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Zhu R, Zhao R, Li X, Hu X, Jiao S, Xiao L, Xie Z, Sun J, Wang S, Yang Q, Zhang H, Chuai X. The impact of irrigation modes on agricultural water-energy‑carbon nexus. Sci Total Environ 2023; 860:160493. [PMID: 36435239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous contribution of irrigated agriculture in addressing global food security, there is still confusion for farmers and governments about the choice of irrigation mode owing to the drastic environmental impacts of irrigation, including water shortage, energy crisis, and global warming. Exploring the agricultural water-energy‑carbon (WEC) nexus under different irrigation modes helps to accomplish the multi-objective of water & energy saving and carbon emission reduction. In this paper, a conceptual framework was nominated to evaluate the water & energy consumption and carbon emissions for winter wheat irrigation at township level and quantitatively discuss the complex interaction by the coupling coordination degree (CCD) of the WEC system under different irrigation modes in Henan Province, China. We discovered that irrigation modes profoundly affect water and energy consumption and carbon emissions in agriculture, as well as the spatial distribution of CCD from WEC system. Townships under irrigation mode with diversion and irrigation projects as the primary method (WDI) clustered together in the north and east with highest water consumption and carbon emissions, while townships under irrigation mode with rain-fed agriculture as the primary method (PI) accumulated in the west and south with lower water consumption and carbon emissions. Meanwhile, the CCD of the WEC nexus system was in basic coordination (0.40) and showed an unbalanced spatial distribution pattern with high in the southeast and low in the northwest. By comparing four irrigation modes, the coupling level of the WEC nexus system under irrigation mode with groundwater irrigation as the primary method (GI) was better and PI mode was the least ideal. This study helps to further understand agricultural WEC nexus under different irrigation modes and provide references for local governments in selecting appropriate irrigation modes to realize water-energy saving and carbon emission reduction in agricultural activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Zhu
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Rongqin Zhao
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiaojian Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China; Academician Laboratory for Urban and Rural Spatial Data Mining of Henan Province, School of Resources and Environment, Henan University of Economics and Law, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xueyao Hu
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Shixing Jiao
- School of Resources & Environment and Tourism, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455002, China.
| | - Liangang Xiao
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhixiang Xie
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qinglin Yang
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaowei Chuai
- School of Geography & Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Tian P, Lu H, Reinout H, Li D, Zhang K, Yang Y. Water-energy-carbon nexus in China's intra and inter-regional trade. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150666. [PMID: 34597542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water consumption, energy use, and carbon emission are three related key anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment. China is the largest carbon emitter and energy consumer, with the serious unevenly distributed water resources. Therefore, investigating the water-energy-carbon (WEC) nexus is important for China's environmental footprint reduction. This study explores the relation between water utilization, energy consumption, and carbon emission in China, based on a multiregional input-output (MRIO) analysis. The WEC nexus is discussed comprehensively in consideration of the utilization of water and energy and the emission of carbon, as well as the trade to and from and the consumption activities in different sectors and provinces. Results show that water, energy, and carbon present significant consistency in production and consumption processes. Sectors with higher consumption coefficients dominate the transfer of virtual WEC. Although virtual WEC mainly transfers from less developed regions to relatively developed regions, Category 1 (i.e., WEC all import) and category 2 (i.e., WEC disaccord) present opposite results to and category 3 (i.e., WEC all export) provinces in terms of W-E and W-C nexus. The net water and energy transfers are significantly positively correlated in category 1 provinces, whereas both sides are negatively correlated in category 2 and 3 provinces. This phenomenon also exists in the relationship between net water and carbon transfers. The virtual water, as well as energy and carbon export pressures are dispersed in these export provinces. Findings of this study are expected to assist the government in decreasing the environmental footprints and achieve sustainable development in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Tian
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Process, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Econometrics and Operations Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Hongwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Process, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Heijungs Reinout
- Department of Econometrics and Operations Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Keli Zhang
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yiyang Yang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
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