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den Bakker E, Smith DEC, Finken MJJ, Wamelink MMC, Salomons GS, van de Kamp JM, Bökenkamp A. Sulfate: a neglected (but potentially highly relevant) anion. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230097. [PMID: 38639060 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Sulfate is an important anion as sulfonation is essential in modulation of several compounds, such as exogens, polysaccharide chains of proteoglycans, cholesterol or cholesterol derivatives and tyrosine residues of several proteins. Sulfonation requires the presence of both the sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) and a sulfotransferase. Genetic disorders affecting sulfonation, associated with skeletal abnormalities, impaired neurological development and endocrinopathies, demonstrate the importance of sulfate. Yet sulfate is not measured in clinical practice. This review addresses sulfate metabolism and consequences of sulfonation defects, how to measure sulfate and why we should measure sulfate more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil den Bakker
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Desiree E C Smith
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn J J Finken
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gajja S Salomons
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiddeke M van de Kamp
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arend Bökenkamp
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ahmed HA, Elhossini R, Aglan M, Amr K. Aggrecan-related bone disorders; a novel heterozygous ACAN variant associated with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia expanding the phenotypic spectrum and review of literature. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2024; 22:100341. [PMID: 38494255 PMCID: PMC10860877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2023.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasias (SEMD) are a large group of skeletal disorders represented by abnormalities of vertebrae in addition to epiphyseal and metaphyseal areas of bones. Several genes have been identified underlying different forms. ACAN gene mutations were found to cause Aggrecan-related bone disorders (spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasias,spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias, familial osteochondritis dissecans and short stature syndromes). This study aims to find the disease causing variant in Egyptian patient with SEMD using whole exome sequencing. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed for an Egyptian male patient who presented with short stature, clinical and radiological features suggestive of unclassified SEMD. RESULTS The study identified a novel de novo heterozygous ACAN gene variant (c.7378G>A; p.Gly2460Arg) in G3 domain. Mutations in ACAN gene have been more commonly associated with short stature than SEMD. The phenotype of our patient was intermediate in severity between spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia presentation; Kimberley type(SEDK) and Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasias Aggrecan (SEMDAG) CONCLUSIONS: Whole exome sequencing revealed a novel de novo ACAN gene variant in patient with SEDK. The clinical and skeletal phenotype of our patient was much severe than those reported originally and showed more metaphyseal involvement. To the best of our knowledge, two previous studies reported a heterozygous variant in ACAN with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia presentation; Kimberley type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A Ahmed
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt.
| | - R Elhossini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - M Aglan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Khalda Amr
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Egypt
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3
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Granado-Abasto LA, Llaguno-Rubio JM, Fiori-Chíncaro GA, Medina-Ocampo PE. Imaging studies used as aid in the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia. A review. Rev Cient Odontol (Lima) 2021; 9:e063. [PMID: 38465273 PMCID: PMC10919793 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-0902-2021-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), also known as Marie-Sainton syndrome, is a rare disorder of autosomal dominant type that presents specific characteristics at the skeletal and dental level. The diagnosis of CCD is based on clinical and radiographic findings. Panoramic, cephalometric and anterior poster radiographs have been used for its diagnosis in dentistry. However, these radiological techniques have limitations, and advances in technology with new imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound have emerged, contributing to the diagnosis of CCD. Therefore, the aim of this review was to identify and describe current imaging studies that contribute to both the diagnosis and adequate and efficient treatment planning of CCD, and describe the clinical and radiographic characteristics of patients with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Granado-Abasto
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Mayor de San Simón. Cochabamba, Bolivia. Universidad Mayor de San Simón Facultad de Odontología Universidad Mayor de San Simón Cochabamba Bolivia
| | - Jhoana M Llaguno-Rubio
- División de Radiología Bucal y Maxilofacial, Carrera de Estomatología, Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , Universidad Científica del Sur División de Radiología Bucal y Maxilofacial Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Gustavo A Fiori-Chíncaro
- División de Radiología Bucal y Maxilofacial, Carrera de Estomatología, Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , Universidad Científica del Sur División de Radiología Bucal y Maxilofacial Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
| | - Paola E Medina-Ocampo
- División de Radiología Bucal y Maxilofacial, Carrera de Estomatología, Universidad Científica del Sur. Lima, Perú. , , Universidad Científica del Sur División de Radiología Bucal y Maxilofacial Carrera de Estomatología Universidad Científica del Sur Lima Peru
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Abstract
Delineating the genetic background and the underlying pathophysiology of rare skeletal dysplasias enables a broader understanding of these disorders as well as novel perspectives regarding differential diagnosis and targeted development of therapeutic approaches. Hypophosphatasia (HPP) due to genetically determined Alkaline Phosphatase deficiency exemplifies this development. While an enzyme replacement therapy could be established for severe HPP with the prevailing bone manifestation, the clinical impact of not immediately bone-related manifestations just being successively understood. Correspondingly, the elucidation of the pathophysiology underlying renal phosphate wasting expanded our knowledge regarding phosphate metabolism and bone health and facilitated the development of an anti-FGF-23 Antibody for targeted treatment of X‑linked Hypophosphatemia (XLH). Evolutions regarding the nosology of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) along with the identification of further causative genes also detected in the context of genetically determined osteoporosis illustrate the pathophysiologic interrelation between monogenetic bone dysplasias and multifactorial osteoporosis. While current therapeutic strategies for OI follow osteoporosis treatment, the expanding knowledge about OI forms the fundament for establishing improved treatment strategies-for both OI and osteoporosis. Similar developments are emerging regarding rare skeletal disorders like Achondroplasia, Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive and Morbus Morquio (Mukopolysaccharidosis Type IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Seefried
- Orthopädisches Zentrum für Muskuloskeletale Forschung, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland.
| | - Franz Jakob
- Orthopädisches Zentrum für Muskuloskeletale Forschung, Universität Würzburg, Brettreichstr. 11, 97074, Würzburg, Deutschland
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Abstract
An understanding of genetics and genomics is increasingly important for all clinicians. Next-generation genomic sequencing technologies enable sequencing of the entire human genome in short timescales, and are increasingly being implemented in health care systems. Clinicians across all medical specialties will increasingly use results generated from genomic testing to inform their clinical practice and provide the best quality of care for patients. These innovations are already transforming the diagnostic pathways for rare genetic diseases, including skeletal dysplasias, with an inevitable impact on the traditional roles of diagnosticians. This article covers the fundamentals of human genetics, mechanisms of genetic variation and the technologies used to investigate the genetic basis of disease, with a specific focus on skeletal dysplasias and the potential impact of genomics on paediatric radiology.
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Tang J, Zhou C, Shi H, Mo Y, Tan W, Sun T, Zhu J, Li Q, Li H, Li Y, Wang S, Hong Y, Li N, Zeng Q, Tan J, Ma W, Luo L. Prenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias using whole exome sequencing in China. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:187-193. [PMID: 32360156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal dysplasias account for nearly 10% of fetal structural malformations detected by ultrasonography. This clinically heterogeneous group of genetic anomaly includes at least 461 genetic skeletal disorders with extreme clinical, phenotypic, and genetic heterogeneities, thus, significantly complicates accurate diagnosis. Researches have used whole exome sequencing (WES) for prenatal molecular diagnoses of skeletal dysplasias, however, data are still limited. METHODS DNA extracted from umbilical cord blood or amniocytes from fetuses suspected of skeletal dysplasias based on ultrasound evaluations were analyzed by WES. Blood samples were taken from the parents of the positive fetuses for co-segregation analysis using Sanger sequencing. RESULT Definitive molecular diagnosis was made in 6/8 (75%) cases, comprised of 5 de novo disease-causing changes in 3 genes (FGFR3, COL2A1, and COL1A2) and one proband with a biallelic deficiency for Lamin B Receptor(LBR),and including 3 novel variants. All fetuses had no detectable copy number variation (CNV) from sequencing results. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that WES is an efficient approach for prenatal diagnosis of fetuses suspected of skeletal abnormalities and contributes to parental genetics counseling and pregnancy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China; Department of Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Chenglong Zhou
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China; Halo Genetics, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Haihong Shi
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China; Halo Genetics, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yuying Mo
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Weilan Tan
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Tielan Sun
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Jinling Zhu
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China
| | - Qing Li
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Hui Li
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Yuping Li
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Songbai Wang
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Ning Li
- Halo Genetics, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Qinlong Zeng
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Jieliang Tan
- Medical Genetics Center, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529000, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China
| | - Liangping Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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Pomeranz CB, Reid JR. Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia: a report of three cases and a review of radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Skeletal Radiol 2019; 48:1323-1328. [PMID: 30712121 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-019-3165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) is a rare disorder of postnatal skeletal and cartilage development that often presents with similar clinical findings to juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Patients with PPD display findings of progressive cartilage loss and secondary osteoarthritis over serial imaging studies and have an absence of elevation of inflammatory markers. Awareness of the imaging features of PPD on radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be important for early diagnosis and surveillance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy B Pomeranz
- Department of Radiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, 525 E. 68th St., F631E, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Janet R Reid
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights how skeletal dysplasias are diagnosed and how our understanding of some of these conditions has now translated to treatment options. RECENT FINDINGS The use of multigene panels, using next-generation sequence technology, has improved our ability to quickly identify the genetic etiology, which can impact management. There are successes with the use of growth hormone in individuals with SHOX deficiencies, asfotase alfa in hypophosphatasia, and some promising data for c-type natriuretic peptide for those with achondroplasia. One needs to consider that a patient with short stature has a skeletal dysplasia as options for management may be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Nikkel
- Provinical Medical Genetics Program, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, University of British Columbia, 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are Mendelian disorders with a prevalence of approximatively 1 in every 5000 individuals and can usually be diagnosed based on clinical and radiological findings. However, given that some diseases can be caused by several different genes, and that some genes can cause a variety of different phenotypes, achieving a molecular diagnosis can be challenging. We review here different approaches, from single gene sequencing to genomic approaches using next-generation sequencing, to reach a molecular diagnosis for skeletal dysplasias. We will further describe the overall advantages and limitations of first, second and third-generation sequencing, including single gene sequencing, whole-exome and genome sequencing (WES and WGS), multiple gene panel sequencing and single molecule sequencing. We also provide a brief overview of potential future applications of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Falardeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | | | - Philippe M Campeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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Abstract
The skeletal dysplasias are a group of more than 450 heritable disorders of bone. They frequently present in the newborn period with disproportion, radiographic abnormalities, and occasionally other organ system abnormalities. For improved clinical care, it is important to determine a precise diagnosis to aid in management, familial recurrence, and identify those disorders highly associated with mortality. Long-term management of these disorders is predicated on an understanding of the associated skeletal system abnormalities, and these children are best served by a team approach to health care surveillance.
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