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Liu J, Yang F, Cai Y, Lu G, Li Y, Li M, Fan L, Gao L. Unveiling the existence and ecological hazards of trace organic pollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluents across China. Eco Environ Health 2024; 3:21-29. [PMID: 38162869 PMCID: PMC10757255 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The presence of trace organic pollutants in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) poses considerable risks to aquatic organisms and human health. A large-scale survey of 302 trace organic pollutants in the effluent of 46 Chinese WWTPs was conducted to gain an improved understanding of their occurrence and ecological risks. The survey data showed that 216 compounds in 11 chemical classes had been detected in effluents. The sum concentrations of the trace contaminants in effluent ranged from 1,392 ng/L to 35,453 ng/L, with the maximum concentration of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) recorded as the highest (30,573 ng/L), which was markedly less than the reported 185,000 ng/L for the 38 American WWTPs. The concentration of bisphenol analogs (BPs) was up to 4,422 ng/L, significantly higher than those reported in France, Germany, Japan, Korea, and the U.S. PFASs and BPs were the major pollutants, accounting for 59% of the total pollution. Additionally, a total of 119 contaminants were found to have ecological risks (RQ > 0.01). Among these, 23 contaminants (RQ > 1.0) warrant higher attention and should be prioritized for removal. This study lists valuable information for controlling contaminants with higher priority in WWTP effluent in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuanfei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Linhua Fan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Li Gao
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
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Liu H, Zhang Z, Tu YN, Li Y, Lei Y, Tian S. Dual roles of Cu 2+ complexation with dissolved organic matter on the photodegradation of trace organic pollutants: Triplet- and OH-induced reactions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 815:152934. [PMID: 35007586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The triplet excited state of dissolved organic matter (3DOM⁎) is highly effective in the photodegradation of a broad spectrum of trace organic pollutants (TOPs), and its photoactivity is affected by concomitant metal ions in surface waters. However, the impact of environmental metal ions on the 3DOM⁎-induced photodegradation of TOPs has not been systemically explored. Herein, we investigated the effect of environmental Cu2+ on the 3DOM⁎-induced photodegradation kinetics of 16 TOPs. A fluorescence quenching experiment showed that a Cu(II)-DOM complex was formed. For the TOPs with stronger electron-donating groups (triplet-labile moieties, e.g., phenols and anilines), Cu2+ complexation notably inhibited 3DOM⁎-induced photodegradation. This may be ascribed to the decrease of 3DOM⁎ steady-state concentration because Cu2+ complexation reduces its formation rates and enhances scavenging rates tested by sorbic acid isomerization experiment. Meanwhile, it was found that Cu2+ complexation facilitated the photolysis of refractory TOPs (lower triplet reactivity) because of enhanced electron transfer between DOM and Cu(II), causing photoinduced OH formation. These findings implied that 3DOM⁎ reactivity differences in TOPs could affect the photodegradation rates in the complex system, which was confirmed via a linear correlation of photodegradation rate ratios for 16 TOPs induced by 3DOM⁎ in the presence/absence of Cu2+ with their 3DOM⁎ reactivity. These findings helped to improve our understanding of the photochemical reactivity of 3DOM⁎ in natural waters, especially the effects of environmentally concomitant metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Liu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Na Tu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yajie Lei
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Senlin Tian
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
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Tang L, Ma XY, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zheng K, Wang XC, Lin Y. Removal of trace organic pollutants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides) and reduction of biological effects from secondary effluent by typical granular activated carbon. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141611. [PMID: 32827814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Residual trace organic pollutants (TOPs) and associated biological effects from secondary effluent (SE) are attracting much attention because of their safety concerns. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, due to its low cost and high efficiency, is widely applied for further wastewater treatment, but its selective removals of TOPs and biological effects are poorly understood. In the present study, the surface physicochemical characteristics of four types of typical GACs were investigated, and their correlation with luminescent bacteria toxicity was discussed. Based on the biological effect control, shell GAC, with a great adsorption capacity and high functional group contents was selected for further study, including for the removal of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (DOM), 21 TOPs, and 3 biological effects. The shell GAC showed a promising property of removing fluorescent DOM and TOPs. The total concentration of 21 detected TOPs, including 12 pesticides and 9 pharmaceuticals, achieved 82% removal when 30 g/L shell GACs was added. Individual chemicals removal by GAC adsorption was not well described by an individual parameter (e.g., logD, molecular size, charge, functional groups), but rather by a variety of physical and chemical interactions among TOPs, DOM, and GAC. The biological effects from SE were mainly caused by TOPs and DOM. Hence, shell GACs also showed high removal efficiencies of luminescent bacteria toxicity, genotoxicity, and photosynthetic inhibition effect. The removal mechanisms of the three biological effects from SE were deeply discussed. Therefore, the GAC treatment is considered to be one of the most suitable options to ensure the ecological safety of discharged wastewater, because it can effectively control DOM, TOPs, and associated biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yu Lin
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Ma XY, Wang Y, Dong K, Wang XC, Zheng K, Hao L, Ngo HH. The treatability of trace organic pollutants in WWTP effluent and associated biotoxicity reduction by advanced treatment processes for effluent quality improvement. Water Res 2019; 159:423-433. [PMID: 31121410 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As increasing attention is paid to surface water protection, there has been demand for improvements of domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. This has led to the application of many different advanced treatment processes (ATPs). In this study, the treatability of trace organic pollutants in secondary effluent (SE) and associated biotoxicity reduction by four types of ATPs, including coagulation, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and photocatalysis, and ozonation, were investigated at the bench-scale. The ATPs showed different removal capacity for the 48 chemicals, which were classified into seven categories. EDCs, herbicides, bactericides and pharmaceuticals were readily degraded, and insecticides, flame retardants, and UV filters were relatively resistant to removal. During these processes, the efficiency of the ATPs in reducing four biological effects were investigated. Of the four biological effects, the estrogenic activity from SE was not detected using the yeast estrogen screen. In contrast with genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition, bacterial cytotoxicity posed by SE was the most difficult biological effect to reduce with these ATPs. GAC adsorption and ozonation were the most robust treatment processes for reducing the three detected biotoxicities. UV photolysis and photocatalysis showed comparable efficiencies for the reduction of genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition. However, coagulation only performed well in genotoxicity reduction. The effect-based trigger values for the four bioassays, that were derived from the existing environmental quality standards and from HC5 (hazardous concentration for 5% of aquatic organisms), were all used to select and optimize these ATPs for ecological safety. Conducting ATPs in more appropriate ways could eliminate the negative effects of WWTP effluent on receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ke Dong
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Hao
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Jarvis AL, Bernot MJ, Bernot RJ. Relationships between the psychiatric drug carbamazepine and freshwater macroinvertebrate community structure. Sci Total Environ 2014; 496:499-509. [PMID: 25108252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical pollutants are commonly detected in surface waters and have the potential to affect non-target organisms. However, there is limited understanding of how these emerging contaminants may affect macroinvertebrate communities. The pharmaceutical carbamazepine is ubiquitous in surface waters around the world and is a pollutant of particular concern due to its recalcitrance and toxicity. To better understand the potential effects of carbamazepine on natural macroinvertebrate communities, we related stream macroinvertebrate abundance to carbamazepine concentrations. Macroinvertebrate and water samples were collected from 19 streams in central Indiana in conjunction with other stream physiochemical characteristics. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to relate macroinvertebrate richness to carbamazepine concentrations. Macroinvertebrate richness was positively correlated with increasing concentrations of carbamazepine. From the SEM we infer that carbamazepine influences macroinvertebrate richness through indirect pathways linked to Baetidae abundance. Baetidae abundance influenced ephemeropteran abundance and FBOM percent organic matter, both of which altered macroinvertebrate richness. The pharmaceutical carbamazepine may alter freshwater macroinvertebrate species composition, which could have significant consequences to ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Jarvis
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Melody J Bernot
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA.
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Jarvis AL, Bernot MJ, Bernot RJ. The effects of the psychiatric drug carbamazepine on freshwater invertebrate communities and ecosystem dynamics. Sci Total Environ 2014; 496:461-470. [PMID: 25108248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are persistently exposed to pharmaceutical pollutants, including carbamazepine. Despite the ubiquity and recalcitrance of carbamazepine, the effects of this pharmaceutical on freshwater ecosystems and communities are unclear. To better understand how carbamazepine influences the invertebrate community and ecosystem dynamics in freshwaters, we conducted a mesocosm experiment utilizing environmentally relevant concentrations of carbamazepine (200 and 2000 ng/L). Mesocosms were populated with four gastropod taxa (Elimia, Physa, Lymnaea and Helisoma), zooplankton, filamentous algae and phytoplankton. After a 31 d experimental duration, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to relate changes in the community structure and ecosystem dynamics to carbamazepine exposure. Invertebrate diversity increased in the presence of carbamazepine. Additionally, carbamazepine altered the biomass of Helisoma and Elimia, induced a decline in Daphnia pulex abundance and shifted the zooplankton community toward copepod dominance. Lastly, carbamazepine decreased the decomposition of organic matter and indirectly altered primary production and dissolved nutrient concentrations. Changes in the invertebrate community occurred through both direct (i.e., exposure to carbamazepine) and indirect pathways (i.e., changes in food resource availability). These data indicate that carbamazepine may alter freshwater community structure and ecosystem dynamics and could have profound effects on natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Jarvis
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Melody J Bernot
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA.
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Rogowska J, Kudłak B, Tsakovski S, Wolska L, Simeonov V, Namieśnik J. Novel approach to ecotoxicological risk assessment of sediments cores around the shipwreck by the use of self-organizing maps. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 104:239-246. [PMID: 24726935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine and coastal pollution plays an increasingly important role due to recent severe accidents which drew attention to the consequences of oil spills causing widespread devastation of marine ecosystems. All these problems cannot be solved without conducting environmental studies in the area of possible oil spill and performing chemometric evaluation of the data obtained looking for similar patterns among pollutants and optimize environmental monitoring during eventual spills and possible remediation actions - what is the aim of the work presented. Following the chemical and ecotoxicological studies self-organising maps technique has been applied as a competitive learning algorithm based on unsupervised learning process. Summarizing it can be stated that biotests enable assessing the impact of complex chemical mixtures on the organisms inhabiting particular ecosystems. Short and simple application of biotests cannot easily explain the observable toxicity without more complex chemometric evaluation of datasets obtained describing dependence between xenobiotics and toxicological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rogowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Błażej Kudłak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Stefan Tsakovski
- Laboratory of Chemometrics and Environmetrics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", 1, J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Laboratory of Chemometrics and Environmetrics, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Okhridski", 1, J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Khim JS, Hong S. Assessment of trace pollutants in Korean coastal sediments using the triad approach: a review. Sci Total Environ 2014; 470-471:1450-1462. [PMID: 23972325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we summarize and review the previous efforts on sediment assessment together with major scientific findings that were conducted in the Korean coastal waters since late 1990s. Towards integrated triad analysis, sediment data (>1700 samples) reported from the Korean coasts were collected and reviewed of which data collectively includes three components of chemical, toxicological, and ecological measures. First, the chemistry data suggested widespread and historic distribution of sedimentary pollutants along the Korean coasts. Spatial distributions suggested that their sources were independent of each other, while some localized areas (highlighted for Lake Shihwa, Masan Bay, and Ulsan Bay) and zones with extremely high pressures of certain pollutants were also identified. The mass balance analyses and/or direct correlations linking triad components reflected a general agreement between endpoints. The benthic community responses given by species occurrence and diversity also reflected the type and degree of sediment contamination, however, could not be fully explained by the known target chemicals. Overall, the triad assessment of trace pollutants in Korean coastal sediments seemed to be useful and much powerful when all the components are fully addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research, Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongjin Hong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research, Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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