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Matsumoto T, Kanaya M, Matsushima D, Han C, Tokuda IT. Synchronized and Desynchronized Dynamics Observed from Physical Models of the Vocal and Ventricular Folds. J Voice 2024; 38:572-584. [PMID: 34903395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ventricular folds, located superiorly to the vocal folds, do not usually vibrate during normal phonations. It has been shown, however, that they do vibrate together with the vocal folds under special circumstances such as voice pathology and singing voice. Towards understanding the effect of the ventricular fold oscillations on the vocal fold oscillations, the present study developed a synthetic model that takes into account anatomical features of the human ventricular folds. The synthetic model is made of flexible silicone compounds with material properties comparable to those of human ventricular fold tissues. In our experiment, an air-flow was injected into the vocal and ventricular fold models. As the distance between the left and right ventricular folds was reduced, the ventricular folds started to co-vibrate with the vocal folds. Depending upon the distance, various oscillation patterns of the vocal-ventricular folds were observed, e.g., synchronized dynamics with 1:1 or 1:2 frequency ratio and desynchronized chaotic dynamics. The observed chaotic dynamics might be related to voice pathology induced by the ventricular phonation. A computational model was further presented to elucidate the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mayuka Kanaya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsushima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Cong Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Isao T Tokuda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Shembel AC, Morrison RA, McDowell S, Smeltzer JC, Crocker C, Bell C, Mau T. Relationships Between Laryngoscopic Analysis Metrics of Supraglottic Compression and Vocal Effort in Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00184-4. [PMID: 37865541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Supraglottic compression is thought to underlie vocal effort in patients with primary muscle tension dysphonia (pMTD). However, the relationship between supraglottic compression and vocal effort in this clinical population remains unclear. Gold standard laryngoscopic assessment metrics for supraglottic compression are also lacking. The goals of this study were to identify metrics proposed in the literature that could distinguish patients diagnosed with pMTD from typical voice users and determine their relationships to the vocal effort. METHODS Flexible laryngeal endoscopy was performed on 50 participants (25 pMTD, 25 controls). The presence of supraglottic compression was characterized using a categorical (nominal) scale and severity was quantified on ordinal and continuous scales. The three laryngoscopic metrics were correlated with self-perceived ratings of vocal effort on a 100 mm visual analog scale. RESULTS Inter-rater reliability was strongest for the continuous scale (P's < 0.0001) compared to categorical (P's < 0.001) and ordinal (P's < 0.001) scales. The presence of different supraglottic compression patterns varied in both groups, and there were no significant group differences on categorical (P's > 0.05) scales. Mediolateral (M-L) supraglottic compression was significantly greater in the pMTD group (P < 0.0001), and anteroposterior (A-P) compression was significantly greater in the control group (P = 0.001) using continuous scales. There were no significant relationships between any of the three laryngoscopic metric types and vocal effort ratings (P's > 0.05), except for a significantly positive relationship between anterior-posterior compression on the ordinal scale and vocal effort in the control group (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Continuous scales are reliable and valid for distinguishing individuals with pMTD from those without voice disorders, especially occupational voice users. M-L supraglottic compression may be a better indicator of pMTD than A-P compression. However, the poor correlation between supraglottic compression and vocal effort suggests that one may not influence the other. Future studies should focus on other mechanisms underlying vocal effort in patients with pMTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna C Shembel
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck, Voice Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Robert A Morrison
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sarah McDowell
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Julianna C Smeltzer
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Caroline Crocker
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Crystal Bell
- School of Psychological Sciences, Department of Communication Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ted Mau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck, Voice Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Miyazaki R, Yoshitani T, Kanaya M, Miyachi S, Kaneko A, Kinoshita Y, Nakamura K, Nishimura T, Tokuda IT. Ventricular fold oscillations lower the vocal pitch in rhesus macaques. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245630. [PMID: 37341159 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
We carried out ex vivo and in vivo experiments to explore the functional role of the ventricular folds in sound production in macaques. In the ex vivo experiments, 29 recordings out of 67 showed that the ventricular folds co-oscillated with the vocal folds. Transitions from normal vocal fold oscillations to vocal-ventricular fold co-oscillations as well as chaotic irregular oscillations were also observed. The in vivo experiments indicated that the vocal-ventricular fold co-oscillations were also observed in two macaque individuals. In both ex vivo and in vivo experiments, the vocal-ventricular fold co-oscillations significantly lowered the fundamental frequency. A mathematical model revealed that the lowering of the fundamental frequency was caused by a low oscillation frequency inherent in the ventricular folds, which entrained the vocal folds to their low-frequency oscillations. From a physiological standpoint, the macaques may utilize the ventricular fold oscillations more frequently than humans. The advantages as well as disadvantages of using the ventricular folds as an additional vocal repertory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshitani
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Mayuka Kanaya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Miyachi
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinoshita
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kanta Nakamura
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Isao T Tokuda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Herbst CT, Nishimura T, Garcia M, Migimatsu K, Tokuda IT. Effect of Ventricular Folds on Vocalization Fundamental Frequency in Domestic Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Voice 2020; 35:805.e1-805.e15. [PMID: 33388229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the ventricular folds on fundamental frequency (fo) in the voice production of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). The excised larynges of six subadult pigs were phonated in two preparation stages, with the ventricular folds present (PS1) and removed (PS2). Vocal fold resonances were tested with a laser vibrometer, and a four-mass computational model was created. Highly significant fo differences were found between PS1 and PS2 (means at 93.7 and 409.3 Hz, respectively). Two tissue resonances were found at 115 Hz and 250-290 Hz. The computational model had unique solutions for abducted and adducted ventricular folds at about 150 and 400 Hz, roughly matching the fo measured ex vivo for PS1 and PS2. The differing fo encountered across preparation stages PS1 and PS2 is explained by distinct activation of either a high or a low eigenfrequency mode, depending on the engagement of the ventricular folds. The inability of the investigated larynges to vibrate at frequencies below 250 Hz in PS2 suggests that in vivo low-frequency calls of domestic pigs (pre-eminently grunts) are likely produced with engaged ventricular folds. Allometric comparison suggests that the special, mechanically coupled "double oscillator" has evolved to prevent signaling disadvantages. Given these traits, the porcine larynx might - apart from special applications relating to the involvement of ventricular folds - not be an ideal candidate for emulating human voice production in excised larynx experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Herbst
- Antonio Salieri Department of Vocal Studies and Vocal Research in Music Education, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Maxime Garcia
- ENES Lab, Université Lyon/Saint-Etienne, Neuro-PSI, CNRS UMR 9197, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kishin Migimatsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Isao T Tokuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Kniesburges S, Birk V, Lodermeyer A, Schützenberger A, Bohr C, Becker S. Effect of the ventricular folds in a synthetic larynx model. J Biomech 2017; 55:128-133. [PMID: 28285747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the human larynx, the ventricular folds serve primarily as a protecting valve during swallowing. They are located directly above the sound-generating vocal folds. During normal phonation, the ventricular folds are passive structures that are not excited to periodical oscillations. However, the impact of the ventricular folds on the phonation process has not yet been finally clarified. An experimental synthetic human larynx model was used to investigate the effect of the ventricular folds on the phonation process. The model includes self-oscillating vocal fold models and allows the comparison of the pressure distribution at multiple locations in the larynx for configurations with and without ventricular folds. The results indicate that the ventricular folds increase the efficiency of the phonation process by reducing the phonation threshold level of the pressure below the vocal folds. Two effects caused by the ventricular folds could be identified as reasons: (1) a decrease in the mean pressure level in the region between vocal and ventricular folds (ventricles) and (2) an increase in the glottal flow resistance. The reason for the first effect is a reduction of the pressure level in the ventricles due to the jet entrainment and the low static pressure in the glottal jet. The second effect results from an increase in the glottal flow resistance that enhances the aerodynamic energy transfer into the vocal folds. This effect reduces the onset threshold of the pressure difference across the glottis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kniesburges
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany.
| | - Veronika Birk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Lodermeyer
- Department of Process Machinery and Systems Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany; Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Unversity Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anne Schützenberger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Bohr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical School at Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department of Process Machinery and Systems Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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