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Balazs E, Galik-Olah Z, Galik B, Somogyvari F, Kalman J, Datki Z. External modulation of Rotimer exudate secretion in monogonant rotifers. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 220:112399. [PMID: 34091187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Rotimer, a rotifer-specific biopolymer, is an exogenic bioactive exudate secreted by different monogonant species (e.g. Euchlanis dilatata or Lecane bulla). The production of this viscoelastic biomolecule is induced by different micro-particles, thereby forming a special Rotimer-Inductor Conglomerate (RIC) in a web format. In this case, the water insoluble Carmine crystals, filtered to size (max. diameter was 50 µm), functioned as an inductor. The RIC production is an adequate empirical indicator to follow up this filamentous biopolymer secretion experientially; moreover, this procedure is very sensitive to the environmental factors (temperature, pH, metals and possible natural pollutant agents). The above mentioned species show completely different reactions to these factors, except to the presence of calcium and to the modulating effects of different drugs. One of the novelties of this work is that the Rotimer secretion and consequently, the RIC-formation is a mutually obligatory and evolutionary calcium-dependent process in the concerned monogonants. This in vivo procedure needs calcium, both for the physiology of animals and for fiber formation, particularly in the latter case. The conglomerate covered area (%) and the detection of the longest filament (mm) of the given RIC were the generally and simultaneously applied methods in the current modulating experiments. Exploring the regulatory (e.g. calcium-dependency) and stimulating (e.g. Lucidril effect) possibilities of biopolymer secretion are the basis for optimizing the RIC-production capacities of these micro-metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Balazs
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita Galik-Olah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Galik
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Bioinformatics and Sequencing Core Facility, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjusag u. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul.Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ferenc Somogyvari
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm square 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Janos Kalman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Datki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary.
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Datki Z, Acs E, Balazs E, Sovany T, Csoka I, Zsuga K, Kalman J, Galik-Olah Z. Exogenic production of bioactive filamentous biopolymer by monogonant rotifers. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111666. [PMID: 33396176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical ecology of rotifers has been little studied. A yet unknown property is presented within some monogonant rotifers, namely the ability to produce an exogenic filamentous biopolymer, named 'Rotimer'. This rotifer-specific viscoelastic fiber was observed in six different freshwater monogonants (Euchlanis dilatata, Lecane bulla, Lepadella patella, Itura aurita, Colurella adriatica and Trichocerca iernis) in exception of four species. Induction of Rotimer secretion can only be achieved by mechanically irritating rotifer ciliate with administering different types (yeast cell skeleton, denatured BSA, epoxy, Carmine or urea crystals and micro-cellulose) and sizes (approx. from 2.5 to 50 µm diameter) of inert particles, as inductors or visualization by adhering particles. The thickness of this Rotimer is 33 ± 3 nm, detected by scanning electron microscope. This material has two structural formations (fiber or gluelike) in nano dimension. The existence of the novel adherent natural product becomes visible by forming a 'Rotimer-Inductor Conglomerate' (RIC) web structure within a few minutes. The RIC-producing capacity of animals, depends on viability, is significantly modified according to physiological- (depletion), drug- (toxin or stimulator) and environmental (temperature, salt content and pH) effects. The E. dilatata-produced RIC is affected by protein disruptors but is resistant to several chemical influences and its Rotimer component has an overwhelming cell (algae, yeast and human neuroblastoma) motility inhibitory effect, associated with low toxicity. This biopolymer-secretion-capacity is protective of rotifers against human-type beta-amyloid aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Datki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Eva Acs
- Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina ut 29-31, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary; National University of Public Service, Faculty of Water Sciences, 6500 Baja, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky utca 12-14., Hungary
| | - Evelin Balazs
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamas Sovany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Szeged, Eotvos u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Csoka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacology, University of Szeged, Eotvos u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Janos Kalman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita Galik-Olah
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Vasas Szent Peter u. 1-3, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary
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Sanchez BAO, Celestino SMC, de Abreu Gloria MB, Celestino IC, Lozada MIO, Júnior SDA, de Alencar ER, de Lacerda de Oliveira L. Pasteurization of passion fruit Passiflora setacea pulp to optimize bioactive compounds retention. Food Chem X 2020; 6:100084. [PMID: 32373788 PMCID: PMC7191204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Passiflora setacea is a wild species of passion fruit with interesting functional properties. Fruit seasonality demands conservation methods to enable its consumption throughout the year. We evaluated High Temperature Short Time (HTST) and Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) binomials on physical, chemical, antioxidant and sensory characteristics of Passiflora setacea pulps. In natura (IN) and pasteurized pulps were analysed for DPPH, FRAP, ORAC, total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C, bioactive amines, flavonoids, color, remaining enzymatic activity (REA), microbiological analyzes, sensory evaluation and physical stability. All binomials reached microbiological standards. Binomials 82 °C/20 s and 82 °C/40 s were selected for providing higher total antioxidant activity (TAA), TPC and lower REA. The highest levels of antioxidant activity, flavonoids, vitamin C were kept by 82 °C/20 s, without difference from IN pulp. LTLT binomial showed higher retention of bioactive amines, but also higher REA. Sensory acceptance was not affected by the binomials but pasteurized-cooked flavor was more checked for 82 °C 40 s than IN pulp.
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Kocaturk NM, Akkoc Y, Kig C, Bayraktar O, Gozuacik D, Kutlu O. Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:116-37. [PMID: 30981885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism, by which eukaryotic cells recycle or degrades internal constituents through membrane-trafficking pathway. Thus, autophagy provides the cells with a sustainable source of biomolecules and energy for the maintenance of homeostasis under stressful conditions such as tumor microenvironment. Recent findings revealed a close relationship between autophagy and malignant transformation. However, due to the complex dual role of autophagy in tumor survival or cell death, efforts to develop efficient treatment strategies targeting the autophagy/cancer relation have largely been unsuccessful. Here we review the two-faced role of autophagy in cancer as a tumor suppressor or as a pro-oncogenic mechanism. In this sense, we also review the shared regulatory pathways that play a role in autophagy and malignant transformation. Finally, anti-cancer therapeutic agents used as either inhibitors or inducers of autophagy have been discussed.
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Jia S, Liu X, Huang Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Luo Y. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides on microbiota composition of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) determined by culture-dependent and independent methods during chilled storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 268:81-91. [PMID: 29413003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on the changes in quality and microbiota of silver carp fillets stored at 4 °C. During storage, 1% (w/v) COS treated samples maintained good quality, as evidenced by retarding sensory deterioration, inhibiting microbial growth, attenuating the production of total volatile basic nitrogen, putrescine, cadaverine and hypoxanthine, and delaying degradation of inosine monophosphate and hypoxanthine ribonucleotide. Meanwhile, variability in the predominant microbiota in different samples was investigated by culture-dependent and -independent methods. Based on sensory analysis, shelf-life of silver carp fillets was 4 days for the control and 6 days for COS treated samples. Meanwhile, Pseudomonas, followed by Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, and Shewanella were dominated in the control samples at day 4 and contributed to fish spoilage at day 6. However, COS inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Shewanella significantly. Consequently, Acinetobacter followed by Pseudomonas became the predominant microbiota in COS treated samples at day 6. With the growth of Pseudomonas, COS treated samples were spoiled at day 8. Therefore, COS improved the quality of fillets and prolonged the shelf life of silver carp fillets by 2 days during chilled storage, which was mainly due to their modulating effects on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaochang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhan Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Longteng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongkang Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Bhat P, Kriel J, Shubha Priya B, Basappa, Shivananju NS, Loos B. Modulating autophagy in cancer therapy: Advancements and challenges for cancer cell death sensitization. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:170-182. [PMID: 29203368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major protein degradation pathway capable of upholding cellular metabolism under nutrient limiting conditions, making it a valuable resource to highly proliferating tumour cells. Although the regulatory machinery of the autophagic pathway has been well characterized, accurate modulation of this pathway remains complex in the context of clinical translatability for improved cancer therapies. In particular, the dynamic relationship between the rate of protein degradation through autophagy, i.e. autophagic flux, and the susceptibility of tumours to undergo apoptosis remains largely unclear. Adding to inefficient clinical translation is the lack of measurement techniques that accurately depict autophagic flux. Paradoxically, both increased autophagic flux as well as autophagy inhibition have been shown to sensitize cancer cells to undergo cell death, indicating the highly context dependent nature of this pathway. In this article, we aim to disentangle the role of autophagy modulation in tumour suppression by assessing existing literature in the context of autophagic flux and cellular metabolism at the interface of mitochondrial function. We highlight the urgency to not only assess autophagic flux more accurately, but also to center autophagy manipulation within the unique and inherent metabolic properties of cancer cells. Lastly, we discuss the challenges faced when targeting autophagy in the clinical setting. In doing so, it is hoped that a better understanding of autophagy in cancer therapy is revealed in order to overcome tumour chemoresistance through more controlled autophagy modulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punya Bhat
- DOS in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasgangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Jurgen Kriel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Babu Shubha Priya
- DOS in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasgangotri, Mysuru 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of studies in Organic Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Nanjunda Swamy Shivananju
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University, JSS TEI Campus, Mysuru 57006, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Zhang L, Zhong J, Liu H, Xin K, Chen C, Li Q, Wei Y, Wang Y, Chen F, Shen X. Complete genome sequence of the drought resistance-promoting endophyte Klebsiella sp. LTGPAF-6F. J Biotechnol 2017; 246:36-39. [PMID: 28223006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial endophytes with capacity to promote plant growth and improve plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses have importance in agricultural practice and phytoremediation. A plant growth-promoting endophyte named Klebsiella sp. LTGPAF-6F, which was isolated from the roots of the desert plant Alhagi sparsifolia in north-west China, exhibits the ability to enhance the growth of wheat under drought stress. The complete genome sequence of this strain consists of one circular chromosome and two circular plasmids. From the genome, we identified genes related to the plant growth promotion and stress tolerance, such as nitrogen fixation, production of indole-3-acetic acid, acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, spermidine and trehalose. This genome sequence provides a basis for understanding the beneficial interactions between LTGPAF-6F and host plants, and will facilitate its applications as biotechnological agents in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jun Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Kaiyun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Chaoqiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yahong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences & Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, PR China.
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Abstract
Spermine and spermidine are natural polyamines that are produced mainly via decarboxylation of l-ornithine and the sequential transfer of aminopropyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine by spermidine synthase and spermine synthase. Spermine and spermidine interact with intracellular and extracellular acidic residues of different nature, including nucleic acids, phospholipids, acidic proteins, carboxyl- and sulfate-containing polysaccharides. Therefore, multiple actions have been suggested for these polycations, including modulation of the activity of ionic channels, protein synthesis, protein kinases, and cell proliferation/death, within others. In this review we summarize these neurochemical/neurophysiological/morphological findings, particularly those that have been implicated in the improving and deleterious effects of spermine and spermidine on learning and memory of naïve animals in shock-motivated and nonshock-motivated tasks, from a historical perspective. The interaction with the opioid system, the facilitation and disruption of morphine-induced reward and the effect of polyamines and putative polyamine antagonists on animal models of cognitive diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Huntington, acute neuroinflammation and brain trauma are also reviewed and discussed. The increased production of polyamines in Alzheimer's disease and the biphasic nature of the effects of polyamines on memory and on the NMDA receptor are also considered. In light of the current literature on polyamines, which include the description of an inborn error of the metabolism characterized by mild-to moderate mental retardation and polyamine metabolism alterations in suicide completers, we can anticipate that polyamine targets may be important for the development of novel strategies and approaches for understanding the etiopathogenesis of important central disorders and their pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Petri Guerra
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Medianeira, Medianeira, PR 85884-000, Brazil
| | - Maribel Antonello Rubin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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Lo Scalzo R, Fibiani M, Francese G, D'Alessandro A, Rotino GL, Conte P, Mennella G. Cooking influence on physico-chemical fruit characteristics of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Food Chem 2015; 194:835-42. [PMID: 26471625 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical traits of three eggplant genotypes ("Tunisina", "Buia" and "L 305") were evaluated before and after two cooking treatments (grilling and boiling). Different genotypes revealed different changes after cooking, with "Tunisina" showing a better retention of phytochemicals with respect to other two genotypes. The main physical phenomena were water loss during grilling, and dry matter loss after boiling. Chlorogenic acid, the main phenolic in eggplant, resulted higher in grilled samples, while delphinidin glycosides resulted more retained in boiled samples. Glycoalkaloids, thiols and biogenic amines were generally stable, while 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural was found only in grilled samples. Interestingly, Folin-Ciocalteu index and free radical scavenging capacity, measured with three different assays, were generally increased after cooking, with a greater formation of antioxidant substances in grilled samples. NMR relaxation experiments clarified the hypothesis about the changes of eggplant compounds in terms of decomposition of larger molecules and production of small ones after cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lo Scalzo
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, CREA-IAA Unità di Ricerca per i Processi dell'Industria Agroalimentare, via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marta Fibiani
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, CREA-IAA Unità di Ricerca per i Processi dell'Industria Agroalimentare, via Venezian 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Francese
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, CREA-ORT Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano-Faiano (Salerno), Italy.
| | - Antonietta D'Alessandro
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, CREA-ORT Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano-Faiano (Salerno), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe L Rotino
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, CREA-ORL Unità di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura, via Paullese 28, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo (Lodi), Italy.
| | - Pellegrino Conte
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Viale delle Scienze 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Mennella
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, CREA-ORT Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura, via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano-Faiano (Salerno), Italy.
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