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Convit L, Rahman SS, Jardine WT, Urwin CS, Roberts SSH, Condo D, Main LC, Carr AJ, Young C, Snipe RMJ. Total fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols intake, carbohydrate malabsorption and gastrointestinal symptoms during a 56 km trail ultramarathon event. Nutr Diet 2024. [PMID: 38637153 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the relationship between nutritional intake, fermentable oligo-, di, monosaccharides and polyols, and carbohydrate malabsorption, with gastrointestinal symptoms during a 56 km trail ultramarathon event and identify differences in nutritional intake between runners with severe and non-severe gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS Forty-four ultramarathoners recorded and self-reported dietary intake 3 days before, morning of, and during the ultramarathon with gastrointestinal symptoms obtained retrospectively and nutrient analysis via FoodWorks. Carbohydrate malabsorption was determined via breath hydrogen content pre- and post-race. Spearman's rank-order and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to identify relationships and differences between groups. RESULTS Total fermentable oligo-, di, monosaccharides and polyols intake were not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, but weak associations were observed for lower energy (rs = -0.302, p = 0.044) and fat intake (rs = -0.340, p = 0.024) 3 days before with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and higher caffeine intake 3 days before with overall gastrointestinal symptoms (rs = 0.314, p = 0.038). Total fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols intake and breath hydrogen were not different between those with severe versus non-severe symptoms (p > 0.05). Although those with severe symptoms had higher caffeine (p = 0.032), and total polyols intake (p = 0.031) 3 days before, and higher % energy from fat (p = 0.043) and sorbitol intake (p = 0.026) during the race, and slower ultramarathon finish times (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION Total fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides intake and carbohydrate malabsorption were not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Additional research on the effect of fat, caffeine, and polyol intake on exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms is warranted and presents new nutritional areas for consideration when planning nutritional intake for ultramarathoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Convit
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shant S Rahman
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - William T Jardine
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles S Urwin
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Spencer S H Roberts
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominique Condo
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amelia J Carr
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Young
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon M J Snipe
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Gaskell SK, Henningsen K, Young P, Gill P, Muir J, Henry R, Costa RJS. The Impact of a 24-h Low and High Fermentable Oligo- Di- Mono-Saccharides and Polyol (FODMAP) Diet on Plasma Bacterial Profile in Response to Exertional-Heat Stress. Nutrients 2023; 15:3376. [PMID: 37571312 PMCID: PMC10420669 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exertional-heat stress (EHS) compromises intestinal epithelial integrity, potentially leading to the translocation of pathogenic agents into circulation. This study aimed to explore the impact of EHS on the systemic circulatory bacterial profile and to determine the impact of a short-term low (LFOD) and high (HFOD) fermentable oligo- di- mono-saccharide and polyol dietary intervention before EHS on this profile. Using a double-blind randomized cross-over design, thirteen endurance runners (n = 8 males, n = 5 females), with a history of exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (Ex-GIS), consumed a 24 h LFOD and HFOD before 2 h running at 60% V.O2max in 35.6 °C. Blood and fecal samples were collected pre-EHS to determine plasma microbial DNA concentration, and sample bacteria and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles by fluorometer quantification, 16S rRNA amplicon gene sequencing, and gas chromatography, respectively. Blood samples were also collected post-EHS to determine changes in plasma bacteria. EHS increased plasma microbial DNA similarly in both FODMAP trials (0.019 ng·μL-1 to 0.082 ng·μL-1) (p < 0.01). Similar pre- to post-EHS increases in plasma Proteobacteria (+1.6%) and Firmicutes (+0.6%) phyla relative abundance were observed in both FODMAP trials. This included increases in several Proteobacteria genus (Delftia and Serratia) groups. LFOD presented higher fecal Firmicutes (74%) and lower Bacteroidota (10%) relative abundance pre-EHS, as a result of an increase in Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae family and respective genus groups, compared with HFOD (64% and 25%, respectively). Pre-EHS plasma total SCFA (p = 0.040) and acetate (p = 0.036) concentrations were higher for HFOD (188 and 178 μmol·L-1, respectively) vs. LFOD (163 and 153 μmol·L-1, respectively). Pre-EHS total fecal SCFA concentration (119 and 74 μmol·g-1; p < 0.001), including acetate (74 and 45 μmol·g-1; p = 0.001), butyrate (22 and 13 μmol·g-1; p = 0.002), and propionate (20 and 13 μmol·g-1; p = 0.011), were higher on HFOD vs LFOD, respectively. EHS causes the translocation of whole bacteria into systemic circulation and alterations to the plasma bacterial profile, but the FODMAP content of a 24 h diet beforehand does not alter this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K. Gaskell
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.K.G.); (K.H.); (P.Y.)
| | - Kayla Henningsen
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.K.G.); (K.H.); (P.Y.)
| | - Pascale Young
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.K.G.); (K.H.); (P.Y.)
| | - Paul Gill
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (P.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jane Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (P.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Rebekah Henry
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ricardo J. S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition Dietetics & Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; (S.K.G.); (K.H.); (P.Y.)
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King AJ, Etxebarria N, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis L, Heikura IA, McKay AKA, Tee N, Forbes SF, Beard NA, Saunders PU, Sharma AP, Gaskell SK, Costa RJS, Burke LM. Short-Term Very High Carbohydrate Diet and Gut-Training Have Minor Effects on Gastrointestinal Status and Performance in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091929. [PMID: 35565896 PMCID: PMC9105618 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We implemented a multi-pronged strategy (MAX) involving chronic (2 weeks high carbohydrate [CHO] diet + gut-training) and acute (CHO loading + 90 g·h−1 CHO during exercise) strategies to promote endogenous and exogenous CHO availability, compared with strategies reflecting lower ranges of current guidelines (CON) in two groups of athletes. Nineteen elite male race walkers (MAX: 9; CON:10) undertook a 26 km race-walking session before and after the respective interventions to investigate gastrointestinal function (absorption capacity), integrity (epithelial injury), and symptoms (GIS). We observed considerable individual variability in responses, resulting in a statistically significant (p < 0.001) yet likely clinically insignificant increase (Δ 736 pg·mL−1) in I-FABP after exercise across all trials, with no significant differences in breath H2 across exercise (p = 0.970). MAX was associated with increased GIS in the second half of the exercise, especially in upper GIS (p < 0.01). Eighteen highly trained male and female distance runners (MAX: 10; CON: 8) then completed a 35 km run (28 km steady-state + 7 km time-trial) supported by either a slightly modified MAX or CON strategy. Inter-individual variability was observed, without major differences in epithelial cell intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) or GIS, due to exercise, trial, or group, despite the 3-fold increase in exercise CHO intake in MAX post-intervention. The tight-junction (claudin-3) response decreased in both groups from pre- to post-intervention. Groups achieved a similar performance improvement from pre- to post-intervention (CON = 39 s [95 CI 15−63 s]; MAX = 36 s [13−59 s]; p = 0.002). Although this suggests that further increases in CHO availability above current guidelines do not confer additional advantages, limitations in our study execution (e.g., confounding loss of BM in several individuals despite a live-in training camp environment and significant increases in aerobic capacity due to intensified training) may have masked small differences. Therefore, athletes should meet the minimum CHO guidelines for training and competition goals, noting that, with practice, increased CHO intake can be tolerated, and may contribute to performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J. King
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, The Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (M.L.R.); (L.G.-L.); (I.A.H.); (A.K.A.M.); (L.M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Naroa Etxebarria
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Megan L. Ross
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, The Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (M.L.R.); (L.G.-L.); (I.A.H.); (A.K.A.M.); (L.M.B.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (N.T.); (P.U.S.)
| | - Laura Garvican-Lewis
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, The Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (M.L.R.); (L.G.-L.); (I.A.H.); (A.K.A.M.); (L.M.B.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (N.T.); (P.U.S.)
| | - Ida A. Heikura
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, The Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (M.L.R.); (L.G.-L.); (I.A.H.); (A.K.A.M.); (L.M.B.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (N.T.); (P.U.S.)
| | - Alannah K. A. McKay
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, The Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (M.L.R.); (L.G.-L.); (I.A.H.); (A.K.A.M.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Nicolin Tee
- Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (N.T.); (P.U.S.)
| | - Sara F. Forbes
- UniSA Online, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Nicole A. Beard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Philo U. Saunders
- Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (N.T.); (P.U.S.)
| | - Avish P. Sharma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia;
| | - Stephanie K. Gaskell
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3800, Australia; (S.K.G.); (R.J.S.C.)
| | - Ricardo J. S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3800, Australia; (S.K.G.); (R.J.S.C.)
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Program, The Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia; (M.L.R.); (L.G.-L.); (I.A.H.); (A.K.A.M.); (L.M.B.)
- Australian Institute of Sport, Leverrier Street, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia; (N.T.); (P.U.S.)
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Sugaya K, Nishijima S, Kadekawa K, Ashitomi K, Noguchi K, Matsumoto S, Yamamoto H. [ASSOCIATION OF BREATH HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION WITH ORAL INTAKE AND URINARY DISEASES]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2021; 112:11-7. [PMID: 35046230 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol.112.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
(Purpose) Ingestion of hydrogen is said to prevent oxidation in the body, but hydrogen is produced by intestinal bacterial flora and excreted in the exhaled breath. We investigated how breath hydrogen concentrations change with the diurnal cycle and under various conditions, including after consuming food or drink, and in people with urological disease. (Subjects and methods) Participants were healthy volunteers (40 men, 45 women; 30-83 years old) and urological outpatients (40 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, 30 women with overactive bladder; 60 years or older). Breath hydrogen levels were measured before and after eating and drinking in three volunteers, and its diurnal variation was examined in one. The relationship between breath hydrogen and age or urological disease status was also analyzed by gender. Additional measurements were taken in the person with the highest breath hydrogen concentration and the person with the lowest; in these two people, breath hydrogen was measured at the same time for 10 or more days to determine the fluctuation range. (Results) Breath hydrogen concentration increased temporarily after ingestion of tap water, hydrogen water or food. It also increased with food intake and in cases of flatulence with intestinal gas accumulation, but decreased after defecation. In the person with the highest breath hydrogen, concentrations were 11.2-188.6 ppm, whereas in the person with the lowest, they were 0.4-2.3 ppm. Breath hydrogen increased significantly with age in healthy female volunteers. There was no association between breath hydrogen and benign prostatic hyperplasia, overactive bladder or constipation. (Conclusion) Breath hydrogen concentration increases with eating, drinking and aging, and is not associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, overactive bladder or constipation. Breath hydrogen concentration varies widely between individuals, which may be due to differences in intestinal flora.
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Livesey G. Assessment of Carbohydrate Availability, Fermentability, and Food Energy Value in Humans Using Measurements of Breath Hydrogen. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 40:480-482. [PMID: 33600294 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1858367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Measurements in humans of their breath hydrogen is sometimes used to assess the availability, fermentability, and food energy value of carbohydrates that, to an unknown extent, resists small intestinal digestion and fermentation in the large intestine. Here I outline that the method is utterly flawed and conclude that it is unsuitable for making claims as to the availability, fermentability, and food energy value of carbohydrates. More traditional methods, although more demanding of time and effort, can be used. Otherwise further development of methodology is essential to avoid undue risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Livesey
- Scientific Affairs, Independent Nutrition Logic Ltd, Wymondham, UK
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Abstract
Human breath is an easily, noninvasively obtained substance. It offers insight into metabolism and is used to diagnose disaccharide malabsorption, infection, small bowel bacterial over growth, and transit times. Herein, we discuss the readily available clinical breath tests, how they function, how they are administered and interpreted and some pitfalls in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buford L. Nichols
- From the Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Robert D. Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Susan S. Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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Emilien CH, Hsu WH, Hollis JH. The Effect of Soluble Fiber Dextrin on Subjective and Physiological Markers of Appetite: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3341. [PMID: 33143121 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading public health problem throughout the world. The development of foods that increase satiety and reduce food may aid weight management. This study determined the effect of consuming soluble fiber dextrin (SFD) on appetite, appetitive hormones, breath hydrogen and food intake in adults. Forty-three participants completed this study. For each treatment, 50% of the SFD was provided in liquid form as part of breakfast and 50% in solid form as a morning snack. Appetite questionnaires, blood and breath samples were collected immediately before breakfast and at regular intervals during the test session. The participants consumed an ad libitum lunch meal, afternoon snack and dinner meal, and the amount eaten was recorded. Following dinner, participants left the laboratory but were required to keep a diet diary for the remainder of the day. Breath hydrogen concentration was significantly higher following the consumption of SFD compared to control (p < 0.05). There was no observed overall treatment effect of consuming SFD on GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like-Peptide-1), ghrelin, CCK-8 (Cholecystokinin) or PYY3-36 (Petptide YY) (p > 0.05). Moreover, consuming foods containing SFD had no effect on subjective appetite or food intake (p > 0.05). Consuming foods containing SFD increased breath hydrogen but did not influence food intake, appetite or appetitive hormones. However, the limitations of this study may have individually or collectively masked an effect of SFD on food intake and appetite.
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Canene-Adams K, Spence L, Kolberg LW, Karnik K, Liska D, Mah E. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study to Determine the Available Energy from Soluble Fiber. J Am Coll Nutr 2020; 40:412-418. [PMID: 32729789 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1790440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determining the available energy (caloric value) of dietary non-digestible fibers that are fermented to varying degrees by intestinal microbes and metabolized to short chain fatty acids is important for provision of accurate information to food and beverage manufacturers for reformulation and labeling purposes. The objective of this human study was to determine the available energy of soluble fiber products by measuring post consumption breath hydrogen, with inulin as a control. METHODS PROMITOR® Soluble Corn Fiber 70 (SCF70) and PROMITOR® Soluble Corn Fiber 85B (SCF85B) are Tate & Lyle dietary fiber products with 70% and 85% fiber, respectively. The fiber portion of these products is structurally representative of the fiber portion of all PROMITOR® SCF products. The study conducted was a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Breath hydrogen was quantified following consumption of beverages consisting of 8 oz. of water and: inulin (control), SCF70, or SCF85B at 5, 10, or 15 g (total ingredient weight, "as is"). Subjects were generally healthy men and women (N = 19), age 18 to 34 years, with body mass index (BMI) 19.3 to 24.8 kg/m2. The primary outcome was incremental area under the curve over 10 h (iAUC0-10 h) for inulin, SCF70, and SCF85B at each dose. The available energy (kcal/g ingredient and kcal/g fiber) from SCF70 and SCF85B at each dose was then calculated using inulin as the reference. RESULTS Results demonstrated that breath hydrogen production was significantly lower following consumption of SCF70 and SCF85B compared to inulin at all consumption amounts. There were no significant differences in breath hydrogen production following consumption of SCF70 compared to SCF85B. CONCLUSION The available energy per gram of fiber was not significantly different between the SCF70 and SCF85B PROMITOR® products. The available energy of the fiber portion of PROMITOR® SCF products was determined to be 0.2 kcal/gram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie Canene-Adams
- Innovation and Commercial Development, Tate & Lyle, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisa Spence
- Innovation and Commercial Development, Tate & Lyle, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA.,Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Lore W Kolberg
- Innovation and Commercial Development, Tate & Lyle, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA
| | - Kavita Karnik
- Innovation and Commercial Development, Tate & Lyle, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA
| | - DeAnn Liska
- Biofortis, Merieux NutriSciences, Addison, Illinois, USA
| | - Eunice Mah
- Biofortis, Merieux NutriSciences, Addison, Illinois, USA
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Shrestha A, Prodhan UK, Mitchell SM, Sharma P, Barnett MPG, Milan AM, Cameron-Smith D. Validity of a Portable Breath Analyser (AIRE) for the Assessment of Lactose Malabsorption. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071636. [PMID: 31319625 PMCID: PMC6683064 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) measurement in exhaled breath is a reliable and non-invasive method to diagnose carbohydrate malabsorption. Currently, breath H2 measurement is typically limited to clinic-based equipment. A portable breath analyser (AIRE, FoodMarble Digestive Health Limited, Dublin, Ireland) is a personalised device marketed for the detection and self-management of food intolerances, including lactose malabsorption (LM). Currently, the validity of this device for breath H2 analysis is unknown. Individuals self-reporting dairy intolerance (six males and six females) undertook a lactose challenge and a further seven individuals (all females) underwent a milk challenge. Breath samples were collected prior to and at frequent intervals post-challenge for up to 5 h with analysis using both the AIRE and a calibrated breath hydrogen analyser (BreathTracker, QuinTron Instrument Company Inc., Milwaukee, WI, USA). A significant positive correlation (p < 0.001, r > 0.8) was demonstrated between AIRE and BreathTracker H2 values, after both lactose and milk challenges, although 26% of the AIRE readings demonstrated the maximum score of 10.0 AU. Based on our data, the cut-off value for LM diagnosis (25 ppm H2) using AIRE is 3.0 AU and it is effective for the identification of a response to lactose-containing foods in individuals experiencing LM, although its upper limit is only 81 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aahana Shrestha
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Utpal K Prodhan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah M Mitchell
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pankaja Sharma
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P G Barnett
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Amber M Milan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
- Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Gourineni V, Stewart ML, Icoz D, Zimmer JP. Gastrointestinal Tolerance and Glycemic Response of Isomaltooligosaccharides in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:E301. [PMID: 29510490 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingredients delivering functional and nutritional benefits are of interest to food manufacturers. Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) which serve as alternate sweeteners fit into this category. IMOs are a mixture of α-(1 → 6) and α-(1 → 4)-linked glucose oligomers, synthesized by an enzymatic reaction from starch (corn, tapioca). The aim of this study was to evaluate the fermentability and glycemic response of IMO in a healthy population. Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over human studies were conducted. In the first study (n = 26), participants’ breath hydrogen over 24 h, gastrointestinal tolerance, and glycemic and insulinemic response to BIOLIGOTM IL5040 isomaltooligosaccharide were measured. In another study (n = 10), participants’ two-hour post-prandial glycemic response to BIOLIGOTM IL5040 isomaltooligosaccharide and BIOLIGOTM IL7010 isomaltooligosaccharide was measured compared to dextrose (control). The IMOs differed in the composition of mono and di-saccharide sugars. IMO syrup dose was matched for 50 g of total carbohydrates and was consumed by mixing in water (237 mL/8 oz.). Mean composite gastrointestinal score was not significantly different (p = 0.322) between the control (1.42) and IMO (1.38). Lack of difference in glycemic response (p = 0.662), with no impact on breath hydrogen (24 h; p = 0.319) and intestinal tolerance, demonstrates that IMO is digestible and can be used to replace sugars in product formulations.
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Wolf PG, Parthasarathy G, Chen J, O’Connor HM, Chia N, Bharucha AE, Gaskins HR. Assessing the colonic microbiome, hydrogenogenic and hydrogenotrophic genes, transit and breath methane in constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:1-9. [PMID: 28295896 PMCID: PMC5593760 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in the gut microbiota and breath methane production have been observed in chronic constipation, but the relationship between colonic microbiota, transit, and breath tests remains unclear. METHODS In 25 healthy and 25 constipated females we evaluated the sigmoid colonic mucosal and fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, abundance of hydrogenogenic FeFe (FeFe-hydA) and hydrogenotrophic (methyl coenzyme M reductase A [mrcA] and dissimilatory sulfite reductase A [dsrA]) genes with real-time qPCR assays, breath hydrogen and methane levels after oral lactulose, and colonic transit with scintigraphy. KEY RESULTS Breath hydrogen and methane were not correlated with constipation, slow colon transit, or with abundance of corresponding genes. After adjusting for colonic transit, the abundance of FeFehydA, dsrA, and mcrA were greater (P<.005) in colonic mucosa, but not stool, of constipated patients. The abundance of the selected functional gene targets also correlated with that of selected taxa. The colonic mucosal abundance of FeFe-hydA, but not mcrA, correlated positively (P<.05) with breath methane production, slow colonic transit, and overall microbiome composition. In the colonic mucosa and feces, the abundance of hydrogenogenic and hydrogenotrophic genes were positively correlated (P<.05). Breath methane production was not associated with constipation or colonic transit. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Corroborating our earlier findings with 16S rRNA genes, colonic mucosal but not fecal hydrogenogenic and hydrogenotrophic genes were more abundant in constipated vs. healthy subjects independent of colonic transit. Breath gases do not directly reflect the abundance of target genes contributing to their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G. Wolf
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gopanandan Parthasarathy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Helen M. O’Connor
- Clinical Research and Trials Unit, Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905 USA
| | - Nicholas Chia
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adil E. Bharucha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - H. Rex Gaskins
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare how and to what extent ingestion of hydrogen water and milk increase breath hydrogen in adults. METHODS Five subjects without specific diseases, ingested distilled or hydrogen water and milk as a reference material that could increase breath hydrogen. Their end-alveolar breath hydrogen was measured. RESULTS Ingestion of hydrogen water rapidly increased breath hydrogen to the maximal level of approximately 40 ppm 10-15 min after ingestion and thereafter rapidly decreased to the baseline level, whereas ingestion of the same amount of distilled water did not change breath hydrogen (p < 0.001). Ingestion of hydrogen water increased both hydrogen peaks and the area under the curve (AUC) of breath hydrogen in a dose-dependent manner. Ingestion of milk showed a delayed and sustained increase of breath hydrogen in subjects with milk intolerance for up to 540 min. Ingestion of hydrogen water produced breath hydrogen at AUC levels of 2 to 9 ppm hour, whereas milk increased breath hydrogen to AUC levels of 164 ppm hour for 540 min after drinking. CONCLUSION Hydrogen water caused a rapid increase in breath hydrogen in a dose-dependent manner; however, the rise in breath hydrogen was not sustained compared with milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Shimouchi
- Department of Etiology and Pathogenesis, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Nose
- Department of Etiology and Pathogenesis, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishiguro
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kondo
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Japan
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