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Jing Z, Wu L, Pan Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Shi D, Shi H, Chen J, Ji Z, Zhang J, Feng T, Tian J, Feng L. Rotavirus infection inhibits SLA-I expression on the cell surface by degrading β2 M via ERAD-proteasome pathway. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110036. [PMID: 38458048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Group A Rotavirus (RVA) is a major cause of diarrhea in infants and piglets. β2-microglobulin (β2 M), encoded by the B2M gene, serves as a crucial subunit of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. β2 M is indispensable for the transport of MHC-I to the cell membrane. MHC-I, also known as swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) in pigs, presents viral antigens to the cell surface. In this study, RVA infection down-regulated β2 M expression in both porcine intestinal epithelial cells-J2 (IPEC-J2) and MA-104 cells. RVA infection did not down-regulate the mRNA level of the B2M gene, indicating that the down-regulation of β2 M occurred on the protein level. Mechanismly, RVA infection triggered β2 M aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and enhanced the Lys48 (K48)-linked ubiquitination of β2 M, leading to the degradation of β2 M through ERAD-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, we found that RVA infection significantly impeded the level of SLA-I on the surface, and the overexpression of β2 M could recover its expression. In this study, our study demonstrated that RVA infection degrades β2 M via ERAD-proteasome pathway, consequently hampering SLA-I expression on the cell surface. This study would enhance the understanding of the mechanism of how RVA infection induces immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudi Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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Fischer K, Rieblinger B, Hein R, Sfriso R, Zuber J, Fischer A, Klinger B, Liang W, Flisikowski K, Kurome M, Zakhartchenko V, Kessler B, Wolf E, Rieben R, Schwinzer R, Kind A, Schnieke A. Viable pigs after simultaneous inactivation of porcine MHC class I and three xenoreactive antigen genes GGTA1, CMAH and B4GALNT2. Xenotransplantation 2019; 27:e12560. [PMID: 31591751 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell surface carbohydrate antigens play a major role in the rejection of porcine xenografts. The most important for human recipients are α-1,3 Gal (Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose) causing hyperacute rejection, also Neu5Gc (N-glycolylneuraminic acid) and Sd(a) blood group antigens both of which are likely to elicit acute vascular rejection given the known human immune status. Porcine cells with knockouts of the three genes responsible, GGTA1, CMAH and B4GALNT2, revealed minimal xenoreactive antibody binding after incubation with human serum. However, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies cross-reacted with swine leucocyte antigen class I (SLA-I). We previously demonstrated efficient generation of pigs with multiple xeno-transgenes placed at a single genomic locus. Here we wished to assess whether key xenoreactive antigen genes can be simultaneously inactivated and if combination with the multi-transgenic background further reduces antibody deposition and complement activation. METHODS Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer were used to generate pigs carrying functional knockouts of GGTA1, CMAH, B4GALNT2 and SLA class I. Fibroblasts derived from one- to four-fold knockout animals, and from multi-transgenic cells (human CD46, CD55, CD59, HO1 and A20) with the four-fold knockout were used to examine the effects on human IgG and IgM binding or complement activation in vitro. RESULTS Pigs were generated carrying four-fold knockouts of important xenoreactive genes. In vitro assays revealed that combination of all four gene knockouts reduced human IgG and IgM binding to porcine kidney cells more effectively than single or double knockouts. The multi-transgenic background combined with GGTA1 knockout alone reduced C3b/c and C4b/c complement activation to such an extent that further knockouts had no significant additional effect. CONCLUSION We showed that pigs carrying several xenoprotective transgenes and knockouts of xenoreactive antigens can be readily generated and these modifications will have significant effects on xenograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Beate Rieblinger
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Rabea Hein
- Transplantationslabor, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Riccardo Sfriso
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Zuber
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klinger
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Wei Liang
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Transplantationslabor, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Qi P, Liu K, Wei J, Li Y, Li B, Shao D, Wu Z, Shi Y, Tong G, Qiu Y, Ma Z. Nonstructural Protein 4 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Modulates Cell Surface Swine Leukocyte Antigen Class I Expression by Downregulating β2-Microglobulin Transcription. J Virol 2017; 91:e01755-16. [PMID: 28003480 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01755-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of PRRS, which has important impacts on the pig industry. PRRSV infection results in disruption of the swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA-I) antigen presentation pathway. In this study, highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) infection inhibited transcription of the β2-microglobulin (β2M) gene (B2M) and reduced cellular levels of β2M, which forms a heterotrimeric complex with the SLA-I heavy chain and a variable peptide and plays a critical role in SLA-I antigen presentation. HP-PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4) was involved in the downregulation of β2M expression. Exogenous expression of Nsp4 downregulated β2M expression at both the mRNA and the protein level and reduced SLA-I expression on the cell surface. Nsp4 bound to the porcine B2M promoter and inhibited its transcriptional activity. Domain III of Nsp4 and the enhancer PAM element of the porcine B2M promoter were identified as essential for the interaction between Nsp4 and B2M These findings demonstrate a novel mechanism whereby HP-PRRSV may modulate the SLA-I antigen presentation pathway and provide new insights into the functions of HP-PRRSV Nsp4. IMPORTANCE PRRSV modulates the host response by disrupting the SLA-I antigen presentation pathway. We show that HP-PRRSV downregulates SLA-I expression on the cell surface via transcriptional inhibition of B2M expression by viral Nsp4. The interaction between domain III of Nsp4 and the enhancer PAM element of the porcine B2M promoter is essential for inhibiting B2M transcription. These observations reveal a novel mechanism whereby HP-PRRSV may modulate SLA-I antigen presentation and provide new insights into the functions of viral Nsp4.
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