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Yoshida Y, Tamura Y, Kouzaki K, Nakazato K. Dietary apple polyphenols enhance mitochondrial turnover and respiratory chain enzymes. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1295-1307. [PMID: 37658608 PMCID: PMC10988434 DOI: 10.1113/ep091154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of apple polyphenol (AP) intake on muscle endurance. Since mitochondria are critical for muscle endurance, we investigated mitochondrial enzyme activity, biogenesis, degradation and protein quality control. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly fed a 5% AP diet (5% AP group, n = 8), a 0.5% AP diet (0.5% AP group, n = 8), or a control diet (control group, n = 8). After a 4-week feeding period, the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α, a mitochondrial biosynthetic factor, did not increase, whereas that of transcription factor EB, another regulator of mitochondrial synthesis, significantly increased. Moreover, the mitochondrial count did not differ significantly between the groups. In contrast, mitophagy-related protein levels were significantly increased. The enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III and IV were significantly higher in the AP intake group than in the control group. We conclude that AP feeding increases the activity of respiratory chain complex enzymes in rat skeletal muscles. Moreover, mitochondrial biosynthesis and degradation may have increased in AP-treated rats. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Does the administration of apple polyphenols (AP) affect mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzyme activity, biogenesis, degradation and protein quality control in rat skeletal muscles? What is the main finding and its importance? AP feeding increases respiratory chain complex enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle. Moreover, AP administration increases transcription factor EB activation, and mitophagy may be enhanced to promote degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria, but mitochondrial protein quality control was not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yoshida
- Faculty of Medical ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Faculty of Sport ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Health and Sport ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Research Institute for Sport ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Karina Kouzaki
- Faculty of Medical ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Research Institute for Sport ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Medical and Health ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Faculty of Medical ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Health and Sport ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Research Institute for Sport ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
- Graduate School of Medical and Health ScienceNippon Sport Science UniversityTokyoJapan
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Chen H, Lin S, Wu J, Xu Y, Cai X, Wang S. The structure, antioxidant activity, and stability of fish gelatin/chitooligosaccharide nanoparticles loaded with apple polyphenols. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:4211-4220. [PMID: 36647322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apple polyphenols (APs) with multiple biological effects have attracted extensive attention due to their broad opportunities for application. However, the use of APs is hampered by their instability in the face of environmental changes. Designing efficient carriers to improve the bioavailability of APs is the key to solving these problems. In this study, gelatin-chitooligosaccharide nanoparticles produced by the Maillard reaction (GCM) were fabricated to encapsulate AP, and the structure, antioxidant activity, and stability of the GMM-AP nanoparticle system were evaluated. RESULTS The results of endogenous fluorescence spectrum, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and simultaneous thermal analysis confirmed structural changes and interactions between GCM and AP. Combination with GCM did not adversely affect the antioxidant properties of AP, and the GCM-AP nanoparticles possessed superior temperature and storage stability. In comparison with fish gelatin-apple polyphenol nanoparticles, the GCM-AP nanoparticles were more stable at a wider pH range, and were more resistant to the electrostatic shielding effect of NaCl. After simulating gastric digestion, the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of GCM-AP nanoparticles were almost unchanged. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that GCM nanoparticles loaded with AP could be used as good carriers with good antioxidant activity and stability. This study therefore provides a theoretical foundation for the development and industrial application of food functional factors. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiulin Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xixi Cai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Deng Y, Zhao G, Cheng K, Shi C, Xiao G. Effect of Apple Polyphenols on the Antioxidant Activity and Structure of Three-Dimensional Printed Processed Cheese. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081731. [PMID: 37107526 PMCID: PMC10137760 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Additives can influence the processability and quality of three-dimensional (3D)-printed foods. Herein, the effects of apple polyphenols on the antioxidant activity and structure of 3D-printed processed cheese were investigated. The antioxidant activities of processed cheese samples with different contents of apple polyphenols (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, or 1.6%) were evaluated using 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. In addition, the rheological properties and structural characteristics of the processed cheeses were investigated using rheometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Then, the final printed products were analyzed for comparative molding effects and dimensional characteristics. it was found that apple polyphenols can significantly improve the antioxidant activity of processed cheese. When the amount of apple polyphenols added was 0.8%, the 3D shaping effect was optimal with a porosity rate of 4.1%. Apple polyphenols can be used as a good antioxidant additive, and the moderate addition of apple polyphenols can effectively improve the antioxidant and structural stability of 3D-printed processed cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Chemical and Biological Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhao
- Hangzhou New Hope Shuangfeng Dairy Products Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Kewei Cheng
- Hangzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310017, China
| | | | - Gongnian Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Chemical and Biological Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Zhao R, Ran J, Ruan X, Du H, Li G, Zhao L, Sun J, Liang X. Apple polyphenol biotransformation using probiotics in vitro and dynamic simulated digestion by bionic rats. J Sci Food Agric 2023. [PMID: 37062937 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated the effects of fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus zrx01 (LR-zrx01), Lactobacillus acidophilus zrx02 (LA-zrx02), and Lactobacillus plantarum zrx03 (LP-zrx03), as well as dynamic simulated digestion by bionic rats, on the biotransformation and antioxidant potential of apple polyphenols. Polyphenols were determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the dynamic simulated digestion of fermented apple pulp was determined by bionic rats, and the antibacterial and antioxidant activities were analyzed. RESULTS The polyphenol content of apple pulp fermented using the three strains was respectively 1.41, 1.38, and 1.36 times that of non-fermented pulp. The antibacterial activity of apple pulp improved dramatically after fermentation. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of apple pulp increased after fermentation and digestion. After dynamic simulated digestion by bionic rats, the polyphenol content in unfermented and the three fermented groups increased significantly by 1.19, 1.23, 1.20, and 1.19 times compared to that before digestion, respectively. The major polyphenols in each group with obvious changes were epicatechin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin-3 galactoside, p-coumaric acid, and two unknown substances, 1 and 2. CONCLUSION Fermented and digested apple polyphenols showed better biotransformation effects and mostly existed in the form of small molecules, which was conducive to the improvement of polyphenol bioavailability and beneficial to the absorption of active substances by the human body. These findings build a foundation for the development of functional food beverages. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Zhao
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, School of Food Science, Key Lab Breeding Base of College of Henan Province, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Products Processing, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junjian Ran
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, School of Food Science, Key Lab Breeding Base of College of Henan Province, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Products Processing, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Ruan
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, School of Food Science, Key Lab Breeding Base of College of Henan Province, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Products Processing, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hanxiao Du
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, School of Food Science, Key Lab Breeding Base of College of Henan Province, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Products Processing, Xinxiang, China
| | - Gang Li
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, School of Food Science, Key Lab Breeding Base of College of Henan Province, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Products Processing, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junliang Sun
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, School of Food Science, Key Lab Breeding Base of College of Henan Province, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Products Processing, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinhong Liang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, School of Food Science, Key Lab Breeding Base of College of Henan Province, Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Agricultural Products Processing, Xinxiang, China
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Gado F, Ferrario G, Della Vedova L, Zoanni B, Altomare A, Carini M, Aldini G, D'Amato A, Baron G. Targeting Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Cancer Prevention: The Role of Apple Phytochemicals. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36771023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites, known as phytochemicals, have recently gained much attention in light of the "circular economy", to reutilize waste products deriving from agriculture and food industry. Phytochemicals are known for their onco-preventive and chemoprotective effects, among several other beneficial properties. Apple phytochemicals have been extensively studied for their effectiveness in a wide range of diseases, cancer included. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the main studies reported in the literature concerning apple phytochemicals, mostly polyphenols, in cancer prevention. Although there are many different mechanisms targeted by phytochemicals, the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways are the ones this review will be focused on, highlighting also the existing crosstalk between these two systems.
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Zhang YJ, Huang Q, Li AR, Gan ZY, Zeng JK, Kai WB, Chen CY, Chen JY. Apple polyphenols delay postharvest senescence and quality deterioration of 'Jinshayou' pummelo fruit during storage. Front Plant Sci 2023; 13:1117106. [PMID: 36743559 PMCID: PMC9893410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1117106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apple polyphenols (AP), derived from the peel of mature-green apples, are widely used as natural plant-derived preservatives in the postharvest preservation of numerous horticultural products. METHODS The goal of this research was to investigate how AP (at 0.5% and 1.0%) influences senescence-related physiological parameters and antioxidant capacity of 'Jinshayou' pummelo fruits stored at 20°C for 90 d. RESULTS The treating pummelo fruit with AP could effectively retard the loss of green color and internal nutritional quality, resulting in higher levels of total soluble solid (TSS) content, titratable acidity (TA) content and pericarp firmness, thus maintaining the overall quality. Concurrently, AP treatment promoted the increases in ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, total phenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) contents, increased the scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (•OH), and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as their encoding genes expression (CmSOD, CmCAT, CmPOD, CmAPX, and CmGR), reducing the increases in electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide level, resulting in lower fruit decay rate and weight loss rate. The storage quality of 'Jinshayou' pummelo fruit was found to be maintained best with a 1.0% AP concentration. CONCLUSION AP treatment can be regarded as a promising and effective preservative of delaying quality deterioration and improving antioxidant capacity of 'Jinshayou' pummelo fruit during storage at room temperature.
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Huang T, Che Q, Chen X, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Chen H, Yan H, Zheng P, Luo Y, Huang Z. Apple Polyphenols Improve Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity and Barrier Function by Activating the Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in a Pig Model. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:7576-7585. [PMID: 35679090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the function of plant polyphenols to improve the intestinal barrier has been fully demonstrated. However, the exact mechanisms linking plant polyphenols with the intestinal barrier function have not yet been established. Apple polyphenols (APs) are safe and healthy nutrients, which are extracted from apples and their byproducts. Using pig and IPEC-J2 cell models, this study investigated the effects of dietary AP supplementation on intestinal antioxidant capacity and barrier function. Then, we further explored the role of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in maintaining intestinal antioxidant capacity and barrier function. Our study found that dietary AP supplementation improved the intestinal mechanical barrier by promoting the intestinal morphology and intestinal tight junction protein expression, improved the intestinal immune barrier by increasing intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A production, and improved the intestinal biological barrier by increasing probiotics and decreasing the Escherichia coli population. Further research found that dietary AP supplementation increased the intestinal antioxidant capacity and activated the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Finally, after treatment with Nrf2-specific inhibitor ML-385, the upregulation effect of APs on antioxidant capacity and tight junction protein expression was reduced in IPEC-J2 cells. Our results suggested that APs promoted intestinal antioxidant capacity and barrier function via the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Qiangjun Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, P. R. China
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Lan W, Zhao X, Wang M, Xie J. Effects of chitosan and apple polyphenol coating on quality and microbial composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) during ice storage. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:3099-3106. [PMID: 34778959 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) has important commercial value because of its high nutritional value and delicious taste. However, large yellow croaker is readily affected by microorganisms during storage, which causes the corruption of muscle tissue. Both chitosan (CS) and apple polyphenols (APs) are bio-preservatives, which can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms and improve the quality of large yellow croaker. The effects of 10.0 and 20.0 g L-1 CS combined with 1.0 g L-1 AP coating on the quality and microbial composition of large yellow croaker during ice storage were investigated respectively. RESULTS CS + AP coating restrained the increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and biogenic amines, slowed down the rise of K-value and retarded the growth of microorganisms. The bacteriostatic effect was positively correlated with the concentration of CS. Through the analysis of high-throughput sequencing (HTS), the microbial diversity was changed respectively. The proportion of Shewanella was significantly decreased by CS + AP coating treatment and Pseudomonas was the dominant microorganism in spoiled samples. Compared with the shelf-life of the control group (8 days), 20.0 g L-1 CS combined with 1.0 g L-1 AP coating treatment could extend the shelf-life of large yellow croaker for another 8 days. CONCLUSIONS CS combined with AP coating may be considered a promising method to delay the biochemical changes of ice stored large yellow croaker and extend its shelf life. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Lan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai Aquatic Products Processing and Storage Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai Aquatic Products Processing and Storage Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, China
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Guo Z, Chen X, Huang Z, Chen D, Yu J, Yan H, Chen H, He J, Zheng P, Luo Y, Yu B. Apple polyphenols improve intestinal barrier function by enhancing antioxidant capacity and suppressing inflammation in weaning piglets. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13747. [PMID: 35699681 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of apple polyphenols (APPs) on antioxidant capacity, immune and inflammatory response, and barrier function in weaning piglets. Results showed that APPs improved jejunal barrier function by increasing the villus height, villus height/crypt depth, the mRNA levels of occludin, mucin-1, and mucin-4 and up-regulating the protein expression of occluding (P < 0.05). As for antioxidant capacity, APPs increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity level in jejunum (P < 0.05). Besides, APPs up-regulated the protein expressions of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and nuclear-related factor 2 (NRF2) and down-regulated the protein expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). As regard to immune and inflammatory response, APPs increased the immunoglobulin A content in serum and decreased the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and IL-8 in jejunum (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary APPs supplementation improves the jejunal barrier function by enhancing antioxidant capacity and suppressing the mRNA expression related to inflammation, which may be related to the NRF2 signal and TLR4/NF-κB signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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López-Fernández O, Bohrer BM, Munekata PES, Domínguez R, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM. Improving oxidative stability of foods with apple-derived polyphenols. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 21:296-320. [PMID: 34897991 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumers demand healthy and natural food products. Thus, naturally derived antioxidants are emerging as a promising alternative to the use of present ingredients. Apples and apple derivative products (e.g., apple juice, apple cider, apple sauce, and others) are widely consumed throughout the world for a variety of different reasons and supply a large quantity of polyphenolic compounds. The extraction of polyphenolic compounds from apples and their incorporation into processed foods as naturally sourced ingredients could be a preferred alternative to commonly used commercial antioxidants that are used in many foods. In addition, they could have a positive impact on the environment and on the economy due to the utilization of byproducts generated during processing of apples, like apple pomace. In terms of the extraction procedures for the antioxidant compounds found in apples, the most efficient processes are methods that use ultrasound as the extraction tool. With this technique, greater yields are achieved, and less extraction time is required when compared with other, more conventional, extraction methods. However, parameters such as the extraction solvent, temperature during extraction, and extraction time must be suitably optimized in order to obtain the best performance and the highest antioxidant capacity. From an application standpoint, the use of apple-derived polyphenol extracts as a naturally derived food additive has documented applications for bread, meat, fish, cookies, and juices and there is evidence of increased antioxidant capacity, reduced rate of lipid oxidation, and increased storage time without compromising on sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin M Bohrer
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - José Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain.,Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Zou T, Wang B, Li S, Liu Y, You J. Dietary apple polyphenols promote fat browning in high-fat diet-induced obese mice through activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:2389-2398. [PMID: 31916584 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting brown and beige adipogenesis contributes to adaptive thermogenesis, which provides a defense against obesity and related disorders. Apple polyphenols (APs) play a significant role in treating variety of metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effects of APs on the development of brown and beige adipocytes and thermogenesis and investigate whether these effects are mediated by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were subjected to APs treatment. The thermogenic program and associated regulatory factors, and the involvement of AMPKα was assessed. RESULTS Dietary APs supplementation reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity in HFD-induced obese mice. Moreover, APs increased the oxygen consumption and heat production and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, which were accompanied by the upregulation of thermogenic genes expression and the activation of AMPKα in brown fat and inguinal white fat. Further, APs treatment directly increased expression of brown adipogenic markers and induced phosphorylation of AMPKα in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, whereas the beneficial effects of APs were reversed by AMPK inhibition. CONCLUSION Our results provide new insights into the function of APs in regulating brown/beige adipogenesis and adaptive thermogenesis and suggest the potential application of APs in the prevention and therapeutics of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiande Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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12
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Xu X, Chen X, Huang Z, Chen D, He J, Zheng P, Chen H, Luo J, Luo Y, Yu B, Yu J. Effects of Dietary Apple Polyphenols Supplementation on Hepatic Fat Deposition and Antioxidant Capacity in Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E937. [PMID: 31717391 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Excessive fat deposition (5–10%) in the liver could lead to liver damage and nonalcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there is no satisfactory safe and effective measure of preventive and therapeutic treatments so far. Thus, the prevention of excessive fat deposition through diet modification might be a better strategy to protect humans from metabolic diseases. Due to the anatomical and physiological similarities between humans and pigs, the present study took the finishing pig as an animal model to investigate the effects of apple polyphenols on hepatic fat deposition and antioxidant capacity and their mechanisms. The present study indicated that apple polyphenols might be an effective dietary supplementation for decreasing the excessive fat deposition in liver tissue, improving lipid profiles and increasing the antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs. This study provides a better preventive strategy to protect humans from excessive fat deposition in the liver. Abstract Excessive fat deposition in the liver could lead to fatty liver and an increased risk of many metabolic diseases. Apple polyphenols (APPs), the major antioxidants in apples, possess wide-ranging beneficial biological functions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of APPs on hepatic fat deposition and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs, and their mechanisms. Results showed that APPs improved lipid profiles, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced the fat deposition in the liver. In the liver, SOD1, CAT, GPX1, GST, NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT1b), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) mRNA levels were increased by APPs, while Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA level, C16:0 and C20:4n-6 proportions and Δ9-18 dehydrogenase activity were decreased. In conclusion, this study indicated that APPs might be an effective dietary supplementation for improving lipid profiles, increasing antioxidant capacities and decreasing fat deposition in the liver.
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Li D, Liu F, Wang X, Li X. Apple Polyphenol Extract Alleviates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Male C57BL/6 Mice by Targeting LKB1/AMPK Pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:12208-12218. [PMID: 31608624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To explore the role of apple polyphenol extract (APE) in ameliorating hepatic steatosis and the potential mechanisms involved, we conducted this study. Thirty-three male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: high-fat diet (HFD) with aseptic water ig. (CON), HFD with 125 or 500 mg/(kg·bw·day) APE ig., namely 100 or 400 mg/(kg·bw·day) apple polyphenols (LAP or HAP) for 12 weeks. Compared with the CON group, the APE treatment significantly decreased the body weight gain and increased the ratio of serum albumin/globulin. High dose of APE treatment significantly decreased the liver weight, reduced the hepatic contents of triglyceride and cholesterol, and improved the histopathological features of hepatic steatosis, accompanied by significantly upregulated protein expressions of LKB1, phosphorylated-AMPK, phosphorylated-ACC, and SIRT1, downregulated mTOR, p70 s6k, and HMGCR in the liver, increased mRNA expressions of Ampk and Cyp27a1, and reduced expressions of Srebp-1c, Fas, and Hmgcr. Our data provided new evidence supporting the preventive role of 500 mg/(kg·bw·day) APE treatment in the HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in C57BL/6 mice via the LKB1/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Li
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Xinjing Wang
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Xinli Li
- School of Public Health , Medical College of Soochow University , 199 Renai Road , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
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14
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Xu X, Chen X, Huang Z, Chen D, Yu B, Chen H, He J, Luo Y, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J. Dietary apple polyphenols supplementation enhances antioxidant capacity and improves lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1512-1520. [PMID: 31268198 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apple polyphenols (APPs) are biologically active flavonoids that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, improving insulin sensitivity, hypocholesterolaemic effect and antiviral properties. This study was conducted to explore effects of dietary APPs supplementation on antioxidant activities and lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. Fifty-four weaned piglets (half male and female) were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates in each group and three piglets in each repetition. Piglets were fed control diet (basal diet) or a control diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg APPs for 6 weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected to determine biochemical, antioxidant and lipid metabolism parameters. Here we showed that dietary APPs supplementation increased HDL-C and decreased T-CHO, TG and LDL-C concentrations. Dietary APPs supplementation increased antioxidative capacity in serum and CAT activity in liver, and significantly increased the mRNA expressions of CAT, GST and SOD1 in liver. ACC mRNA level and LPL activity were tended to decrease by APPs. HMG-CoAR, CTP7A1, CD36 and FATP1 mRNA levels were decreased by APPs, while LDL-R, PGC-1α, Sirt1 and CPT1b mRNA levels were increased by 400 mg/kg APPs. No alterations in growth performance were found in all treatments. This study firstly provided the evidence that dietary APPs supplementation could enhance systemic antioxidant capacity and improve lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. The mechanism by which APPs improve lipid metabolism might be through regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism and increasing fatty acid oxidation, and decreasing fatty acid uptake and de novo synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sommella E, Badolati N, Riccio G, Salviati E, Bottone S, Dentice M, Campiglia P, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Novellino E. A Boost in Mitochondrial Activity Underpins the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Annurca Apple Polyphenols on Hepatic Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:E163. [PMID: 30646510 PMCID: PMC6356966 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction in cholesterol blood levels represents one of the therapeutic goals to achieve in order to reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Commonly, this goal is attempted by promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors and low-fat diets. Recently, several nutraceuticals have been shown to possess cholesterol-lowering properties and are becoming common over the counter products. Among others, apple polyphenols efficiently lower total cholesterol levels in humans and impact overall lipid metabolism. Malus Pumila Miller cv Annurca is an apple native to Southern Italy presenting one of the highest content of procyanidin B2, a dimeric procyanidin. Tested in clinical trials, the oral consumption of an Annurca polyphenolic extract (AAE) exerted a cholesterol-lowering effect similar to the statins Atorvastatin and Simvastatin. Despite AAE activity, the analysis of the molecular mechanism behind its cholesterol-lowering effect is unclear. Using isotope labeling and high-resolution mass spectrometry approaches we here performed a metabolic profiling of in vitro cultured human hepatocytes treated with AAE to reveal its mechanism of action. The results show that AAE acts differently than statins. The extract reprograms hepatic cell metabolism and promotes mitochondrial respiration, lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. Citrate and acetyl-CoA, both necessary for the production of cholesterol, are diverted to the Krebs Cycle by AAE, that, ultimately, lowers cholesterogenesis and fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Nadia Badolati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Salviati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Sara Bottone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
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Riccio G, Sommella E, Badolati N, Salviati E, Bottone S, Campiglia P, Dentice M, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Novellino E. Annurca Apple Polyphenols Protect Murine Hair Follicles from Taxane Induced Dystrophy and Hijacks Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism toward β-Oxidation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111808. [PMID: 30463345 PMCID: PMC6267362 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is a common side effect of conventional chemotherapy and represents a major problem in clinical oncology. Even months after the end of chemotherapy, many cancer patients complain of hair loss, a condition that is psychologically difficult to manage. CIA disturbs social and sexual interactions and causes anxiety and depression. Synthetic drugs protecting from CIA and endowed with hair growth stimulatory properties are prescribed with caution by oncologists. Hormones, growth factors, morphogens could unwontedly protect tumour cells or induce cancer cell proliferation and are thus considered incompatible with many chemotherapy regimens. Nutraceuticals, on the contrary, have been shown to be safe and effective treatment options for hair loss. We here show that polyphenols from Malus Pumila Miller cv Annurca are endowed with hair growth promoting activity and can be considered a safe alternative to avoid CIA. In vitro, Annurca Apple Polyphenolic Extract (AAE) protects murine Hair Follicles (HF) from taxanes induced dystrophy. Moreover, in virtue of its mechanism of action, AAE is herein proven to be compatible with chemotherapy regimens. AAE forces HFs to produce ATP using mitochondrial β-oxidation, reducing Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) rate and nucleotides production. As consequence, DNA replication and mitosis are not stimulated, while a pool of free amino acids usually involved in catabolic reactions are spared for keratin production. Moreover, measuring the effect exerted on Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) metabolism, we prove that AAE promotes hair-growth by increasing the intracellular levels of Prostaglandins F2α (PGF2α) and by hijacking PUFA catabolites toward β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Nadia Badolati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Salviati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Sara Bottone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
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Badolati N, Sommella E, Riccio G, Salviati E, Heintz D, Bottone S, Di Cicco E, Dentice M, Tenore G, Campiglia P, Stornaiuolo M, Novellino E. Annurca Apple Polyphenols Ignite Keratin Production in Hair Follicles by Inhibiting the Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Amino Acid Oxidation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101406. [PMID: 30279339 PMCID: PMC6213762 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterned hair loss (PHL) affects around 50% of the adult population worldwide. The negative impact that this condition exerts on people’s life quality has boosted the appearance of over-the-counter products endowed with hair-promoting activity. Nutraceuticals enriched in polyphenols have been recently shown to promote hair growth and counteract PHL. Malus pumila Miller cv. Annurca is an apple native to Southern Italy presenting one of the highest contents of Procyanidin B2. We have recently shown that oral consumption of Annurca polyphenolic extracts (AAE) stimulates hair growth, hair number, hair weight and keratin content in healthy human subjects. Despite its activity, the analysis of the molecular mechanism behind its hair promoting effect is still partially unclear. In this work we performed an unprecedented metabolite analysis of hair follicles (HFs) in mice topically treated with AAE. The metabolomic profile, based on a high-resolution mass spectrometry approach, revealed that AAE re-programs murine HF metabolism. AAE acts by inhibiting several NADPH dependent reactions. Glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione, citrulline and nucleotide synthesis are all halted in vivo by the treatment of HFs with AAE. On the contrary, mitochondrial respiration, β-oxidation and keratin production are stimulated by the treatment with AAE. The metabolic shift induced by AAE spares amino acids from being oxidized, ultimately keeping them available for keratin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Badolati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Salviati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Universite de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Sara Bottone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emery Di Cicco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II. Via Montesano 49, 80149 Naples, Italy.
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Kschonsek J, Wolfram T, Stöckl A, Böhm V. Polyphenolic Compounds Analysis of Old and New Apple Cultivars and Contribution of Polyphenolic Profile to the In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7010020. [PMID: 29364189 PMCID: PMC5789330 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are antioxidant ingredients in apples and are related to human health because of their free radical scavenging activities. The polyphenolic profiles of old and new apple cultivars (n = 15) were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD). The in vitro antioxidant capacity was determined by total phenolic content (TPC) assay, hydrophilic trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (H-TEAC) assay and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance (H-ORAC) assay. Twenty polyphenolic compounds were identified in all investigated apples by HPLC analysis. Quercetin glycosides (203 ± 108 mg/100 g) were the main polyphenols in the peel and phenolic acids (10 ± 5 mg/100 g) in the flesh. The calculated relative contribution of single compounds indicated flavonols (peel) and vitamin C (flesh) as the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity, in all cultivars investigated. The polyphenolic content (HPLC data) of the flesh differed significantly between old (29 ± 7 mg/100 g) and new (13 ± 4 mg/100 g) cultivars, and the antioxidant capacity of old apple cultivars was up to 30% stronger compared to new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Kschonsek
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Theresa Wolfram
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Annette Stöckl
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Volker Böhm
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Riccio G, Maisto M, Bottone S, Badolati N, Rossi GB, Tenore GC, Stornaiuolo M, Novellino E. WNT Inhibitory Activity of Malus Pumila miller cv Annurca and Malus domestica cv Limoncella Apple Extracts on Human Colon-Rectal Cells Carrying Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Mutations. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111262. [PMID: 29156563 PMCID: PMC5707734 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Wingless-related Integration site (WNT)/β-catenin pathway have recently been under consideration as potential chemopreventive agents against Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). This autosomal-dominant syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the gene coding for the protein APC and leads to hyperactivation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, uncontrolled intestinal cell proliferation and formation of adenocarcinomas. The aim of the present work was to: (i) test, on in vitro cultures of cells carrying FAP mutations and on ex vivo biopsies of FAP patients, the WNT inhibitory activity of extracts from two common southern Italian apples, Malus pumila Miller cv. 'Annurca' and Malus domestica cv 'Limoncella'; (ii) identify the mechanisms underpinning their activities and; (iii) evaluate their potency upon gastrointestinal digestion. We here show that both Annurca and Limoncella apple extracts act as WNT inhibitors, mostly thanks to their polyphenolic contents. They inhibit the pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations with active dilutions falling in ranges close to consumer-relevant concentrations. Food-grade manufacturing of apple extracts increases their WNT inhibitory activity as result of the conversion of quercetin glycosides into the aglycone quercetin, a potent WNT inhibitor absent in the fresh fruit extract. However, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion severely affected WNT inhibitory activity of apple extracts, as result of a loss of polyphenols. In conclusion, our results show that apple extracts inhibit the WNT pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations and represent a potential nutraceutical alternative for the treatment of this pathology. Enteric coating is advisable to preserve the activity of the extracts in the colon-rectal section of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Riccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Maisto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Sara Bottone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nadia Badolati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Battista Rossi
- Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariano Stornaiuolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Xu ZR, Li JY, Dong XW, Tan ZJ, Wu WZ, Xie QM, Yang YM. Apple Polyphenols Decrease Atherosclerosis and Hepatic Steatosis in ApoE-/- Mice through the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB Pathway. Nutrients 2015; 7:7085-105. [PMID: 26305254 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of apple polyphenols (APs) on hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis and endothelial function and investigated the potential mechanisms. ApoE−/− mice were fed a western-type diet and orally treated with APs (100 mg/kg) or atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in the aortic sinuses and, and hepatic lipidosis were measured. The treatment with APs or atorvastatin induced a remarkable reduction in the atherosclerotic lesions and hepatic steatosis and decreased the levels of low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, CCL-2 and VCAM-1 levels in the plasma. Conversely, the APs significantly increased the plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and markedly up-regulated the glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in liver tissues. Moreover, the APs treatment modulated lipid metabolism by up-regulating the transcription of associated hepatic genes including PPARα, while down-regulating the transcription of SCAP and its downstream genes associated with lipid synthesis in the liver. Histological assessment showed that the APs treatment also reduced the macrophage infiltration in the aortic root plaque and the inflammatory cells infiltrations to the liver tissues. Moreover, we confirmed that the APs treatment greatly reduced the ox-LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction and monocyte adhesion to rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs). Mechanistically, the APs treatment suppressed the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, and consequently, reduced CCL-2, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Our results suggest that the APs are a beneficial nutritional supplement for the attenuation of atherosclerosis.
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Paturi G, Butts CA, Bentley-Hewitt KL, McGhie TK, Saleh ZS, McLeod A. Apple polyphenol extracts protect against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1846-54. [PMID: 25069887 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protective role of two apple polyphenol extracts, Douglas-FB (FB) and Douglas-EF (EF), on gastric mucosal damage following aspirin ingestion was investigated in healthy rats. Polyphenol content of the apple extracts varied, with the EF extract having 20% w/w polyphenols and a high proportion of flavanols as epicatechin and procyanidin, whereas the FB extract comprised 12% w/w polyphenols, which were mostly flavonols as quercetin glycosides. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to control, FB and EF groups and fed the experimental diet during the 10-day trial. Control treatment rats received 1 mL of deionised water, whereas apple polyphenol treatment group rats, FB and EF received a concentration of 10(-2) m polyphenols in 1 mL deionised water daily via oral gavage. At the end of 10-day feeding period, rats were fasted overnight, and the following morning, aspirin (200 mg/kg) was given by oral gavage. Four hours after aspirin administration, the animals were euthanised, and samples taken for analysis. Both apple polyphenol extracts significantly reduced the ulcer area, ulcer lesion index and gastric injury score. The glutathione in gastric mucosa was increased significantly in rats given FB apple extract. Despite their different polyphenol compositions, FB and EF apple extracts assisted in protecting the gastric mucosa following acute aspirin administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunaranjan Paturi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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