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Bagheri P, Eremina OE, Fernando A, Kamal M, Stegis I, Vazquez C, Shishido SN, Kuhn P, Zavaleta C. A Systematic Approach toward Enabling Maximal Targeting Efficiency of Cell Surface Proteins with Actively Targeted SERS Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:15847-15860. [PMID: 38507685 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
With their intricate design, nanoparticles (NPs) have become indispensable tools in the quest for precise cellular targeting. Among various NPs, gold NPs stand out with unique features such as chemical stability, biocompatibility, adjustable shape, and size-dependent optical properties, making them particularly promising for molecular detection by leveraging the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. Their multiplexing abilities for the simultaneous identification of multiple biomarkers are important in the rapidly evolving landscape of diverse cellular phenotypes and biomolecular profiling. However, the challenge is ensuring that SERS NPs can effectively target specific cells and biomarkers among intricate cell types and biomolecules with high specificity. In this study, we improve the functionalization of SERS NPs, optimizing their targeting efficiency in cellular applications for ca. 160 nm NP-based probes. Spherical SERS NPs, conjugated with antibodies targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, were incubated with cells overexpressing these proteins, and their specific binding potential was quantified at each stage by using flow cytometry to achieve optimal targeting efficiency. We determined that maintaining an average of 3.5 × 105 thiols per NP, 300 antibodies per NP, 18,000 NPs per cell, conducting a 15 min staining incubation at 4 °C in a shaker, and using SM(PEG)12 as a cross-linker for the NP conjugation were crucial to achieve the highest targeting efficiency. Fluorescence and Raman imaging were used with these parameters to observe the maximum ability of these NPs to efficiently target suspended cells. These highly sensitive contrast agents demonstrate their pivotal role in effective active targeting, making them invaluable for multiplexing applications across diverse biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Bagheri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3650 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Olga E Eremina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3650 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Augusta Fernando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3650 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mohamed Kamal
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ingus Stegis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3650 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Celine Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3650 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stephanie N Shishido
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Cristina Zavaleta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 3650 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- USC Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Eremina OE, Czaja AT, Fernando A, Aron A, Eremin DB, Zavaleta C. Expanding the Multiplexing Capabilities of Raman Imaging to Reveal Highly Specific Molecular Expression and Enable Spatial Profiling. ACS Nano 2022; 16:10341-10353. [PMID: 35675533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Profiling the heterogeneous landscape of cell types and biomolecules is rapidly being adopted to address current imperative research questions. Precision medicine seeks advancements in molecular spatial profiling techniques with highly multiplexed imaging capabilities and subcellular resolution, which remains an extremely complex task. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging offers promise through the utilization of nanoparticle-based contrast agents that exhibit narrow spectral features and molecular specificity. The current renaissance of gold nanoparticle technology makes Raman scattering intensities competitive with traditional fluorescence methods while offering the added benefit of unsurpassed multiplexing capabilities. Here, we present an expanded library of individually distinct SERS nanoparticles to arm researchers and clinicians. Our nanoparticles consist of a ∼60 nm gold core, a Raman reporter molecule, and a final inert silica coating. Using density functional theory, we have selected Raman reporters that meet the key criterion of high spectral uniqueness to facilitate unmixing of up to 26 components in a single imaging pixel in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrated the utility of our SERS nanoparticles for targeting cultured cells and profiling cancerous human tissue sections for highly multiplexed optical imaging. This study showcases the far-reaching capabilities of SERS-based Raman imaging in molecular profiling to improve personalized medicine and overcome the major challenges of functional and structural diversity in proteomic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Eremina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alexander T Czaja
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Augusta Fernando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Arjun Aron
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Dmitry B Eremin
- Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Cristina Zavaleta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Campbell JL, SoRelle ED, Ilovich O, Liba O, James ML, Qiu Z, Perez V, Chan CT, de la Zerda A, Zavaleta C. Multimodal assessment of SERS nanoparticle biodistribution post ingestion reveals new potential for clinical translation of Raman imaging. Biomaterials 2017; 135:42-52. [PMID: 28486147 PMCID: PMC6252087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research and development, new nano-based diagnostic contrast agents have faced major barriers in gaining regulatory approval due to their potential systemic toxicity and prolonged retention in vital organs. Here we use five independent biodistribution techniques to demonstrate that oral ingestion of one such agent, gold-silica Raman nanoparticles, results in complete clearance with no systemic toxicity in living mice. The oral delivery mimics topical administration to the oral cavity and gastrointestinal (GI) tract as an alternative to intravenous injection. Biodistribution and clearance profiles of orally (OR) vs. intravenously (IV) administered Raman nanoparticles were assayed over the course of 48 h. Mice given either an IV or oral dose of Raman nanoparticles radiolabeled with approximately 100 μCi (3.7MBq) of 64Cu were imaged with dynamic microPET immediately post nanoparticle administration. Static microPET images were also acquired at 2 h, 5 h, 24 h and 48 h. Mice were sacrificed post imaging and various analyses were performed on the excised organs to determine nanoparticle localization. The results from microPET imaging, gamma counting, Raman imaging, ICP-MS, and hyperspectral imaging of tissue sections all correlated to reveal no evidence of systemic distribution of Raman nanoparticles after oral administration and complete clearance from the GI tract within 24 h. Paired with the unique signals and multiplexing potential of Raman nanoparticles, this approach holds great promise for realizing targeted imaging of tumors and dysplastic tissues within the oral cavity and GI-tract. Moreover, these results suggest a viable path for the first translation of high-sensitivity Raman contrast imaging into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos L Campbell
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; RMIT University, 124 Latrobe St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Elliott D SoRelle
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Biophysics Program, Stanford University, 291 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 299 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ohad Ilovich
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; inviCRO, LLC, Imaging Services and Software, 27 Drydock Ave., Boston, MA 02210, United States
| | - Orly Liba
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Michelle L James
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Pediatrics, 300 Pasteur Dr. H310, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Valerie Perez
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Carmel T Chan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Adam de la Zerda
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Biophysics Program, Stanford University, 291 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, 299 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Cristina Zavaleta
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford University, 318 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Karabeber H, Huang R, Iacono P, Samii JM, Pitter K, Holland EC, Kircher MF. Guiding brain tumor resection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoparticles and a hand-held Raman scanner. ACS Nano 2014; 8:9755-66. [PMID: 25093240 PMCID: PMC4212801 DOI: 10.1021/nn503948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The current difficulty in visualizing the true extent of malignant brain tumors during surgical resection represents one of the major reasons for the poor prognosis of brain tumor patients. Here, we evaluated the ability of a hand-held Raman scanner, guided by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles, to identify the microscopic tumor extent in a genetically engineered RCAS/tv-a glioblastoma mouse model. In a simulated intraoperative scenario, we tested both a static Raman imaging device and a mobile, hand-held Raman scanner. We show that SERS image-guided resection is more accurate than resection using white light visualization alone. Both methods complemented each other, and correlation with histology showed that SERS nanoparticles accurately outlined the extent of the tumors. Importantly, the hand-held Raman probe not only allowed near real-time scanning, but also detected additional microscopic foci of cancer in the resection bed that were not seen on static SERS images and would otherwise have been missed. This technology has a strong potential for clinical translation because it uses inert gold-silica SERS nanoparticles and a hand-held Raman scanner that can guide brain tumor resection in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Karabeber
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ruimin Huang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Pasquale Iacono
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jason M. Samii
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ken Pitter
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Eric C. Holland
- Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98019, United States
| | - Moritz F. Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Address correspondence to
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