1
|
Abstract
Manufacturing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells requires incorporation of the CAR transgene, for which viral vectors are most often used. Here, we describe the generation of CAR T cells using primary human T cells and a non-self-inactivating gammaretroviral vector encoding a CAR transgene. The gammaretroviral vector is produced by 293T cells transiently transfected with DNA plasmids encoding necessary components of the viral vector. The resulting viral particles efficiently infect activated T cells and integrate the CAR transgene into the genome of dividing cells for stable expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Mo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maksim Mamonkin
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Various adenovirus (AdV) vector systems have proven to be lucrative options for gene delivery. They can serve as potential vaccine candidates for prevention of several common infectious diseases and hold the promise for gene therapy, especially for cancer. Several AdV vector-based therapies are currently at various stages of clinical trials worldwide, which make an immense interest of both the clinicians and researchers. Since these vectors are easy to manipulate, have broad tropism, and have the capability to yield high titers, this delivery system has a wide range of applications for different clinical settings. This chapter emphasizes on some of the current usages of AdV vectors and their production methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy E Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rashmi Kumari
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Suresh K Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aponte-Ubillus JJ, Barajas D, Peltier J, Bardliving C, Shamlou P, Gold D. Molecular design for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1045-1054. [PMID: 29204900 PMCID: PMC5778157 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are increasingly popular tools for gene therapy applications. Their non-pathogenic status, low inflammatory potential, availability of viral serotypes with different tissue tropisms, and prospective long-lasting gene expression are important attributes that make rAAVs safe and efficient therapeutic options. Over the last three decades, several groups have engineered recombinant AAV-producing platforms, yielding high titers of transducing vector particles. Current specific productivity yields from different platforms range from 103 to 105 vector genomes (vg) per cell, and there is an ongoing effort to improve vector yields in order to satisfy high product demands required for clinical trials and future commercialization. Crucial aspects of vector production include the molecular design of the rAAV-producing host cell line along with the design of AAV genes, promoters, and regulatory elements. Appropriately, configuring and balancing the expression of these elements not only contributes toward high productivity, it also improves process robustness and product quality. In this mini-review, the rational design of rAAV-producing expression systems is discussed, with special attention to molecular strategies that contribute to high-yielding, biomanufacturing-amenable rAAV production processes. Details on molecular optimization from four rAAV expression systems are covered: adenovirus, herpesvirus, and baculovirus complementation systems, as well as a recently explored yeast expression system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Aponte-Ubillus
- Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA.
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, 535 Watson drive, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA.
| | - Daniel Barajas
- Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Joseph Peltier
- Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| | - Cameron Bardliving
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, 535 Watson drive, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Parviz Shamlou
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, 535 Watson drive, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Daniel Gold
- Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital drive, Novato, CA, 94949, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Gene transfer vectors based on retroviridae are increasingly becoming a tool of choice for biomedical research and for the development of biotherapies in rare diseases or cancers. To meet the challenges of preclinical and clinical production, different steps of the production process of self-inactivating γ-retroviral (RVs) and lentiviral vectors (LVs) have been improved (e.g., transfection, media optimization, cell culture conditions). However, the increasing need for mass production of such vectors is still a challenge and could hamper their availability for therapeutic use. Recently, we observed that the use of a neutral pH during vector production is not optimal. The use of mildly acidic pH conditions (pH 6) can increase by two- to threefold the production of RVs and LVs pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) or gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) glycoproteins. Here, we describe the production protocol in mildly acidic pH conditions of GALVTR- and VSV-G-pseudotyped LVs using the transient transfection of HEK293T cells and the production protocol of GALV-pseudotyped RVs produced from a murine producer cell line. These protocols should help to achieve higher titers of vectors, thereby facilitating experimental research and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Holic
- Généthon, 91002, Evry, France.
- INSERM, UMR_S951, Généthon, 1bis, rue de l'Internationale-BP60, 91002, Evry, France.
- Université Evry Val d'Essonne, UMR_S951, 91002, Evry, France.
| | - David Fenard
- Généthon, 91002, Evry, France.
- INSERM, UMR_S951, Généthon, 1bis, rue de l'Internationale-BP60, 91002, Evry, France.
- Université Evry Val d'Essonne, UMR_S951, 91002, Evry, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The use of gene therapy in neuroscience research has become common place in many laboratories across the world. However, contrary to common belief, the practical application of viral or non-viral gene therapy is not as straightforward as it may seem. All too often investigators see their experiments fail due to low-quality third-party vectors or due to a lack of knowledge regarding the proper use of these tools. For example, researchers often find themselves performing experiments using the wrong methodology (e.g., using the wrong type of vector or mishandling the vector to the point where the efficacy is significantly reduced) resulting in experiments that potentially fail to accurately answer a hypothesis, or the generation of irreproducible data. Thus, it is important for investigators that seek to utilize gene therapy approaches to gain a basic understanding of how to apply this technology. This includes understanding how to appropriately design and execute an experiment, understanding various delivery vehicles (e.g., what virus to use), delivery methods (e.g., systemic versus intracranial injections), what expression system to use, and the time course involved with a particular expression system. This chapter is intended to present an overview of this fundamental knowledge, providing the researcher with a decision tree upon which to build their gene therapy experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503-2532, USA.
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schnödt M, Schmeer M, Kracher B, Krüsemann C, Espinosa LE, Grünert A, Fuchsluger T, Rischmüller A, Schleef M, Büning H. DNA Minicircle Technology Improves Purity of Adeno-associated Viral Vector Preparations. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2016; 5:e355. [PMID: 28131313 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are considered as one of the most promising delivery systems in human gene therapy. In addition, AAV vectors are frequently applied tools in preclinical and basic research. Despite this success, manufacturing pure AAV vector preparations remains a difficult task. While empty capsids can be removed from vector preparations owing to their lower density, state-of-the-art purification strategies as of yet failed to remove antibiotic resistance genes or other plasmid backbone sequences. Here, we report the development of minicircle (MC) constructs to replace AAV vector and helper plasmids for production of both, single-stranded (ss) and self-complementary (sc) AAV vectors. As bacterial backbone sequences are removed during MC production, encapsidation of prokaryotic plasmid backbone sequences is avoided. This is of particular importance for scAAV vector preparations, which contained an unproportionally high amount of plasmid backbone sequences (up to 26.1% versus up to 2.9% (ssAAV)). Replacing standard packaging plasmids by MC constructs not only allowed to reduce these contaminations below quantification limit, but in addition improved transduction efficiencies of scAAV preparations up to 30-fold. Thus, MC technology offers an easy to implement modification of standard AAV packaging protocols that significantly improves the quality of AAV vector preparations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Emmerling VV, Pegel A, Milian EG, Venereo-Sanchez A, Kunz M, Wegele J, Kamen AA, Kochanek S, Hoerer M. Rational plasmid design and bioprocess optimization to enhance recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) productivity in mammalian cells. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:290-7. [PMID: 26284700 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors used for gene and oncolytic therapy belong to the most promising biological products for future therapeutics. Clinical success of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) based therapies raises considerable demand for viral vectors, which cannot be met by current manufacturing strategies. Addressing existing bottlenecks, we improved a plasmid system termed rep/cap split packaging and designed a minimal plasmid encoding adenoviral helper function. Plasmid modifications led to a 12-fold increase in rAAV vector titers compared to the widely used pDG standard system. Evaluation of different production approaches revealed superiority of processes based on anchorage- and serum-dependent HEK293T cells, exhibiting about 15-fold higher specific and volumetric productivity compared to well-established suspension cells cultivated in serum-free medium. As for most other viral vectors, classical stirred-tank bioreactor production is thus still not capable of providing drug product of sufficient amount. We show that manufacturing strategies employing classical surface-providing culture systems can be successfully transferred to the new fully-controlled, single-use bioreactor system Integrity(TM) iCELLis(TM) . In summary, we demonstrate substantial bioprocess optimizations leading to more efficient and scalable production processes suggesting a promising way for flexible large-scale rAAV manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena V Emmerling
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. .,Development, Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Laupheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Pegel
- Development, Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Laupheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ernest G Milian
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alina Venereo-Sanchez
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marion Kunz
- Development, Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Laupheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Wegele
- Development, Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Laupheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefan Kochanek
- Department of Gene Therapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoerer
- Development, Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Laupheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|