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Tu XD, Lin WJ, Fu HH, Lin YZ, Shen J, Chen S, Liu ZJ, Li MH, Chen SP. Comparative Analysis of Six Complete Plastomes of Tripterospermum spp. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2534. [PMID: 38473781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Tripterospermum, comprising 34 species, is a genus of Gentianaceae. Members of Tripterospermum are mostly perennial, entwined herbs with high medicinal value and rich in iridoids, xanthones, flavonoids, and triterpenes. However, our inadequate understanding of the differences in the plastid genome sequences of Tripterospermum species has severely hindered the study of their evolution and phylogeny. Therefore, we first analyzed the 86 Gentianae plastid genomes to explore the phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianae subfamily where Tripterospermum is located. Then, we analyzed six plastid genomes of Tripterospermum, including two newly sequenced plastid genomes and four previously published plastid genomes, to explore the plastid genomes' evolution and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Tripterospermum. The Tripterospermum plastomes have a quadripartite structure and are between 150,929 and 151,350 bp in size. The plastomes of Tripterospermum encoding 134 genes were detected, including 86 protein-coding genes (CDS), 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, eight ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and three pseudogenes (infA, rps19, and ycf1). The result of the comparison shows that the Tripterospermum plastomes are very conserved, with the total plastome GC content ranging from 37.70% to 37.79%. In repeat sequence analysis, the number of single nucleotide repeats (A/T) varies among the six Tripterospermum species, and the identified main long repeat types are forward and palindromic repeats. The degree of conservation is higher at the SC/IR boundary. The regions with the highest divergence in the CDS and the intergenic region (IGS) are psaI and rrn4.5-rrn5, respectively. The average pi of the CDS and the IGS are only 0.071% and 0.232%, respectively, indicating that the Tripterospermum plastomes are highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Gentianinae is divided into two clades, with Tripterospermum as a sister to Sinogeniana. Phylogenetic trees based on CDS and CDS + IGS combined matrices have strong support in Tripterospermum. These findings contribute to the elucidation of the plastid genome evolution of Tripterospermum and provide a foundation for further exploration and resource utilization within this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-De Tu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wen-Jun Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hou-Hua Fu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jun Shen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ming-He Li
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shi-Pin Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at Landscape Architecture and Arts, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Matuszak S, Favre A, Schnitzler J, Muellner-Riehl AN. Key innovations and climatic niche divergence as drivers of diversification in subtropical Gentianinae in southeastern and eastern Asia. Am J Bot 2016; 103:899-911. [PMID: 27208358 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Geological and climatic changes associated with the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) have been suggested as drivers for biological diversification locally and in neighboring regions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the niche evolution of Tripterospermum (Gentianaceae) and related Asian genera through time. METHODS We conducted Species Distribution Modeling using Maximum Entropy Modeling (MaxEnt). Furthermore, we performed stochastic character mapping and produced disparity-through-time plots, and examined putative key innovations using the binary state speciation and extinction approach (BISSE). KEY RESULTS Kuepferia and Sinogentiana prefer the coolest and driest habitat, having rather conserved niches. Despite a tendency for niche evolution, Crawfurdia and Metagentiana are probably restricted to a narrow distribution range because of their poor dispersal ability. In contrast, Tripterospermum has the broadest niche and occurs under the warmest and wettest conditions. A higher degree of niche evolution and a more efficient dispersal mechanism allowed this genus to diversify more and occupy a broader distribution range. CONCLUSIONS The QTP genera producing dry capsules, whether displaying niche conservatism (Kuepferia and Sinogentiana) or a tendency for niche evolution (Crawfurdia and Metagentiana), are less species-rich and have a more restricted distribution than Tripterospermum (stronger niche evolution and berry-like fruits). The evolution of berry-like fruits corresponds to increased speciation rates, and could therefore be viewed as a key innovation. In contrast to the majority of studies on plants occurring around the QTP, we find that speciation was probably mediated by niche breadth and dispersal ability rather than geophysical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Matuszak
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium Lipsiense (LZ), Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany Goethe University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60439 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adrien Favre
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium Lipsiense (LZ), Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Schnitzler
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium Lipsiense (LZ), Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexandra N Muellner-Riehl
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Department of Molecular Evolution and Plant Systematics & Herbarium Lipsiense (LZ), Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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