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Liu C, Pan Z, Chen Q, Chen Z, Liu W, Wu L, Jiang M, Lin W, Zhang Y, Lin W, Zhou R, Zhao L. Pharmacological targeting PTK6 inhibits the JAK2/STAT3 sustained stemness and reverses chemoresistance of colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:297. [PMID: 34551797 PMCID: PMC8456648 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Chemoresistance is the major cause of chemotherapy failure in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is aberrantly overexpressed in clinical CRC tissues undergoing chemotherapy. We studied if PTK6 contributed to the chemoresistance of CRC in human and mice. Methods We obtained tissue samples from patients with CRC and measured the expression of PTK6 by immunohistochemistry. Gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed to study the biological functions of PTK6. We constructed the FLAG-tagged wild type (WT), kinase-dead, and inhibition-defective recombinant mutants of PTK6 to study the effect phosphorylated activation of PTK6 played on CRC cell stemness and chemoresistance. We used small molecule inhibitor XMU-MP-2 to test the influence of PTK6 on sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU/L-OHP in both nude mouse and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) animal models. Results PTK6 is overexpressed in CRC tissues and plays a stimulatory role in the proliferation and chemoresistance of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. PTK6, especially the phosphorylated PTK6, can promote the stemness of CRC cells through interacting with JAK2 and phosphorylating it to activate the JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of PTK6 using XMU-MP-2 effectively reduces the stemness property of CRC cells and improves its chemosensitivity to 5-FU/L-OHP in both nude mice subcutaneously implanted tumor model and PDX model constructed with NOD-SCID mice. Conclusions PTK6 interacts with JAK2 and phosphorylates it to activate JAK2/STAT3 signaling to promote the stemness and chemoresistance of CRC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PTK6 by small molecule inhibitor dramatically enhances the sensitivity to chemotherapy in nude mice and PDX models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02059-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Pan
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zetao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wandie Lin
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Lin
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ghosh R, Colon-Negron K, Papa FR. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, degeneration of pancreatic islet β-cells, and therapeutic modulation of the unfolded protein response in diabetes. Mol Metab 2019; 27S:S60-8. [PMID: 31500832 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myriad challenges to the proper folding and structural maturation of secretory pathway client proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) — a condition referred to as “ER stress” — activate intracellular signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). Scope of review Through executing transcriptional and translational programs the UPR restores homeostasis in those cells experiencing manageable levels of ER stress. But the UPR also actively triggers cell degeneration and apoptosis in those cells that are encountering ER stress levels that exceed irremediable thresholds. Thus, UPR outputs are “double-edged”. In pancreatic islet β-cells, numerous genetic mutations affecting the balance between these opposing UPR functions cause diabetes mellitus in both rodents and humans, amply demonstrating the principle that the UPR is critical for the proper functioning and survival of the cell. Major conclusions Specifically, we have found that the UPR master regulator IRE1α kinase/endoribonuclease (RNase) triggers apoptosis, β-cell degeneration, and diabetes, when ER stress reaches critical levels. Based on these mechanistic findings, we find that novel small molecule compounds that inhibit IRE1α during such “terminal” UPR signaling can spare ER stressed β-cells from death, perhaps affording future opportunities to test new drug candidates for disease modification in patients suffering from diabetes.
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Lu G, Tandang-Silvas MR, Dawson AC, Dawson TJ, Groppe JC. Hypoxia-selective allosteric destabilization of activin receptor-like kinases: A potential therapeutic avenue for prophylaxis of heterotopic ossification. Bone 2018; 112:71-89. [PMID: 29626545 PMCID: PMC9851731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), the pathological extraskeletal formation of bone, can arise from blast injuries, severe burns, orthopedic procedures and gain-of-function mutations in a component of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, the ACVR1/ALK2 receptor serine-threonine (protein) kinase, causative of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP). All three ALKs (-2, -3, -6) that play roles in bone morphogenesis contribute to trauma-induced HO, hence are well-validated pharmacological targets. That said, development of inhibitors, typically competitors of ATP binding, is inherently difficult due to the conserved nature of the active site of the 500+ human protein kinases. Since these enzymes are regulated via inherent plasticity, pharmacological chaperone-like drugs binding to another (allosteric) site could hypothetically modulate kinase conformation and activity. To test for such a mechanism, a surface pocket of ALK2 kinase formed largely by a key allosteric substructure was targeted by supercomputer docking of drug-like compounds from a virtual library. Subsequently, the effects of docked hits were further screened in vitro with purified recombinant kinase protein. A family of compounds with terminal hydrogen-bonding acceptor groups was identified that significantly destabilized the protein, inhibiting activity. Destabilization was pH-dependent, putatively mediated by ionization of a histidine within the allosteric substructure with decreasing pH. In vivo, nonnative proteins are degraded by proteolysis in the proteasome complex, or cellular trashcan, allowing for the emergence of therapeutics that inhibit through degradation of over-active proteins implicated in the pathology of diseases and disorders. Because HO is triggered by soft-tissue trauma and ensuing hypoxia, dependency of ALK destabilization on hypoxic pH imparts selective efficacy on the allosteric inhibitors, providing potential for safe prophylactic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States
| | - Mary R Tandang-Silvas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States
| | - Alyssa C Dawson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States
| | - Trenton J Dawson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States
| | - Jay C Groppe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States.
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Santag S, Siegel F, Wengner AM, Lange C, Bömer U, Eis K, Pühler F, Lienau P, Bergemann L, Michels M, von Nussbaum F, Mumberg D, Petersen K. BAY 1143269, a novel MNK1 inhibitor, targets oncogenic protein expression and shows potent anti-tumor activity. Cancer Lett 2016; 390:21-29. [PMID: 28043914 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of mRNA translation has received increasing attention as an attractive target for cancer treatment in the recent years. The oncogenic eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is the major substrate of MAP kinase-interacting kinase 1 (MNK1), and it is located at the junction of the cancer-associated PI3K and MAPK pathways. The fact that MNK1 is linked to cell transformation and tumorigenesis renders the kinase a promising target for cancer therapy. We identified a novel small molecule MNK1 inhibitor, BAY 1143269, by high-throughput screening and lead optimization. In kinase assays, BAY 1143269 showed potent and selective inhibition of MNK1. By targeting MNK1 activity, BAY 1143269 strongly regulated downstream factors involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, immune response and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro or in vivo. In addition, BAY 1143269 demonstrated strong efficacy in monotherapy in cell line and patient-derived non-small cell lung cancer xenograft models as well as delayed tumor regrowth in combination treatment with standard of care chemotherapeutics. In summary, the inhibition of MNK1 activity with a highly potent and selective inhibitor BAY 1143269 may provide an innovative approach for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Santag
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Siegel
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje M Wengner
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Lange
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Bömer
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Eis
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Pühler
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Bergemann
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Michels
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz von Nussbaum
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirstin Petersen
- Bayer AG, Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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