for Mexican return migrants and the non-migrant population. We examine how these outcomes are affected by both the migration and return migration experience of the returnee population, while paying close attention to age-group differences. We employ inverse probability weighting regression adjustment (IPWRA) and logistic regression analysis of a sample of 348,450 respondents from the 2014 National Survey of Demographic Dynamics (ENADID) to test for differences in health conditions between those Mexican return migrants and non-migrants. We then turn to the Survey of Migration at Mexico's Northern Border (EMIF Norte, for its Spanish acronym) for the 2014-2017 period to further assess whether certain characteristics linked to aging and the migration experience influence the prevalence of chronic health conditions, and health insurance coverage among 17,258 returned migrants. Findings reveal that compared to non-migrants, returnees are more likely to be physically impaired. These poor health outcomes are influenced by the migration and return migration experience and vary by age group and duration of residence, the time that has elapsed since returning to Mexico. We do not find an association between return migration and mental or emotional distress. Policy implications are discussed in light of immigration reform and restrictions on eligibility for health insurance coverage for older adults in Mexico.
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Heist BS, Matsubara Torok H, Michael Elnicki D. Working to Change Systems: Repatriated U.S. Trained Japanese Physicians and the Reform of Generalist Fields in Japan. Teach Learn Med 2019; 31:412-423. [PMID: 30849234 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2019.1574580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Internationally, efforts to produce an adequate supply of effective generalist physicians commonly encounter resistance. Achieving reform requires changes in educational and clinical practice cultures, and clinician educators play a central role in championing change. In Japan, training in generalist fields has historically been lacking, but for decades the government has advocated alignment with Western models. Meanwhile, some Japanese physicians have pursued U.S. training in generalist fields with intention to help change the clinical education and practice systems back in Japan. This study examines the endeavors of repatriated Japanese International Medical Graduates and provides a lens to understanding national challenges with reform and insights into strategizing next steps. Approach: Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 purposively sampled Japanese IMGs who had repatriated across Japan after completing U.S. clinical residency in generalist fields. Iterative data collection and thematic analyses were performed using constant comparison. Findings: Participants identified Japanese medical universities and public sectors as steeped in traditions with systemic inertia. In turn, participants described well-informed career decision making involving connections and teammates, which commonly resulted in employment at new or smaller hospitals. Education-related efforts prioritized direct clinical work with physician trainees in the hope of building expansive lineages of educators. Main challenges were Japanese structural and cultural incongruences with Western generalist-based clinical practice. Participants described a competitive relationship with the long-standing ikyoku-based postgraduate education model and associated organ-based organization of clinical practice. Insights: Japanese IMG championing of clinical education and practice in generalist fields is largely marginalized within Japan's clinical education and practice landscape. National-level reform will require transforming or displacing the structurally and culturally rooted traditional infrastructure. Specific measures must be culturally nuanced but likely include those proven effective for similar reforms elsewhere. Based on Japan's national cultural characteristics, sustained leadership is anticipated to be particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Heist
- a Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Haruka Matsubara Torok
- b Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - D Michael Elnicki
- a Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
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Leibbrand C, Massey C, Alexander JT, Tolnay S. Great Migration's great return? An examination of second-generation return migration to the South. Soc Sci Res 2019; 81:117-131. [PMID: 31130190 PMCID: PMC7259708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using novel panel data spanning 1940-2000, we examine the adult offspring of the Great Migration who returned to the South. We observe two types of return migrants: (1) southern-born, "lifetime" return migrants who were born in the South, resided outside of the South in 1940, and returned to the South by 2000, and (2) northern-born, "generational" return migrants whose parents were born in the South but who, themselves, were born in the North, resided in the North in 1940, and had returned to the South by 2000. These data also allow us to observe return migrants and their parents over a longer period of time than any previous data source, permitting us to consider the early-life predictors of return migration. We find that generational migrants comprise a sizeable segment of all second-generation return migrants to the South and that these migrants are positively selected on their own and their parents' socioeconomic characteristics, relative to the second-generation migrants who remain in the North. Conversely, southern-born, lifetime, return migrants are negatively selected. Our investigation provides a broader and more representative view of who return migrants are and illustrates the underappreciated importance of generational ties to place for migration decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Leibbrand
- University of Washington, Savery Hall, Box 353340, Seattle, WA, 98195-3340, USA.
| | - Catherine Massey
- Welch Consulting, 1716 Briarcrest Dr # 700, Bryan, TX, 77802, USA
| | - J Trent Alexander
- University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Stewart Tolnay
- University of Washington, Savery Hall, Box 353340, Seattle, WA, 98195-3340, USA
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Reid A, Garrett E. Mortality, Work and Migration. A Consideration of Age-specific Mortality from Tuberculosis in Scotland, 1861-1901. Hist Life Course Stud 2018; 6:111-132. [PMID: 29877504 PMCID: PMC5985978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an examination into some of the most enduring debates regarding tuberculosis mortality during the nineteenth century: those related to gender, geographic and temporal variations. We use populations reconstructed from individual census and civil register data for the period 1861 to 1901, comparing a growing urban area with a declining rural area, both with around 20,000 inhabitants in 1861. Our analysis shows that among young adults tuberculosis was linked to excess female mortality in the urban area and excess male mortality in the rural area. We demonstrate that in the town textile workers of both genders had particularly high mortality from tuberculosis, and that the only reason for higher overall female mortality was the predominance of young women in the textile labour force. We show that the age and gender-specific pattern of mortality in the rural area is consistent with higher male than female out-migration together with return migration of those who had contracted the disease elsewhere and needed care during their lengthy illness. We argue that the observed patterns are difficult to reconcile with the 'bargaining-nutrition' account of gendered patterns in tuberculosis mortality, and that they provide little support for nutrition as a key influence on the disease. However, our findings do reinforce Andrew Hinde's recent argument that geographical patterns in sex-specific tuberculosis mortality rates were largely determined by migration patterns, and we discuss the implications of this for our understanding of the decline of the disease over the late nineteenth century.
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Zevulun D, Post WJ, Zijlstra AE, Kalverboer ME, Knorth EJ. The Best Interests of the Child from Different Cultural Perspectives: Factors Influencing Judgements of the Quality of Child-Rearing Environment and Construct Validity of the Best Interests of the Child-Questionnaire (BIC-Q) in Kosovo and Albania. Child Indic Res 2018; 12:331-351. [PMID: 30931020 PMCID: PMC6404411 DOI: 10.1007/s12187-018-9543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Child-rearing practices and beliefs of what determines a 'good quality' of child-rearing differ across cultural contexts and more than one interpretation can be given to "a child's best interests". This study aims to examine the cultural factors that influence judgements of the quality of children's rearing environment, and the construct validity of the Best Interests of the Child-Questionnaire (BIC-Q) scale when used in the Western Balkans. In our research on migrant children who returned to Kosovo and Albania, the BIC-Q is used to assess the quality of the child-rearing environment from a local cultural perspective on child-rearing. To assess cultural differences in judgements of the child-rearing environment, we measured agreement through Cohen's kappa of BIC-Qs completed from a Western-Balkan and a Western-European perspective on child-rearing. The construct validity of the BIC-Q scale was assessed through a Mokken scale analysis. The findings show that - except for two items - there is substantial agreement between Western-European and Western-Balkan assessors regarding the direction of the judgement, i.e. if the scores on the child-rearing conditions are dichotomized (sufficient/insufficient). The judgements of the 'respect' and 'interest' conditions are sensitive to differences in the cultural or professional perspectives of the assessors. The findings of the Mokken scale analysis demonstrate a strong and reliable scale in the cultural context of the Western Balkans (H = .73; Rho = .97). Knowledge gained from using the BIC-Q to assess the living situation of returned migrant children in their countries of origin and insight into child-rearing standards provides input for the best interests of the child determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Zevulun
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen, c/o Dr. D. Zevulun, Grote Rozenstraat 38, NL-9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy J. Post
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen, c/o Dr. D. Zevulun, Grote Rozenstraat 38, NL-9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Elianne Zijlstra
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen, c/o Dr. D. Zevulun, Grote Rozenstraat 38, NL-9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margrite E. Kalverboer
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen, c/o Dr. D. Zevulun, Grote Rozenstraat 38, NL-9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J. Knorth
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Special Needs Education and Youth Care, University of Groningen, c/o Dr. D. Zevulun, Grote Rozenstraat 38, NL-9712 TJ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Despite having lower levels of education and limited access to health care services, Mexican immigrants report better health outcomes than U.S.-born individuals. Research suggests that the Mexican health advantage may be partially attributable to selective return migration among less healthy migrants-often referred to as "salmon bias." Our study takes advantage of a rare opportunity to observe the health status of Mexican-origin males as they cross the Mexican border. To assess whether unhealthy migrants are disproportionately represented among those who return, we use data from two California-based studies: the California Health Interview Survey; and the Migrante Study, a survey that samples Mexican migrants entering and leaving the United States through Tijuana. We pool these data sources to look for evidence of health-related return migration. Results provide mixed support for salmon bias. Although migrants who report health limitations and frequent stress are more likely to return, we find little evidence that chronic conditions and self-reported health are associated with higher probabilities of return. Results also provide some indication that limited health care access increases the likelihood of return among the least healthy. This study provides new theoretical considerations of return migration and further elucidates the relationship between health and migration decisions.
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Abstract
Using a unique panel data set of state-to-state outward and return migration flows between Mexico and the United States from 1995 to 2012, this study is the first to analyze Mexico-U.S. migration at the state level and explore simultaneously the effect of economic, environmental, and social factors in Mexico over two decades. Pairing origin and destination states and controlling for a rich structure of fixed effects, we find that income positively impacts migration outflows, especially for Mexican states of origin with a recent migration history and for low-educated migrant flows, suggesting the existence of credit constraints. We find evidence that drought causes more out-migration, while other climatic shocks have no effect. Violence is found to increase out-migration flows from border states and to decrease migration from other Mexican states, especially where violence is directed at migrants. Last, return flows are larger when income growth at destination is lower, consistent with the accumulation of savings as a primary motivation of migrants. Exploring the impact of the crisis, we find evidence of significant changes in the geography of migration flows. Traditional flows are drying up, and new migration corridors are rising, with implications on the composition of the Mexican population in the United States. Although the effect of income on flows in both directions is unchanged by the crisis, the negative effect of violence on out-migration tends to reverse at the end of the period. Overall, this study emphasizes the interest of analyzing disaggregated flows at the infra-country level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Chort
- Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, IRD, LEDa, DIAL, 75016, Paris, France.
| | - Maëlys de la Rupelle
- THEMA, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 33 bd du Port, 95011, Cergy-Pontoise, France
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Aguila E, Vega A. Social Security Contributions and Return Migration Among Older Male Mexican Immigrants. Gerontologist 2017; 57:563-574. [PMID: 28329834 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose For decades, scholars have studied the effects of immigration on the U.S. social security system. To date, this research has been primarily limited to migrants within the United States and does not consider those who return to their countries of origin. We estimate the proportion of male Mexican return migrants who contributed to the U.S. social security system and analyze their socioeconomic characteristics and migration histories. We also estimate the proportion that receive or expect to receive U.S. social security benefits. Design and Methods Using probit regression on the 2012 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), we describe the predictors of having contributed to the U.S. social security system among Mexican males in Mexico aged 50 years and older who at some point lived in the United States. Results We find that 32% of male return migrants reported having contributed to the U.S. social security system, but only 5% of those who contributed, received or expected to receive benefits. Those who reported having contributed spent more years in the United States and were more likely to be U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents than those who did not contribute. Implications Immigrants often pay Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance taxes using legitimate or illegitimate social security numbers and return to their home countries without collecting U.S. social security benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Aguila
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Alma Vega
- NewCourtland Center for Transitions and Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia
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Bojorquez I, Aguilera RM, Ramírez J, Cerecero D, Mejía S. Common Mental Disorders at the Time of Deportation: A Survey at the Mexico-United States Border. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 17:1732-8. [PMID: 25118675 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-014-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Deportations from the Unites States (US) to Mexico increased substantially during the last decade. Considering deportation as a stressful event with potential consequences on mental health, we aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) among deported migrants; and (2) explore the association between migratory experience, social support and psychological variables, and CMD in this group. In repatriation points along the border, a probability sample of deportees responded to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ). The prevalence of CMD was 16.0% (95% CI 12.3, 20.6). There was a U-shaped association between time in the US and SRQ score. Times returned to Mexico, having a spouse in the US, number of persons in household, less social support, anxiety as a personality trait, and avoidant coping style were directly associated with SRQ score. Public health policies should address the need for mental health care among deported migrants.
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Abstract
We use data from three rounds of the Mexican Family Life Survey to examine whether migrants in the United States returning to Mexico in the period 2005-2012 have worse health than those remaining in the United States. Despite extensive interest by demographers in health-related selection, this has been a neglected area of study in the literature on U.S.-Mexico migration, and the few results to date have been contradictory and inconclusive. Using five self-reported health variables collected while migrants resided in the United States and subsequent migration history, we find direct evidence of higher probabilities of return migration for Mexican migrants in poor health as well as lower probabilities of return for migrants with improving health. These findings are robust to the inclusion of potential confounders reflecting the migrants' demographic characteristics, economic situation, family ties, and origin and destination characteristics. We anticipate that in the coming decade, health may become an even more salient issue in migrants' decisions about returning to Mexico, given the recent expansion in access to health insurance in Mexico.
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Poppe A, Wojczewski S, Taylor K, Kutalek R, Peersman W. The views of migrant health workers living in Austria and Belgium on return migration to sub-Saharan Africa. Hum Resour Health 2016; 14:27. [PMID: 27381038 PMCID: PMC4943491 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-016-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative consequences of the brain drain of sub-Saharan African health workers for source countries are well documented and include understaffed facilities, decreased standards of care and higher workloads. However, studies suggest that, if migrated health workers eventually return to their home countries, this may lead to beneficial effects following the transfer of their acquired skills and knowledge (brain gain). The present study aims to explore the factors influencing the intentions for return migration of sub-Saharan African health workers who emigrated to Austria and Belgium, and gain further insight into the potential of circular migration. METHODS Semi-structured interviews with 27 sub-Saharan African health workers in Belgium and Austria were conducted. RESULTS As mentioned by the respondents, the main barriers for returning were family, structural crises in the source country, and insecurity. These barriers overrule the perceived drivers, which were nearly all pull factors and emotion driven. Despite the fact that only a minority plans to return permanently, many wish to return regularly to work in the healthcare sector or to contribute to the development of their source country. CONCLUSION As long as safety and structural stability cannot be guaranteed in source countries, the number of return migrants is likely to remain low. National governments and regional organizations could play a role in facilitating the engagement of migrant health workers in the development of the healthcare system in source countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien Poppe
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Silvia Wojczewski
- Unit Ethnomedicine & International Health, Department of General Practice & Family Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth Kutalek
- Unit Ethnomedicine & International Health, Department of General Practice & Family Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wim Peersman
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Using administrative panel data, this paper presents a comprehensive empirical analysis of the return of recent foreign students in the Netherlands. We focus on how individual labour market changes and marriage formation influence their decision to leave. Our model allows for correlated unobserved heterogeneity across the migration, the labour market and the marriage formation processes. The large size of the data permits us to stratify the analysis by five groups based on the country of birth. The empirical analyses reveal that when students become unemployed they leave faster. The effect of finding a job on return is more ambiguous. For students from developed (including EU) countries it hardly affects their return, while students from less developed countries and Antilles/Surinam are more prone to leave after finding a job. Marriage in the Netherlands makes the students more prone to stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govert E. Bijwaard
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI-KNAW/University of Groningen), PO Box 11650, 2502 AR The Hague, The Netherlands
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de Haas H, Fokkema T, Fihri MF. Return Migration as Failure or Success?: The Determinants of Return Migration Intentions Among Moroccan Migrants in Europe. J Int Migr Integr 2015; 16:415-29. [PMID: 26161043 DOI: 10.1007/s12134-014-0344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Different migration theories generate competing hypotheses with regard to determinants of return migration. While neoclassical migration theory associates migration to the failure to integrate at the destination, the new economics of labour migration sees return migration as the logical stage after migrants have earned sufficient assets and knowledge and to invest in their origin countries. The projected return is then likely to be postponed for sustained or indefinite periods if integration is unsuccessful. So, from an indication or result of integration failure return is rather seen as a measure of success. Drawing on recent survey data (N = 2,832), this article tests these hypotheses by examining the main determinants of return intention among Moroccan migrants across Europe. The results indicate that structural integration through labour market participation, education and the maintenance of economic and social ties with receiving countries do not significantly affect return intentions. At the same time, investments and social ties to Morocco are positively related, and socio-cultural integration in receiving countries is negatively related to return migration intentions. The mixed results corroborate the idea that there is no uniform process of (return) migration and that competing theories might therefore be partly complementary.
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Abstract
Forced internal displacement has been rising steadily, mainly due to conflict. Many internally displaced people (IDP) experience prolonged displacement. Global research evidence suggests that many of these IDP are at high risk for developing mental disorders, adding weight to the global burden of disease. However, individual and community resilience may act as protective factors. Return migration may be an option for some IDP populations, especially when conflicts end, although return migration may itself be associated with worse mental health. Limited evidence is available on effects of resettlement or return migration following prolonged forced internal displacement on mental health. Also, the role of resilience factors remains to be clarified following situations of prolonged displacement. The public health impact of internal displacement is not clearly understood. Epidemiological and interventional research in IDP mental health needs to look beyond medicalised models and encompass broader social and cultural aspects. The resilience factor should be integrated and explored more in mental health research among IDP and a clearly focused multidisciplinary approach is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chesmal Siriwardhana
- PO Box 60, Section of Epidemiology, Health Services & Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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