1
|
Alexa JM, Bertsche T. An online cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists to assess information needs for evidence-based self-medication counselling. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1452-1463. [PMID: 37532842 PMCID: PMC10682211 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-023-01624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists play an important role in healthcare. They are frequently visited by patients to receive advice on self-medication products. Little research has been conducted to investigate pharmacists' information needs for evidence-based self-medication counselling. AIM To assess community pharmacists' information needs in five predefined areas: general and specific individual needs, quality needs, utilisation needs, implication needs, and access needs for evidence based self-medication counselling. METHOD After ethical approval, we conducted an exploratory, semi-quantitative, cross-sectional online survey. Members of three different chambers of pharmacists in Germany were invited to participate anonymously in the survey. They gave informed consent and received no incentive for their participation. Quantitative outcome: Frequency of relevance / importance of items within predefined information needs areas, except for access needs. Qualitative outcome: Open-text responses concerning all information needs. RESULTS We analysed data from a total of 823 participants who completed the survey. General and specific information such as dosage (74.2% [611/823]) and when to refer to a physician (64.6% [532/823]) as well as an over-the-counter product's effectiveness according to medical guidelines (71.4% [588/823]) were rated as very important. Participants reported to prefer digital information sources (50.5% [416/823] strongly agreed), especially in the form of an easily accessible database (61.6% [507/823] strongly agreed) that contains regularly updated, manufacturer-independent, critically appraised, concise information. CONCLUSION Community pharmacists expressed distinct information needs for evidence-based self-medication counselling. Further information services on essential evidence-based pharmacy knowledge may be necessary to support implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Alexa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Drug Safety Center, University Hospital Leipzig and Leipzig University, Bruederstr. 32, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - T Bertsche
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
- Drug Safety Center, University Hospital Leipzig and Leipzig University, Bruederstr. 32, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amador-Fernández N, Benrimoj SI, García-Mochón L, García-Cárdenas V, Dineen-Griffin S, Gastelurrutia MÁ, Gómez-Martínez JC, Colomer-Molina V, Martínez-Martínez F. A cost utility analysis alongside a cluster-randomised trial evaluating a minor ailment service compared to usual care in community pharmacy. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:1253. [PMID: 34798895 PMCID: PMC8605551 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minor ailments are "self-limiting conditions which may be diagnosed and managed without a medical intervention". A cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) was designed to evaluate the clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes of a Minor Ailment Service (MAS) in community pharmacy (CP) compared with usual care (UC). METHODS The cRCT was conducted for 6 months from December 2017. The pharmacist-patient intervention consisted of a standardised face-to-face consultation on a web-based program using co-developed protocols, pharmacists' training, practice change facilitators and patients' educational material. Patients requesting a non-prescription medication (direct product request) or presenting minor ailments received MAS or UC and were followed-up by telephone 10-days after the consultation. The primary economic outcomes were incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) of the service and health related quality of life (HRQoL). Total costs included health system, CPs and patient direct costs: health professionals' consultation time, medication costs, pharmacists' training costs, investment of the pharmacy and consultation costs within the 10 days following the initial consultation. The HRQoL was obtained using the EuroQoL 5D-5L at the time of the consultation and at 10-days follow up. A sensitivity analysis was carried out using bootstrapping. There were two sub-group analyses undertaken, for symptom presentation and direct product requests, to evaluate possible differences. RESULTS A total of 808 patients (323 MAS and 485 UC) were recruited in 27 CPs with 42 pharmacists (20 MAS and 22 UC). 64.7% (n = 523) of patients responded to follow-up after their consultation in CP. MAS patients gained an additional 0.0003 QALYs (p = 0.053). When considering only MAS patients presenting with symptoms, the ICUR was 24,733€/QALY with a 47.4% probability of cost-effectiveness (willingness to pay of 25,000€/QALY). Although when considering patients presenting for a direct product request, MAS was the dominant strategy with a 93.69% probability of cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Expanding community pharmacists' scope through MAS may benefit health systems. To be fully cost effective, MAS should not only include consultations arising from symptom presentation but also include an oversight of self-selected products by patients. MAS increase patient safety through the appropriate use of non-prescription medication and through the direct referral of patients to GP. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN, ISRCTN17235323 . Registered 07/05/2021 - Retrospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Amador-Fernández
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18071, Spain.
| | - Shalom I Benrimoj
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | | | | | - Sarah Dineen-Griffin
- Health Services Management, School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Valente PK, Bazzi AR, Childs E, Salhaney P, Earlywine J, Olson J, Biancarelli DL, Marshall BDL, Biello KB. Patterns, contexts, and motivations for polysubstance use among people who inject drugs in non-urban settings in the U.S. Northeast. Int J Drug Policy 2020; 85:102934. [PMID: 32911318 PMCID: PMC7770041 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use (i.e., using ≥2 psychoactive substances concomitantly) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and complicates drug treatment needs among people who inject drugs (PWID). We explored patterns, contexts, motivations, and perceived consequences of polysubstance use among PWID in small cities and towns in the U.S. Northeast. METHODS Between October 2018 and March 2019, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 45 PWID living outside of the capital cities of Rhode Island and Massachusetts recruited online and through community-based organizations. Written transcripts were coded inductively and deductively using a team-based approach and analyzed thematically. RESULTS All participants reported recent polysubstance use, with most using five or more classes of substances in the past three months. Polysubstance use often followed long personal drug use histories (i.e., years or decades of occasional drug use). Reasons for polysubstance use included obtaining synergistic psychoactive effects as a result of mixing drugs (i.e., using drugs to potentiate effects of other drugs) and managing undesirable effects of particular drugs (e.g., offsetting the depressant effects of opioids with stimulants or vice-versa). Polysubstance use to self-medicate poorly managed physical and mental health conditions (e.g., chronic pain, anxiety, and depression) was also reported. Inadequately managed cravings and withdrawal symptoms prompted concomitant use of heroin and medications for opioid use disorder, including among individuals reporting cocaine or crack as their primary "issue" drugs. Polysubstance use was perceived to increase overdose risks and to be a barrier to accessing healthcare and drug treatment services. CONCLUSION Healthcare services and clinicians should acknowledge, assess, and account for polysubstance use among patients and promote harm reduction approaches for individuals who may be using multiple drugs. Comprehensive healthcare that meets the social, physical, mental health, and drug treatment needs of PWID may decrease the perceived need for polysubstance use to self-medicate poorly managed health conditions and symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo K Valente
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, 4th Floor, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Angela R Bazzi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ellen Childs
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Peter Salhaney
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, 8th Floor, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Joel Earlywine
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 4th Floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer Olson
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, 8th Floor, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Dea L Biancarelli
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Brandon D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, 2nd Floor, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Katie B Biello
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, 4th Floor, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, 2nd Floor, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, 1340 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ivancevich JC, Cardona V, Larenas-Linnemann D, Mullol J, Neffen H, Zernotti M, Asayag E, Blua AE, Gómez RM, Jares E, Máspero J, Anto JM, Dedeu T, Rodríguez-González M, Huerta-Villalobos YR, Fuentes-Pérez JM, Rodríguez-Zagal E, Valero A, Bartra J, Alobid I, Castillo-Vizuete JA, Dordal T, Hijano R, Picado C, Sastre J, Bedolla-Barajas M, Burguete-Cabañas MT, Costa-Domínguez MDC, Domínguez-Silva M, Espinoza-Contreras JG, Gálvez-Romero JL, García-Cobas CY, García-Cruz MDLLH, Hernández-Velázquez L, Luna-Pech JA, Matta JJ, Mogica-Martínez MD, Rivero-Yeverino D, Ruiz LT, Del Río-Navarro BE, Gómez-Vera J, Macías-Weinmann A, Agache I, Ansotegui I, Bachert C, Bedbrook A, Canonica GW, Casale TB, Cruz Á, Fokkens W, Hellings P, Samolinski B, Bousquet J. [Executive Summary of ARIA 2019: Integrated care pathways for allergic rhinitis in Argentina, Spain and Mexico]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:409-425. [PMID: 32105425 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v66i4.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The health and economic impact of allergic diseases are increasing rapidly, and changes in management strategies are required. Its influence reduces the capacity of work and school performance by at least a third. The ICPs of the airways (integrated care pathways for respiratory diseases) are structured multidisciplinary healthcare plans, promoting the recommendations of the guidelines in local protocols and their application to clinical practice. This document presents an executive summary for Argentina, Mexico, and Spain. Next-generation ARIA guidelines are being developed for the pharmacological treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR), using the GRADE-based guidelines for AR, tested with real-life evidence provided by mobile technology with visual analogue scales. It is concluded that in the AR treatment, H1-antihistamines are less effective than intranasal corticosteroids (INCS), in severe AR the INCS represent the first line of treatment, and intranasal combination INCS + anti-H1 is more effective than monotherapy. However, according to the MASK real-life observational study, patients have poor adherence to treatment and often self-medicate, according to their needs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gauld NJ. Analysing the landscape for prescription to non-prescription reclassification (switch) in Germany: an interview study of committee members and stakeholders. BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:404. [PMID: 31221154 PMCID: PMC6587299 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-prescription medicines are increasingly used in Germany, aided by prescription-to-non-prescription reclassification (or switch). This study aimed to examine the barriers and enablers to reclassification of medicines in Germany and provide recommendations for change. Methods Face-to-face conversational interviews with purposively selected key informants in Germany were conducted in 2017 by a researcher informed in the area. Interviews were transcribed, coded in NVIVO and systematically analysed using a framework approach. Results Twenty-four interviews were conducted with 32 participants including members of the committee considering reclassifications, and representatives from government, industry, health insurance, academia, and pharmacy, medical, and patients’ organisations. A range of enablers and barriers emerged that influence reclassification including effects on the committee and process, or the desire of pharmaceutical companies to pursue reclassifications. Enabling market factors included the large population and a culture of self-medication. Enabling health system factors include the pharmacy-only category. Some pharmacy factors appeared enabling (e.g. a positive experience after reclassifying emergency contraception) while others appeared to hinder reclassification (e.g. insufficient pharmacy practice research). Some medical factors were enabling (e.g. reported waiting times) and others limited reclassification (e.g. opposition to some reclassifications). Some committee and government openness to reclassification and self-medication reportedly enabled reclassification, while conservatism was considered a barrier, particularly for classifications with special conditions for supply such as initial doctor diagnosis or other complexities. Some improvements to the committee constitution and considerations were recommended. Some participants found the reclassification process after the committee recommendation opaque, with opportunity for delays and political interference. Industry factors included both enablers such as capability in reclassification, and barriers, such as a perceived low market potential of some reclassifications, and doubt that some candidates would be approved. A need for more data emerged strongly, both pre-reclassification in applications, and post-reclassification. Many participants saw merit with reclassification in non-traditional areas such as hypertension, diabetes and oral contraception. Conclusions Many factors influence reclassification in Germany. Recommended improvements included aspects of the process and committee consideration, and more data collection. Sufficient market exclusivity linked to data collection could aid the generation of evidence to aid committee considerations and encourage more applications of high quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Gauld
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dorji T, Gyeltshen K, Pongpirul K. Rational use of paracetamol among out-patients in a Bhutanese district hospital bordering India: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:660. [PMID: 30201047 PMCID: PMC6131944 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paracetamol or acetaminophen is a weak analgesic commonly used worldwide and in Bhutan. It is available across all levels of Bhutan's health care system and for purchase without prescription. Little is known, however, about patterns of paracetamol use in Bhutan. This study aimed to assess what the Bhutanese population knows about the indications for use of paracetamol, safe use, and common patterns of usage (frequency, dosage). These questions were studied among Bhutanese living in Phuentsholing, a large commercial town at Bhutan-India border. RESULTS Among 441 participants, most (72.1%) reported having used paracetamol in the past 1 year. The mean knowledge score was 57.6%; only 30 participants (6.8%) had what was characterized as "good knowledge." Level of knowledge was positively associated with level of education (p = 0.031). Less than half (41.3%) had a "good attitude" towards use of paracetamol. In practice, few (4.8%) knew the correct dose, including about one in ten who reported exceeding the recommended therapeutic dose. Most knew about side effects (61.2%) and possible allergic reactions (77.3%). Many participants (47.9%) acknowledged that the self-use of paracetamol may not reduce the number of hospital visits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thinley Dorji
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan
- Kidu Medical Unit, His Majesty’s Peoples’ Project, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | | | - Krit Pongpirul
- Holistic and Oriental Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ebrahimi H, Atashsokhan G, Amanpour F, Hamidzadeh A. Self-medication and its risk factors among women before and during pregnancy. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 27:183. [PMID: 28904710 PMCID: PMC5579420 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.27.183.10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Self-medication can cause significant challenges for the individuals and community, especially in women during pregnancy. This study was aimed to compare the prevalence of self-medication before and during pregnancy among women in Iran. Methods in this cross-sectional study, a total of 384 pregnant women were evaluated for the prevalence of self-medication and its associated factors before and during pregnancy. Stratified random sampling was used as the sampling method. Descriptive statistics and chi-square and logistic regression tests were used for statistical analysis of data. Results The results showed that the prevalence of self-medication, in women who had become ill at least once, was 63.9% before pregnancy and 43.5% and during pregnancy. Variables such as lack of insurance, high school education and not having a child increased odds ratio of self-medication before pregnancy, while the variables of lack of insurance, not having a child or fewer number of children and no history of abortion increased the odds ratio of self-medication during pregnancy. Conclusion Although the prevalence of self-medication during pregnancy was less than that before pregnancy, but this prevalence during pregnancy was still significant. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide public trainings for all women of reproductive age and train them about the dangers and side effects of self-medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ebrahimi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Giti Atashsokhan
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Amanpour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Azam Hamidzadeh
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saha S, Hossain MT. Evaluation of medicines dispensing pattern of private pharmacies in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:136. [PMID: 28193274 PMCID: PMC5307842 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developing country like BANGLADESH, people depend more on pharmacies due to expediency, shorter waiting time, cost reduction, availability of credit and flexible opening hours. The aim of this study was to investigate medicines dispensing patterns of the pharmacies in RAJSHAHI, BANGLADESH and to identify and analyze contribution of drugsellers and quacks in irrational drug use. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted during January 2016 - April, 2016 in 75 randomly selected private pharmacies including both licensed and unlicensed pharmacies of covering LAKSHMIPUR area. Result During the whole study process, total 7944 clients visited the pharmacies under observation and 24,717 medicines were dispensed. 22.70% of all these drugs were sold without a prescription. Out of the 5610 items dispensed without prescription, 66.2% were dispensed on the request of clients themselves and 33.8% on the recommendation of a drug seller. Number of medicine in a prescription was highly variable ranging from 2 to 5 medicines per prescriptions (mean = 3.03). The average number of medicines dispensed from each of the pharmacies during the observation period was 392, varied pharmacy to pharmacy – ranging from 194 to 588. Lowest selling medicines were sedative and hypnotics and highest selling medicines were antimicrobials. The recommendation rate for antibiotics was highest for the quacks (26.48%) though the major amount of the antimicrobials (n = 3039, 65.83%) were dispensed on prescription. Macrolides, quinolones, metronidazoles and cephalosporins are most favourite drug of quacks, clients and pharmacists. Conclusion Majority of medicines were dispensed irrationally without any prescription and over the counter dispensing of many low safety profile drugs was common. The results and discussion presented in this paper will be helpful to provide a baseline to redirect further studies in this area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2072-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuvashis Saha
- Rajshahi Medical College, University of Rajshahi, 6002, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mirza N, Ganguly B. Utilization of Medicines Available at Home by General Population of Rural and Urban Set Up of Western India. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:FC05-9. [PMID: 27656460 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20600.8298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In India, medicines are procured with prescription or without prescription by patients, which are kept at home and often are utilized in inappropriate manner. It may remain unused, get expired or may be repeated in the way of self medication. So there remains an increase chance of self-medication compared to prescribed drugs. AIM This study was aimed to explore the utilization pattern of medicines available at home with special attention to the types of medicine (with or without prescription) and their appropriate utilization (dosage compliance) and intended self-medication. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Anand district of Gujarat, India during the year 2012- 2014 after Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) approval. Data were collected from 800 houses, 400 each from urban and rural areas and then analysed for the details of medicines available in the house as: (i) number of homes having medicines; (ii) number of formulations with and without prescriptions; (iii) number of formulations with package inserts & expired formulations; (iv) Dosage forms of medicines; (v) pharmacological class wise distribution of medicines; (vi) status of the medicine use whether for current use, future use or leftover; and (vii) Appropriateness of medicines with and without prescription in relation to dose and duration of treatment. RESULTS Medicines were available in 93.75% houses. More medicine formulations (16.76%) were found without prescription in urban area than in rural (11.82%). Highest number of dosage forms found, were that of tablets (62%). Among the prescribed medicines, majority of medicines were from cardiovascular disease (19.88%) and from without prescription medicines, Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) were the major group available at houses (35.13%). The leftover medicines with prescription were 20.39% and without prescription medicines were 13.37%. Appropriate dose and duration of medicines were followed more significantly by urban people than the rural. Only 2.91% medicines were found along with package inserts and 2.94% crossed the expiry dates. CONCLUSION The evaluation of utilization of medicines, in urban and rural population describes high drug storage, higher leftover medicines and inappropriate use of medicines and many self medicated by patients which suggests the need to educate the patients about proper and rational use of medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazima Mirza
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, P.S. Medical College , Karamsad, Gujarat, India
| | - Barna Ganguly
- Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, P.S. Medical College , Karamsad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sharma N, Huffman MA, Gupta S, Nautiyal H, Mendonça R, Morino L, Sinha A. Watering holes: The use of arboreal sources of drinking water by Old World monkeys and apes. Behav Processes 2016; 129:18-26. [PMID: 27234173 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Water is one of the most important components of an animal's diet, as it is essential for life. Primates, as do most animals, procure water directly from standing or free-flowing sources such as pools, ponds and rivers, or indirectly by the ingestion of certain plant parts. The latter is frequently described as the main source of water for predominantly arboreal species. However, in addition to these, many species are known to drink water accumulated in tree-holes. This has been commonly observed in several arboreal New World primate species, but rarely reported systematically from Old World primates. Here, we report observations of this behaviour from eight great ape and Old World monkey species, namely chimpanzee, orangutan, siamang, western hoolock gibbon, northern pig-tailed macaque, bonnet macaque, rhesus macaque and the central Himalayan langur. We hypothesise three possible reasons why these primates drink water from tree-holes: (1) coping with seasonal or habitat-specific water shortages, (2) predator/human conflict avoidance, and (3) potential medicinal benefits. We also suggest some alternative hypotheses that should be tested in future studies. This behaviour is likely to be more prevalent than currently thought, and may have significant, previously unknown, influences on primate survival and health, warranting further detailed studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Sharma
- School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India; Nature Conservation Foundation, 2076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysore 570002, Karnataka, India; Department of Environmental Biology and Wildlife Sciences, Cotton College State University, Pan Bazar, Guwahati 781001, Assam, India.
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Section of Social Systems Evolution, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Shreejata Gupta
- School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Himani Nautiyal
- School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Renata Mendonça
- Section of Language and Intelligence, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Luca Morino
- Laboratoire de Dynamique de l'Evolution Humaine, UPR 2147, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anindya Sinha
- School of Natural Sciences and Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India; Nature Conservation Foundation, 2076/5, IV Cross, Gokulam Park, Mysore 570002, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haseeb A, Bilal M. Prevalence of using non prescribed medications in economically deprived rural population of Pakistan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:1. [PMID: 26807216 PMCID: PMC4722669 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-015-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Self medication is described as an act of procurement and consumption of medical drugs without the advice of medical physician for diagnosis, prescription and surveillance of treatment. There is a paucity of literature with regards to self medication among rural dwellers of Pakistan and no initiatives have been taken to resolve this issue. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate frequency, practice and prevalence of self medication among economically deprived rural population of Karachi (South Pakistan). Methods This was the descriptive, epidemiological cross sectional survey which was conducted at the two largest tertiary care government based teaching hospitals of Karachi, Civil hospital and Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, from January 2015 until March 2015. Seven hundred rural dwellers were recruited; who were the residents of outskirts of Karachi city were enrolled in the above mentioned period through the outpatient department (OPD) of the respective hospitals. Results According to the survey, 595 (85 %) subjects practiced self medication. The most common reasons evaluated for self medication were cost of consultation (90.3 %) and availability of transport (81.0 %) from rural area to health care facility. The paracetamol as a painkiller (93.0 %), acetylsalicylic acid as an anti pyretic (69.0 %), anti biotic (52.0 %) and anti allergic (51.0 %) were the commonest drug used without prescription of a health care physician. A significant difference was obtained in carrying out self medication between participants earning less than 50,000 PKR and greater than this amount (p = 0.029; 61 % vs. 24 %) and for the self medicated patients having education less than graduation with the participants having education of graduation or above it (p = 0.03; 63 % vs. 22 %). Conclusion The self medication among rural dwellers of Karachi is high . As a result, urgent steps must be taken to initiate the awareness and educational programs regarding potential risks of self medication. Secondly, strict measures must be introduced to stop supply of prescription drugs from pharmacies without prescription. Thirdly, provision of cost effective treatment from public sector hospitals to rural population can help to reduce self medication among rural population of Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Haseeb
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abeje G, Admasie C, Wasie B. Factors associated with self medication practice among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care at governmental health centers in Bahir Dar city administration, Northwest Ethiopia, a cross sectional study. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 20:276. [PMID: 26161199 PMCID: PMC4483357 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.276.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies in different parts of the world indicate that there is high level use of self medication among pregnant women. But there are no scientific evidences on it and factors associated with it in Bahir Dar city administration. The aim of this study was therefore to assess level of self medication and identify factors associated with it among pregnant women attending ANC service at governmental health centers in Bahir Dar city administration. Methods Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 20-July10, 2013. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version16.0. Back ward logistic regression model was used to assess level of association with self medication practice. Results A total of 510 pregnant women were included in the study. Of these, 25.1% reported self-medication during the current pregnancy. Self medication during pregnancy was significantly associated with gravida (AOR= 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3-3.4), maternal illness on the date of interview (AOR= 4.8, 95% CI: 2.9-8.0) and location of health facility (AOR= 4.6; 95% CI: 2.9-7.4). Conclusion A considerable proportion of pregnant women practiced self-medication during their pregnancy with modern medications or traditional herbs. Mothers who were multi garvida, who had maternal illness on the date of interview and who were attending antenatal care were more likely to practice self medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gedefaw Abeje
- Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Chanie Admasie
- Ethiopian Red Cross Society Essential drug Program, Bahir Dar, Ethiopian
| | - Belaynew Wasie
- Bahir Dar University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shehnaz SI, Agarwal AK, Khan N. A systematic review of self-medication practices among adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:467-83. [PMID: 25245937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to systematically review the global trends and factors influencing self-medication (SM) among adolescents. Databases (Medline/Pubmed, Ingenta, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, Proquest, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed research published between January 2000 and December 2013 on SM among adolescents aged 13-18 years. Articles were scrutinized for country of origin, sample size, recall period, prevalence rates and associations, influencing factors, medicines used, self-medicated health complaints, sources of drug information, recommendation and procurement, knowledge about medicines, and adverse drug reactions. One hundred and sixty-three publications met the inclusion criteria. SM prevalence ranged from 2% to 92% in different countries. The most frequently self-medicated over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines were analgesics and antibiotics, respectively. Headache, allergies, and fever were the most common self-medicated health complaints reported. Misuse of both over-the-counter and prescription-only medicines reflected a risky trend. Female gender, older age, maternal education, and familial practices were associated with SM among adolescents. The primary sources of drug information, recommendation, and procurement included pharmacists, parents, and friends. High-risk practices such as diversion of prescription medicines and utilization of previous prescriptions were also reported. Most studies revealed gaps in drug knowledge, although adolescents self-rated it as satisfactory. However, few adverse drug reactions were reported, probably because of lack of awareness about the potential harmful effects of medicines. Recommendations for "responsible SM" have been made to minimize the adverse effects of SM. Understanding the links between various factors promoting SM can be helpful in deriving strategies aimed at reducing drug-related health risks among adolescents. Moreover, these will aid in creating awareness among adolescents about the potential risks of using drugs without proper information and consultation. Studies need to be designed to assess the changing trend and identify new correlates of self-medication practices among adolescents, which pose fresh challenges to monitor the menace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ilyas Shehnaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Anoop Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelofer Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to determine the proportion of general out patients who practice self medication, the drugs employed and the reasons for resorting to self medication. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted between June and December, 2007 at the General Outpatient Clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. Two hundred consenting respondents were selected by simple random sampling and interviewed with the aid of semi structured questionnaire by the authors with three assistants. Information regarding their bio-data, history of self medication, drugs used and the reasons for resorting to self medication were obtained. RESULTS Majority of the respondents (85%) admitted to self medication while the remaining proportion (15%) did not practice it. Drugs utilized could be single, usually analgesics (26.5%) and anti-malaria (15.9%) or in combinations, usually antimalaria-analgesics (22.4%), antimalariaanalgesic- antibiotic (15.3%) and antibiotic-analgesic (10.0%). The reasons cited by respondents for self medication were their perception of their complaints been minor enough to be amenable to self medication (54.7%) and financial constraint (22.4%). CONCLUSION Majority of the respondents practiced self medication using an array of drugs like analgesics, anti-malaria and antibiotics used either singly or in combination. The main reasons identified for self medication were that the ailments were minor and financial constraint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C O Omolase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
| | - O E Adeleke
- Department of Family Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
| | - A O Afolabi
- Department of Dental Services, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
| | - O T Afolabi
- Department of Staff Medical Services, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yajima K, Matsushita T, Sumitomo H, Sakurai H, Katayama T, Kanno K, Sakai M, Shigeta M, Shirabe S, Nakano T, Nishimura K, Ueki A, Kitaoka M. One-minute mental status examination for category fluency is more useful than mini-mental state examination to evaluate the reliability of insulin self-injection in elderly diabetic patients. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 5:340-4. [PMID: 24843784 PMCID: PMC4020340 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION We investigated the factors associated with the reliability of insulin self-injection in elderly diabetic patients receiving insulin therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled diabetic patients aged ≥65 years and receiving insulin therapy, and assessed their cognitive function by the mini-mental state examination and 1-min mental status examination for category fluency. We also observed their technique of insulin self-injection, and evaluated whether or not patients were able to inject insulin by themselves according to nine defined details in terms of insulin self-injection. The predictive factors for the reliability of insulin self-injection were determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. There were 278 participants (135 males, 143 females) enrolled in the present study. RESULTS According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the 1-min mental status examination score was found to be a significant independent predictor of the reliability of insulin self-injection (odds ratio 0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.62-0.90; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The 1-min mental status examination for category fluency can be considered more useful than mini-mental state examination to evaluate the reliability of insulin self-injection in elderly diabetic patients receiving insulin therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yajima
- Department of Internal MedicineFederation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid AssociationsTachikawa HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | - Takaya Matsushita
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical CenterKanagawaJapan
| | - Hidetaka Sumitomo
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismTachikawa Sogo HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | - Hirofumi Sakurai
- Department of Geriatric MedicineTokyo Medical University HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | | | | | - Masashi Sakai
- Department of MedicineRyokufuso HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | - Masayuki Shigeta
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismShowa General HospitalKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Tadasumi Nakano
- Department of DiabetologyMitsubishi Kyoto HospitalKyotoJapan
| | | | - Akio Ueki
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and MetabolismTokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical CenterKanagawaJapan
| | - Masafumi Kitaoka
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismShowa General HospitalKanagawaJapan
- Nonprofit Organization West Tokyo Diabetic AssociationTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bijani A, Hasanjani Roshan AR, Yazdanpour S, Hosseini SR. Are older women likely to use medicines than older men? (Results from AHAP study). Caspian J Intern Med 2014; 5:77-81. [PMID: 24778781 PMCID: PMC3992232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health of elderly population in the world has been an important issue in recent century and the use of appropriate or inappropriate medications is challenging among them. The purpose of this study was to assess the pattern of medication in elderly population in Amirkola, northern of Iran. METHODS This study was conducted on 1534 elderly subjects who participated in Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP) in 2013. The number of drugs that was used regardless of their indication in terms of age, level of education, disease, cognitive or depression and social support were recorded and compared in both sexes. RESULTS The mean number of drugs used in men and women was 2.1±2.45 and 3.59±2.75, respectively (P=0.000). Concurrent use of > 4 drugs was seen in 16.5% of men and in 35.12% of women (P=0.000). The difference for using the number of drugs was significant between sexes with low educational level, but was similar in educated individuals. The use of polypharmacy was associated with the number of concurrent diseases (r=0.58, P=000), cognitive status (r=0.065, P=0.012), social support (r=-0.1, P=0.008), and depression (r=0.273, P=0.000). CONCLUSION The results show that the use of polypharmacy in the elderly population in Amirkola is relatively high and they need to be educated. Considering the other indices, this problem highly manifested more in the elderly women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Hasanjani Roshan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Babol University if Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Correspondence:
Ali Reza Hasanjani Roshan, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,
E-mail:
Tel: 0098 111 2207918
Fax: 0098 111 2207918
| | | | - Seyed Reza Hosseini
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jalilian F, Hazavehei SMM, Vahidinia AA, Jalilian M, Moghimbeigi A. Prevalence and related factors for choosing self-medication among pharmacies visitors based on health belief model in Hamadan Province, west of Iran. J Res Health Sci 2013; 13:81-85. [PMID: 23772020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-medication has increased in the last decade in Iran; can be followed several complications. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors influencing self-medication based on health belief model. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1400 Hamadan Province pharmacies visitors, during spring and summer 2012 which was randomly selected with the proportional to size among different pharmacy at Hamadan for participation in this study. A structured questionnaire was applied for collecting data, which were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using bivariate correlations and logistic regression statistical tests. RESULTS 35.4% of the participants had self-medication. Pain medication (10.6%), antibiotics (7.3%) and anti-cough and cold medications (4.5%) had the largest consumption. The main reasons of self-medication among participants were previous use of medication, symptoms improve and similar prescribed. The best predictor for self-medication was perceived severity with odds ratio estimate of 0.790 [95% CI: 0.694, 0.900]. CONCLUSION It seems that designing and implementation of educational programs to increase seriousness about side effect of self-medication may be usefulness of the results in order to prevent of self-medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Jalilian
- Department of Nursing, School of Basic Science, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shehadeh M, Suaifan G, Darwish RM, Wazaify M, Zaru L, Alja'fari S. Knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding antibiotics use and misuse among adults in the community of Jordan. A pilot study. Saudi Pharm J 2011; 20:125-33. [PMID: 23960783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors associated with antibiotic use, resistance and safety have been well recognized worldwide in the literature. Nevertheless, only few studies have been conducted in Jordan in this area. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, behavior and attitude toward antibiotics use among adult Jordanians. The study represents a cross sectional survey using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Data collected from a random sample of 1141 adult Jordanians, recruited at different settings, regarding their knowledge about the effectiveness of, resistance toward, and self medications with antibiotics against bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases. 67.1% believed that antibiotics treat common cold and cough. 28.1% misused antibiotics as analgesics. 11.9% of females showed inadequate knowledge about the safe use of antibiotics during pregnancy and nursing. 28.5% kept antibiotics at home for emergency use and 55.6% use them as prophylaxis against infections. 49.0% use left-over antibiotics without physicians' consultation while 51.8% use antibiotics based on a relative advice. 22.9% of physicians prescribe antibiotics over the phone and >50.0% routinely prescribe antibiotics to treat common cold symptoms. Our findings indicated that young adults showed unsatisfactory knowledge of proper antibiotic use. Therefore, there is an urge for educational programs using all media means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayadah Shehadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|