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Biondi FN, McDonnell AS, Mahmoodzadeh M, Jajo N, Balakumar Balasingam, Strayer DL. Vigilance Decrement During On-Road Partially Automated Driving Across Four Systems. Hum Factors 2023:187208231189658. [PMID: 37496464 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231189658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study uses a detection task to measure changes in driver vigilance when operating four different partially automated systems. BACKGROUND Research show temporal declines in detection task performance during manual and fully automated driving, but the accuracy of using this approach for measuring changes in driver vigilance during on-road partially automated driving is yet unproven. METHOD Participants drove four different vehicles (Tesla Model 3, Cadillac CT6, Volvo XC90, and Nissan Rogue) equipped with level-2 systems in manual and partially automated modes. Response times to a detection task were recorded over eight consecutive time periods. RESULTS Bayesian analysis revealed a main effect of time period and an interaction between mode and time period. A main effect of vehicle and a time period x vehicle interaction were also found. CONCLUSION Results indicated that the reduction in detection task performance over time was worse during partially automated driving. Vehicle-specific analysis also revealed that detection task performance changed across vehicles, with slowest response time found for the Volvo. APPLICATION The greater decline in detection performance found in automated mode suggests that operating level-2 systems incurred in a greater vigilance decrement, a phenomenon that is of interest for Human Factors practitioners and regulators. We also argue that the observed vehicle-related differences are attributable to the unique design of their in-vehicle interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco N Biondi
- Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Amy S McDonnell
- Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Noor Jajo
- Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | | | - David L Strayer
- Applied Cognition Lab, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Fluschnik N, Tahir E, Erley J, Müllerleile K, Metzner A, Wenzel JP, Guerreiro H, Adam G, Blankenberg S, Kirchhof P, Tönnis T, Nikorowitsch J. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: a single centre experience. Europace 2022; 25:571-577. [PMID: 36413601 PMCID: PMC9935018 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Three Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides critical imaging information for many conditions. Owing to potential interactions of the magnetic field, it is largely withheld from patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). Therefore, we assessed the safety of 3T MRI in patients with '3T MRI-conditional' and 'non-3T MRI-conditional' CIEDs. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a retrospective single-centre analysis of clinically indicated 3T MRI examinations in patients with conventional pacemakers, cardiac resynchronization devices, and implanted defibrillators from April 2020 to May 2022. All CIEDs were interrogated and programmed before and after scanning. Adverse events included all-cause death, arrhythmias, loss of capture, inappropriate anti-tachycardia therapies, electrical reset, and lead or generator failure during or shortly after MRI. Changes in signal amplitude and lead impedance were systematically assessed. Statistics included median and interquartile range. A total of 132 MRI examinations were performed on a 3T scanner in 97 patients. Thirty-five examinations were performed in patients with 'non-3T MRI-conditional' CIEDs. Twenty-six scans were performed in pacemaker-dependent patients. No adverse events occurred during or shortly after MRI. P-wave or R-wave reductions ≥ 50 and ≥ 25%, respectively, were noted after three (2.3%) scans, all in patients with '3T MRI-conditional' CIEDs. Pacing and shock impedance changed by ± 30% in one case (0.7%). Battery voltage and stimulation thresholds did not relevantly change after MRI. CONCLUSION Pending verification in independent series, our data suggest that clinically indicated MRI scans at 3T field strength should not be withheld from patients with cardiac pacemakers or defibrillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Fluschnik
- Corresponding author. Phone: +49 (0) 40 7410 18576, Fax: +49 (0) 40 7410 58206, E-mail address:
| | - Enver Tahir
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Erley
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Müllerleile
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Metzner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Per Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Martinistr 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helena Guerreiro
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Martinistr 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Martinistr 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tobias Tönnis
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Nikorowitsch
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Martinistr 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to evaluate driver intervention behaviors during a partially automated parking task. BACKGROUND Cars with partially automated parking features are becoming widely available. Although recent research explores the use of automation features in partially automated cars, none have focused on partially automated parking. Recent incidents and research have demonstrated that drivers sometimes use partially automated features in unexpected, inefficient, and harmful ways. METHOD Participants completed a series of partially automated parking trials with a Tesla Model X and their behavioral interventions were recorded. Participants also completed a risk-taking behavior test and a post-experiment questionnaire that included questions about trust in the system, likelihood of using the Autopark feature, and preference for either the partially automated parking feature or self-parking. RESULTS Initial intervention rates were over 50%, but declined steeply in later trials. Responses to open-ended questions revealed that once participants understood what the system was doing, they were much more likely to trust it. Trust in the partially automated parking feature was predicted by a model including risk-taking behaviors, self-confidence, self-reported number of errors committed by the Tesla, and the proportion of trials in which the driver intervened. CONCLUSION Using partially automated parking with little knowledge of its workings can lead to high degree of initial distrust. Repeated exposure of partially automated features to drivers can greatly increase their use. APPLICATION Short tutorials and brief explanations of the workings of partially automated features may greatly improve trust in the system when drivers are first introduced to partially automated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony J Ries
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | | | - Chad C Tossell
- United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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Shim E, Lee JW, Lee E, Kang Y, Kang HS, Kang WY, Im TS. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: diagnostic performance of radiologists with varying levels of experience in comparing MR images acquired using field strengths of 1.5 and 3 Tesla. Acta Radiol 2019; 60:1314-1320. [PMID: 30674216 DOI: 10.1177/0284185118823366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Euddeum Shim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Woo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusuhn Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Sik Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Kang
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Seong Im
- Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Bornhoeft LR, Castillo AC, Smalley PR, Kittrell C, James DK, Brinson BE, Rybolt TR, Johnson BR, Cherukuri TK, Cherukuri P. Teslaphoresis of Carbon Nanotubes. ACS Nano 2016; 10:4873-4881. [PMID: 27074626 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces Teslaphoresis, the directed motion and self-assembly of matter by a Tesla coil, and studies this electrokinetic phenomenon using single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Conventional directed self-assembly of matter using electric fields has been restricted to small scale structures, but with Teslaphoresis, we exceed this limitation by using the Tesla coil's antenna to create a gradient high-voltage force field that projects into free space. CNTs placed within the Teslaphoretic (TEP) field polarize and self-assemble into wires that span from the nanoscale to the macroscale, the longest thus far being 15 cm. We show that the TEP field not only directs the self-assembly of long nanotube wires at remote distances (>30 cm) but can also wirelessly power nanotube-based LED circuits. Furthermore, individualized CNTs self-organize to form long parallel arrays with high fidelity alignment to the TEP field. Thus, Teslaphoresis is effective for directed self-assembly from the bottom-up to the macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Bornhoeft
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga , 615 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University , 101 Bizzell Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Preston R Smalley
- Second Baptist School , 6410 Woodway Drive, Houston, Texas 77057, United States
| | | | | | | | - Thomas R Rybolt
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga , 615 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403, United States
| | | | - Tonya K Cherukuri
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga , 615 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403, United States
| | - Paul Cherukuri
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga , 615 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37403, United States
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Garteiser P, Doblas S, Towner RA, Griffin TM. Calibration of a semi-automated segmenting method for quantification of adipose tissue compartments from magnetic resonance images of mice. Metabolism 2013; 62:1686-95. [PMID: 23890668 PMCID: PMC3809152 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use an automated water-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method to objectively assess adipose tissue (AT) volumes in whole body and specific regional body components (subcutaneous, thoracic and peritoneal) of obese and lean mice. MATERIALS/METHODS Water-suppressed MR images were obtained on a 7T, horizontal-bore MRI system in whole bodies (excluding head) of 26 week old male C57BL6J mice fed a control (10% kcal fat) or high-fat diet (60% kcal fat) for 20 weeks. Manual (outlined regions) versus automated (Gaussian fitting applied to threshold-weighted images) segmentation procedures were compared for whole body AT and regional AT volumes (i.e., subcutaneous, thoracic, and peritoneal). The AT automated segmentation method was compared to dual-energy X-ray (DXA) analysis. RESULTS The average AT volumes for whole body and individual compartments correlated well between the manual outlining and the automated methods (R2>0.77, p<0.05). Subcutaneous, peritoneal, and total body AT volumes were increased 2-3 fold and thoracic AT volume increased more than 5-fold in diet-induced obese mice versus controls (p<0.05). MRI and DXA-based method comparisons were highly correlative (R2=0.94, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Automated AT segmentation of water-suppressed MRI data using a global Gaussian filtering algorithm resulted in a fairly accurate assessment of total and regional AT volumes in a pre-clinical mouse model of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Garteiser
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Sabrina Doblas
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Corresponding author: Rheal A. Towner, Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Phone: (405) 271-7383;
| | - Timothy M. Griffin
- Free Radical Biology & Aging, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Brennan FH, Cowin GJ, Kurniawan ND, Ruitenberg MJ. Longitudinal assessment of white matter pathology in the injured mouse spinal cord through ultra-high field (16.4 T) in vivo diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 2013; 82:574-85. [PMID: 23770410 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the sensitivity of ultra-high field (16.4 T) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI; 70 μm in-plane resolution, 1mm slice thickness) to evaluate the spatiotemporal development of severe mid-thoracic contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. In vivo imaging was performed prior to SCI, then again at 2h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 30 days post-SCI using a Bruker 16.4 T small animal nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. Cross-sectional spinal cord areas were measured in axial slices and various DTI parameters, i.e. fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (λ||) and radial diffusivity (λ⊥), were calculated for the total spared white matter (WM), ventral funiculi (VF), lateral funiculi (LF) and dorsal columns (DCs) and then correlated with histopathology. Cross-sectional area measurements revealed significant atrophy (32% reduction) of the injured spinal cord at the lesion epicentre in the chronic phase of injury. Analysis of diffusion tensor parameters further showed that tissue integrity was most severely affected in the DCs, i.e. the site of immediate impact, which demonstrated a rapid and permanent decrease in FA and λ||. In contrast, DTI parameters for the ventrolateral white matter changed more gradually with time, suggesting that these regions are undergoing more delayed degeneration in a manner that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Of all the DTI parameters, λ⊥ was most closely correlated to myelin content whereas changes in FA and λ|| appeared more indicative of axonal integrity, Wallerian degeneration and associated presence of macrophages. We conclude that longitudinal DTI at 16.4T provides a clinically relevant, objective measure for assessing white matter pathology following contusive SCI in mice that may aid the translation of putative neuroprotective strategies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H Brennan
- The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Boujraf S, Summers P, Belahsen F, Prüssmann K, Kollias S. Ultrafast bold fMRI using single-shot spin-echo echo planar imaging. J Med Phys 2011; 34:37-42. [PMID: 20126564 PMCID: PMC2804146 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.48719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of imaging parameters for functional MRI can have an impact on the accuracy of functional localization by affecting the image quality and the degree of blood oxygenation-dependent (BOLD) contrast achieved. By improving sampling efficiency, parallel acquisition techniques such as sensitivity encoding (SENSE) have been used to shorten readout trains in single-shot (SS) echo planar imaging (EPI). This has been applied to susceptibility artifact reduction and improving spatial resolution. SENSE together with single-shot spin-echo (SS-SE) imaging may also reduce off-resonance artifacts. The goal of this work was to investigate the BOLD response of a SENSE-adapted SE-EPI on a three Tesla scanner. Whole-brain fMRI studies of seven healthy right hand-dominant volunteers were carried out in a three Tesla scanner. fMRI was performed using an SS-SE EPI sequence with SENSE. The data was processed using statistical parametric mapping. Both, group and individual subject data analyses were performed. Individual average percentage and maximal percentage signal changes attributed to the BOLD effect in M1 were calculated for all the subjects as a function of echo time. Corresponding activation maps and the sizes of the activated clusters were also calculated. Our results show that susceptibility artifacts were reduced with the use of SENSE; and the acquired BOLD images were free of the typical quadrature artifacts of SS-EPI. Such measures are crucial at high field strengths. SS SE-EPI with SENSE offers further benefits in this regard and is more specific for oxygenation changes in the microvasculature bed. Functional brain activity can be investigated with the help of single-shot spin echo EPI using SENSE at high magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd Boujraf
- Department of Biophysics and Clinical MRI Methods, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Fez, Fez, Morocco
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