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Garcia Lopez M, Baron JA, Omsland TK, Søgaard AJ, Meyer HE. Homocysteine-Lowering Treatment and the Risk of Fracture: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial and an Updated Meta-Analysis. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:295-303. [PMID: 30283911 PMCID: PMC6139704 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. Several studies have assessed the possible preventive effect of homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment on the risk of fracture with inconclusive results. In the current study, we include new results from the Aspirin Folate Polyp Prevention Study (AFPPS) together with an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Our objective was to determine whether there is an association between homocysteine-lowering B-vitamin treatment and the risk of fracture. The AFPPS trial was performed between 1994 and 2004 in nine clinical centers in the United States, and 1021 participants were randomized to a daily folic acid dose of 1 mg (n = 516) or placebo (n = 505). The main outcome was fracture of any type. In addition, we analyzed the risk of hip fracture. In the meta-analysis, studies were identified following a search strategy in electronic database and by hand searching. Risk ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) was chosen for pooled analyses. In the AFPPS, no statistically significant association was found between folic acid treatment and fractures of any type (risk ratio [RR] = 0.95; 95% CI 0.61-1.48) or hip fracture (RR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.25-3.89). In the meta-analysis, six RCTs were included with a total of 36,527 participants. For interventions including folic acid and/or vitamin B12, the pooled RR for treatment was 0.97 (95% CI 0.87-1.09) for fractures of any type (n = 1199) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.81-1.23) for hip fractures (n = 335). In conclusion, no association was found between homocysteine-lowering treatment with B vitamins (folic acid and vitamin B12) and the risk of fracture. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia Lopez
- Department of Clinical EndocrinologyMorbid Obesity and Preventive MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of Community Medicine and Global HealthInstitute of Health and SocietyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - John A Baron
- Department of EpidemiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthLebanonNHUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Tone K Omsland
- Department of Community Medicine and Global HealthInstitute of Health and SocietyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anne Johanne Søgaard
- Division of Mental and Physical HealthNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway
| | - Haakon E Meyer
- Department of Community Medicine and Global HealthInstitute of Health and SocietyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Division of Mental and Physical HealthNorwegian Institute of Public HealthOsloNorway
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Garcia Lopez M, Bønaa KH, Ebbing M, Eriksen EF, Gjesdal CG, Nygård O, Tell GS, Ueland PM, Meyer HE. B Vitamins and Hip Fracture: Secondary Analyses and Extended Follow-Up of Two Large Randomized Controlled Trials. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1981-1989. [PMID: 28574605 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with increased risk of fractures in observational studies. However, it is unsettled whether homocysteine-lowering treatment affects fracture risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an intervention with B vitamins on the risk of hip fracture in a secondary analysis of combined data from two large randomized controlled trials originally designed to study cardiovascular diseases. Both trials had identical design, intervention, and primary objective. Based on a two-by-two factorial design, the intervention consisted of a daily capsule with either (1) folic acid (0.8 mg) plus vitamin B12 (0.4 mg) and vitamin B6 (40 mg); (2) folic acid (0.8 mg) plus vitamin B12 (0.4 mg); (3) vitamin B6 alone (40 mg); or (4) placebo. The participants were followed with respect to hip fracture during the trial or during an extended follow-up (from the trial start for each patient until the end of 2012). No statistically significant association was found between folic acid plus vitamin B12 treatment and the risk of hip fracture, neither during the trial (median 3.3 years; hazard ratio [HR] 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 1.59) nor during the extended follow-up (median 11.1 years; HR 1.08; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.40). Nor were there significant differences in the risk of hip fracture between groups receiving versus not receiving vitamin B6 during the trial (HR 1.42; 95% CI, 0.78 to 2.61). However, during the extended follow-up, those receiving vitamin B6 showed a significant 42% higher risk of hip fracture (HR 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.83) compared to those not receiving vitamin B6 . In conclusion, treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B12 was not associated with the risk of hip fracture. Treatment with a high dose of vitamin B6 was associated with a slightly increased risk of hip fracture during the extended follow-up (in-trial plus post-trial follow-up). © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Garcia Lopez
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaare H Bønaa
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic for Heart Disease, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marta Ebbing
- Domain for Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik F Eriksen
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clara G Gjesdal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Grethe S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Haakon E Meyer
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway.,Domain for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Lehert P, Villaseca P, Hogervorst E, Maki PM, Henderson VW. Individually modifiable risk factors to ameliorate cognitive aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Climacteric 2015; 18:678-89. [PMID: 26361790 PMCID: PMC5199766 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2015.1078106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of health and lifestyle factors are thought to contribute to cognitive decline associated with age but cannot be easily modified by the individual patient. We identified 12 individually modifiable interventions that can be implemented during midlife or later with the potential to ameliorate cognitive aging. For ten of these, we used PubMed databases for a systematic review of long-duration (at least 6 months), randomized, controlled trials in midlife and older adults without dementia or mild cognitive impairment with objective measures of neuropsychological performance. Using network meta-analysis, we performed a quantitative synthesis for global cognition (primary outcome) and episodic memory (secondary outcome). Of 1038 publications identified by our search strategy, 24 eligible trials were included in the network meta-analysis. Results suggested that the Mediterranean diet supplemented by olive oil and tai chi exercise may improve global cognition, and the Mediterranean diet plus olive oil and soy isoflavone supplements may improve memory. Effect sizes were no more than small (standardized mean differences 0.11-0.22). Cognitive training may have cognitive benefit as well. Most individually modifiable risk factors have not yet been adequately studied. We conclude that some interventions that can be self-initiated by healthy midlife and older adults may ameliorate cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lehert
- a Faculty of Economics, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL Mons) , Mons , Belgium and Department of Psychiatry , Faculty of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Australia
| | - P Villaseca
- b * Department of Endocrinology , Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - E Hogervorst
- c Applied Cognitive Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University , Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
| | - P M Maki
- d Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois ; USA
| | - V W Henderson
- e Departments of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) and of Neurology and Neurological Sciences , Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA
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Lewis JR, Barre D, Zhu K, Ivey KL, Lim EM, Hughes J, Prince RL. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and falls and fractures in elderly women: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2489-97. [PMID: 24825180 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in the elderly. Recent studies have suggested that long-term PPI therapy is associated with fractures in the elderly, however the mechanism remains unknown. We investigated the association between long-term PPI therapy ≥1 year and fracture risk factors including bone structure, falls, and balance-related function in a post hoc analysis of a longitudinal population-based prospective cohort of elderly postmenopausal women and replicated the findings in a second prospective study of falling in elderly postmenopausal women. Long-term PPI therapy was associated with increased risk of falls and fracture-related hospitalizations; adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.17; 95% CI, 1.25-3.77; p = 0.006 and 1.95; 95% CI, 1.20-3.16; p = 0.007, respectively. In the replication study, long-term PPI use was associated with an increased risk of self-reported falling; AOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.00-2.27; p = 0.049. No association of long-term PPI therapy with bone structure was observed; however, questionnaire-assessed falls-associated metrics such as limiting outdoor activity (p = 0.002) and indoor activity (p = 0.001) due to fear of falling, dizziness (p < 0.001) and numbness of feet (p = 0.017) and objective clinical measurement such as Timed Up and Go (p = 0.002) and Romberg eyes closed (p = 0.025) tests were all significantly impaired in long-term PPI users. Long-term PPI users were also more likely to have low vitamin B12 levels than non-users (50% versus 21%, p = 0.003). In conclusion, similar to previous studies, we identified an increased fracture risk in subjects on long-term PPI therapy. This increase in fracture risk in elderly women, already at high risk of fracture, appears to be mediated via increased falls risk and falling rather than impaired bone structure and should be carefully considered when prescribing long-term PPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit, Perth, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
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HALBROOK ER, CORDS F, WINTER AR, SUTTON TS. Vitamin B12 production by microorganisms isolated from poultry house litter and droppings. J Nutr 2004; 41:555-63. [PMID: 15437214 DOI: 10.1093/jn/41.4.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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BEAVEN GR, HOLIDAY ER. The chemistry of anti-pernicious anaemia factors; 5:6-disubstituted benziminazoles as products of acid hydrolysis of vitamin B12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1:957-70. [PMID: 15398571 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1949.tb12514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Summary and Conclusions
Evidence is presented for the presence of three chemically related substances, components α, β, and γ, in acid hydrolysates of vitamin B12. Spectroscopic examination of these components has led to their classification as benziminazole derivatives. Spectroscopic comparison with 22 methylated benziminazoles synthesised to serve as model compounds, has resulted in the identification of components α and β as 1:5:6-trisubstituted benziminazoles, and of component γ as a 5:6-disubstituted benziminazole. Preliminary paper chromatographic studies point to the identity of component γ with 5:6-dimethylbenziminazole; from which it is concluded that components α and β are both 1-substituted 5:6-dimethyl-benziminazoles. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence leads to the conclusion that only one 5:6-dimethylbenziminazole residue is released from vitamin B12 on acid hydrolysis and that the benziminazole nucleus exists preformed in the vitamin. It is, therefore, concluded that components α, β, and γ represent successive stages of degradation of a common precursor. The bearing of these results on the biogenesis and structure of vitamin B12 is briefly discussed. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the encouragement of the Directors of The British Drug Houses, Ltd., in this work. Footnote. While preparing this paper for publication we became aware at the meeting of the First International Congress of Biochemistry held at Cambridge in August, 1949, of the findings of Dr. K. Folkers and his colleagues, and at the same session we announced the conclusions we had reached in the work now reported (Holiday and Petrow, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 1949, 1, 734).
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LEWIS UJ, TAPPAN DV, REGISTER UD, ELVEHJEM CA. Effect of carbohydrate on growth response to vitamin B12 in the hyperthyroid rat. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 74:568-71. [PMID: 15440889 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-74-17974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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UNGLEY CC. Absorption of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia. IV. Administration into buccal cavity, into washed segment of intestine, or after partial sterilization of bowel. Br Med J 2004; 2:915-9. [PMID: 14772517 PMCID: PMC2039145 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4685.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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DIETRICH LS, MONSON WJ, ELVEHJEM CA. Observations on a relationship between vitamin B12, folic acid and the citrovorum factor. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 77:93-6. [PMID: 14844405 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-77-18688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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UNGLEY CC, CHILDS GA. Absorption of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia. III. Failure of fresh milk or concentrated whey to function as Castle's intrinsic factor or to potentiate the action of orally administered vitamin B12. Br Med J 2004; 2:911-5. [PMID: 14772516 PMCID: PMC2039128 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4685.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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MOLLIN DL, ROSS GIM. The vitamin B12 concentrations of serum and urine of normals and of patients with megaloblastic anaemias and other diseases. J Clin Pathol 2004; 5:129-39. [PMID: 14938452 PMCID: PMC1023543 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.5.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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PICKEN JC, BAURIEDEL WR. Comparative bioautography of vitamin B12 and related growth factors using Euglena gracilis and Lactobacillus leichmannii. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004; 75:511-5. [PMID: 14808309 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-75-18248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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WOOLLEY DW, SINGER EA, SMITH N. Selective toxicity of 1,2-dichloro-4,5-diaminobenzene: its relation to requirements for riboflavin and vitamin B12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 93:13-24. [PMID: 14803628 PMCID: PMC2136053 DOI: 10.1084/jem.93.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In a series of 26 species selected from widely differing classes, 1,2-dichloro-4,5-diaminobenzene was toxic to those which did not exhibit a nutritional need for riboflavin plus vitamin B12. It failed to retard the growth of those which needed both of these vitamins. The compound was conceived as an antimetabolite of 1,2-dimethyl-4,5-diaminobenzene. This latter, which is contained within the structures of the two vitamins, was pictured as a metabolic precursor of them. It was found to have very slight activity as either riboflavin or as vitamin B12 for lactic acid bacteria and algae. The growth-inhibiting action of the dichlorodiaminobenzene was overcome competitively by the dimethyidiaminobenzene, and also, to a lesser extent, by o-phenylenediamine. The toxicity was not influenced by additions of riboflavin plus vitamin B12, except in the cases of two species, where the influence was slight. These facts were considered to support the idea that properly constructed analogs of a precursor of two or more essential participants in cell division may be able to circumvent the counteraction which the vitamin has been found to exert on an antimetabolite of its precursor. Alternate explanations of the observed data were likewise considered.
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HORRIGAN D, JARROLD T, VILTER RW. Direct action of vitamin B12 upon human bone marrow; the effect of instillations of vitamin B12 and folic acid into the bone marrow as studied by nucleic acid staining techniques. J Clin Invest 2004; 30:31-6. [PMID: 14803554 PMCID: PMC436224 DOI: 10.1172/jci102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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GREGORY ME, HOLDSWORTH ES. The occurrence of a cyanocobalamin-binding protein in milk and the isolation of a cyanocobalamin-protein complex from sow's milk. Biochem J 2003; 59:329-34. [PMID: 14351201 PMCID: PMC1216140 DOI: 10.1042/bj0590329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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BERNHAUER K, BECHER E, WILHARM G. [Biosynthesis of abundant cobalamin. V. Concerning the transformation of various cobalamin analogs into vitamin B12]. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 83:248-58. [PMID: 13662012 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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TRUFANOV VA. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). Clin Chem 1959; 5:335-48. [PMID: 13671746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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STARR TJ, SANDERS F. Some ecological aspects of vitamin B12-active substances. Tex Rep Biol Med 1959; 17:49-59. [PMID: 13635598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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WILKINSON JF. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). Practitioner 1959; 182:56-61. [PMID: 13623582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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