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Convit L, Rahman SS, Jardine WT, Urwin CS, Roberts SSH, Condo D, Main LC, Carr AJ, Young C, Snipe RMJ. Total fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols intake, carbohydrate malabsorption and gastrointestinal symptoms during a 56 km trail ultramarathon event. Nutr Diet 2024. [PMID: 38637153 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the relationship between nutritional intake, fermentable oligo-, di, monosaccharides and polyols, and carbohydrate malabsorption, with gastrointestinal symptoms during a 56 km trail ultramarathon event and identify differences in nutritional intake between runners with severe and non-severe gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS Forty-four ultramarathoners recorded and self-reported dietary intake 3 days before, morning of, and during the ultramarathon with gastrointestinal symptoms obtained retrospectively and nutrient analysis via FoodWorks. Carbohydrate malabsorption was determined via breath hydrogen content pre- and post-race. Spearman's rank-order and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to identify relationships and differences between groups. RESULTS Total fermentable oligo-, di, monosaccharides and polyols intake were not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, but weak associations were observed for lower energy (rs = -0.302, p = 0.044) and fat intake (rs = -0.340, p = 0.024) 3 days before with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and higher caffeine intake 3 days before with overall gastrointestinal symptoms (rs = 0.314, p = 0.038). Total fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols intake and breath hydrogen were not different between those with severe versus non-severe symptoms (p > 0.05). Although those with severe symptoms had higher caffeine (p = 0.032), and total polyols intake (p = 0.031) 3 days before, and higher % energy from fat (p = 0.043) and sorbitol intake (p = 0.026) during the race, and slower ultramarathon finish times (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION Total fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides intake and carbohydrate malabsorption were not associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Additional research on the effect of fat, caffeine, and polyol intake on exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms is warranted and presents new nutritional areas for consideration when planning nutritional intake for ultramarathoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Convit
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shant S Rahman
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - William T Jardine
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles S Urwin
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Spencer S H Roberts
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominique Condo
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amelia J Carr
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Young
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon M J Snipe
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Hartley C, Carr A, Roberts SSH, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing, Cycling Performance and Individual Complex Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity. Nutrients 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38337743 PMCID: PMC10857552 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of individual complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity on cycling performance with complex carbohydrate oral rinsing. Ten male participants completed five cycling time trials in a fasted state with a seven-day washout period between each trial. Participants completed a fixed amount of work (738.45 ± 150.74 kJ) as fast as possible on a cycle ergometer while rinsing with an oral rinse for 10 s every 12.5% of the trial. An oral rinse (maltodextrin, oligofructose, glucose, sucralose or water control) was given per visit in a randomised, crossover, blinded design. Afterwards, participants had their taste assessed with three stimuli, complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin), sweet (glucose) and sour (citric acid), using taste assessment protocol to determine individual taste sensitivity status. Participants were subsequently grouped according to their complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity and complex carbohydrate taste intensity. There were no significant effects of the oral rinses on cycling performance time (p = 0.173). Participants who did not have improvements in exercise performance with the maltodextrin rinse experienced a stronger taste intensity with complex carbohydrate stimuli at baseline (p = 0.047) and overall (p = 0.047) than those who did have improvements in performance. Overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse was ineffective in significantly improving cycling performance in comparison with a water control. However, when participants were grouped according to complex carbohydrate taste intensity, differences in exercise performance suggest that individual sensitivity status to complex carbohydrates could impact the efficacy of a carbohydrate-based oral rinse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Spencer S. H. Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Russell S. J. Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
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Corrigan SL, Roberts SSH, Warmington SA, Drain JR, Tait JL, Bulmer S, Main LC. Overnight heart rate variability responses to military combat engineer training. Appl Ergon 2023; 107:103935. [PMID: 36371929 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine if overnight heart rate variability (HRV) is reflective of workload and stress during military training. Measures of cognitive load, perceived exertion, physical activity, nocturnal HRV, cognitive performance and sleep were recorded for a 15-day assessment period in 32 combat engineers. The assessment period consisted of 4 phases, PRE, FIELD, BASE and RECOVERY that exposed trainees to periods of sleep deprivation and restriction. The FIELD phase was characterised by an increase in mood disturbance, perceived exertion, physical activity, HRV and a reduction in sleep quantity (p < 0.05). Measures of HRV returned to PRE-values quicker than subjective wellbeing responses. The combination of sleep duration (β = -0.002, F = 13.42, p < 0.001) and physical activity (metabolic equivalents, β = -0.483, F = 5.95, p = 0.017), the main stressors of the exercise, provided a significant effect in the best predictive model of HRV. The different recovery rates of HRV and subjective wellbeing suggest a different physiological and psychological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Corrigan
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Stuart A Warmington
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jace R Drain
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie L Tait
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean Bulmer
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Knowles OE, Drinkwater EJ, Roberts SSH, Alexander SE, Abbott G, Garnham A, Lamon S, Aisbett B. Sustained Sleep Restriction Reduces Resistance Exercise Quality and Quantity in Females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:2167-2177. [PMID: 36136596 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Female athletes sleep less and report more sleep problems than their male counterparts. Inadequate sleep reduces maximal strength in male athletes; however, little is known about the impact of sleep restriction (SR) on the quantity and quality of resistance exercise performed by female athletes. This study investigated the effect of nine nights of moderate SR on repeated resistance exercise performance, hormonal responses, and perceived fatigue in females. METHODS Ten healthy, resistance-trained, eumenorrheic females age 18-35 yr underwent nine nights of SR (5-h time in bed) and normal sleep (NS; ≥7-h time in bed) in a randomized, crossover fashion with a minimum 6-wk washout. Participants completed four resistance exercise sessions per trial, with blood samples collected before and after exercise. Exercise performance was assessed using volume load, reactive strength index, and mean concentric velocity with rating of perceived exertion recorded after exercise. Participants completed awakening saliva sampling and the Multi-component Training Distress Scale daily. RESULTS Volume load decreased trivially (<1%, P < 0.05) with SR. Mean concentric velocity per set was slower during SR for the lower-body (up to 15%, P < 0.05), but not the upper-body, compound lifts. Intraset velocity loss was up to 7% greater during SR for back squats ( P < 0.05). SR increased salivary cortisol area under the curve (by 42%), total training distress (by 84%), and session perceived exertion (by 11%). CONCLUSIONS Sustained SR reduces markers of resistance exercise quality (bar velocity) more than quantity (volume load) and increases perceived effort at the same relative intensity in resistance-trained females. Markers of exercise quality and internal load may be more sensitive than volume load, to advise coaches to the decline in lifting performance for female athletes experiencing SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E Knowles
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Spencer S H Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sarah E Alexander
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Gavin Abbott
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, AUSTRALIA
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Roberts SSH, Aisbett B, Teo WP, Warmington S. Monitoring Effects of Sleep Extension and Restriction on Endurance Performance Using Heart Rate Indices. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3381-3389. [PMID: 34711770 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Roberts, SSH, Aisbett, B, Teo, W-P, and Warmington, S. Monitoring effects of sleep extension and restriction on endurance performance using heart rate indices. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3381-3389, 2022-Heart rate (HR) indices are useful for monitoring athlete fatigue or "readiness to perform." This study examined whether HR indices are sensitive to changes in readiness following sleep restriction (SR) and sleep extension (SE). Nine athletes completed a crossover study with 3 conditions: SR, normal sleep (NS), and SE. Each condition required completion of an endurance time trial (TT) on 4 consecutive days (D1-D4). Athletes slept habitually before D1; however, time in bed was reduced by 30% (SR), remained normal (NS), or extended by 30% (SE), on subsequent nights (D1-D3). Daily resting HR and HR variability were recorded. The maximal rate of HR increase and HR recovery was determined from a constant-load test before TTs. Exercise intensity ratios incorporating mean HR, mean power (W), and perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded at steady state during constant-load tests (W:HR SS ) and during TTs (W:HR TT , RPE:HR TT ). Compared with D4 of NS, RPE:HR TT was lower on D4 of SE ( p = 0.008)-when TT performances were faster. Compared with D1 of SR, RPE:HR TT was higher on D3 and D4 of SR ( p < 0.02). Moderate correlations were found between percentage changes in W:HR TT and changes in TT finishing time in SR ( r = -0.67, p = 0.049) and SE ( r = -0.69, p = 0.038) conditions. Intensity ratios incorporating mean HR seem sensitive to effects of sleep duration on athlete readiness to perform. When interpreting intensity ratios, practitioners should consider potential effects of prior sleep duration to determine whether sleep-promoting interventions are required (e.g., SE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S H Roberts
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang University, Singapore
| | - Stuart Warmington
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; and
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Roberts SSH, Main LC, Condo D, Carr A, Jardine W, Urwin C, Convit L, Rahman SS, Snipe RMJ. Sex differences among endurance athletes in the pre-race relationships between sleep, and perceived stress and recovery. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1542-1551. [PMID: 35767576 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined sex differences among endurance athletes in pre-race relationships between sleep, and perceived stress and recovery. Thirty-six athletes completed the Short Recovery and Stress Scale, and had sleep monitored via actigraphy, over four consecutive days prior to an ultra-marathon. Overall, compared with males, females had shorter wake after sleep onset (mean ± SD, 50 ± 23 vs 65 ± 23 min, p = .04) and lower emotional balance (3.9 ± 1.1 vs 4.8 ± 1.1 arbitrary units, p = .001). The day before the race, females scored higher for all stress-related items (p < 0.05). Among females, higher scores for emotional balance (β = -31 min, p = .01) and negative emotional state (β = -21 min, p < .001) were associated with reduced sleep duration. Among males, higher scores for overall stress were associated with increased sleep duration (β = 22 min, p = .01). Across all athletes, longer sleep duration was associated with improved overall recovery (β = 0.003 arbitrary units, p = .02). Females experienced greater pre-race stress than males, and their sleep duration was associated with emotional factors. The SRSS may help identify female athletes at risk of sleep difficulties prior to competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S H Roberts
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Luana C Main
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - William Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Charles Urwin
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Shant S Rahman
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Rhiannon M J Snipe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
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Corrigan SL, Bulmer S, Roberts SSH, Warmington S, Drain J, Main LC. Monitoring Responses to Basic Military Training with Heart Rate Variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1506-1514. [PMID: 35394465 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart rate variability (HRV) has shown sensitivity to the acute stressors experienced by defence personnel. This study examines the suitability of overnight HRV as a repeated measure of allostatic load in defence personnel. METHODS Daily measures of sleep, cognitive load and perceived exertion were reported for the 12-week duration of basic military training (BMT) in 48 recruits. Measures of physical activity, subjective wellbeing and HRV were measured weekly. The natural log of the root mean square of successive differences of inter-beat intervals (Ln RMSSD) and the Ln RMSSD to inter-beat interval ratio (Ln RMSSD:RRi ratio) during predicted slow wave sleep were used for HRV. Physical performance was assessed via the 20-m shuttle run and maximal push-up test in week two and eight of BMT with predicted V̇O2 peak values calculated. RESULTS Predicted V̇O2 peak increased from 42.6 ± 4.5 to 48.0 ± 2.7 mL·kg·min (p < 0.001). Ln RMSSD was elevated in week seven and ten and the Ln RMSSD:RRi ratio was elevated in week ten above all other weeks (p < 0.05). An increase in perceived exertion (F = 9.10, p = 0.003) and subjective fatigue (F = 6.97, p = 0.009), as well as a reduction in V̇O2 peak (F = 7.95, p = 0.009), individually predicted an increase in Ln RMSSD. The best predictive model of Ln RMSSD included perceived exertion (F = 8.16, p = 0.005), subjective fatigue (F = 8.49, p = 0.004), the number of awakenings during sleep (F = 7.79, p = 0.006) and the change in V̇O2 peak (F = 19.110, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HRV was predicted by subjective recruit responses to BMT workloads rather than objective measures of physical activity. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness depicted recruits who experienced enough stress to facilitate physiological adaptation which was reflected by a reduction in HRV during BMT. Monitoring HRV and HRV in relation to inter-beat interval length may provide a better tool for determining allostatic load than HRV alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Corrigan
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sean Bulmer
- Deakin University, Centre for Sport Research, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Stuart Warmington
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Jace Drain
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Luana C Main
- Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Geelong, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
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Roberts SSH, Teo WP, Aisbett B, Warmington SA. Extended Sleep Maintains Endurance Performance Better than Normal or Restricted Sleep. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2516-2523. [PMID: 31246714 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cumulative influence of sleep time on endurance performance remains unclear. This study examined the effects of three consecutive nights of both sleep extension (SE) and sleep restriction (SR) on endurance cycling performance. METHODS Endurance cyclists/triathletes (n = 9) completed a counterbalanced crossover experiment with three conditions: SR, normal sleep (NS), and SE. Each condition comprised seven days/nights of data collection (-2, -1, D1, D2, D3, D4, and +1). Sleep was monitored using actigraphy throughout. Participants completed testing sessions on days D1-D4 that included an endurance time-trial (TT), mood, and psychomotor vigilance assessment. Perceived exertion (RPE) was monitored throughout each TT. Participants slept habitually before D1; however, time in bed was reduced by 30% (SR), remained normal (NS), or extended by 30% (SE) on nights D1, D2, and D3. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS On nights D1, D2, and D3, total sleep time was longer (P < 0.001) in the SE condition (8.6 ± 1.0, 8.3 ± 0.6, and 8.2 ± 0.6 h, respectively) and shorter (P < 0.001) in the SR condition (4.7 ± 0.8, 4.8 ± 0.8, and 4.9 ± 0.4 h) compared with NS (7.1 ± 0.8, 6.5 ± 1.0, and 6.9 ± 0.7 h). Compared with NS, TT performance was slower (P < 0.02) on D3 of SR (58.8 ± 2.5 vs 60.4 ± 3.7 min) and faster (P < 0.02) on D4 of SE (58.7 ± 3.4 vs 56.8 ± 3.1 min). RPE was not different between or within conditions. Compared with NS, mood disturbance was higher, and psychomotor vigilance impaired, after SR. Compared with NS, psychomotor vigilance improved after SE. CONCLUSION Sleep extension for three nights led to better maintenance of endurance performance compared with normal and restricted sleep. Sleep restriction impaired performance. Cumulative sleep time affects performance by altering the perceived exertion of a given exercise intensity. Endurance athletes should sleep >8 h per night to optimize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S H Roberts
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, AUSTRALIA.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang University, SINGAPORE
| | - Brad Aisbett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
| | - Stuart A Warmington
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, AUSTRALIA
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Roberts SSH, Teo WP, Aisbett B, Warmington SA. Effects of total sleep deprivation on endurance cycling performance and heart rate indices used for monitoring athlete readiness. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2691-2701. [PMID: 31526108 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1661561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated effects of total sleep deprivation on self-paced endurance performance, and heart rate (HR) indices of athletes' "readiness to perform". Endurance athletes (n = 13) completed a crossover experiment comprising a normal sleep (NS) and sleep deprivation (SD) condition. Each required completion of an endurance time-trial (TT) on consecutive days (D1, D2) separated by normal sleep or total sleep deprivation. Finishing time, perceived exertion (RPE), mood, psychomotor vigilance (PVT), and HR responses were assessed. Time on D2 of SD was 10% slower than D2 of NS (64 ± 7 vs 59 ± 4 min, P < 0.01), and 11% slower than D1 of SD (58 ± 5 min, P < 0.01). Subjective to objective (RPE:mean HR) intensity ratio was higher on D2 of SD compared with D2 of NS and D1 of SD (P < 0.01). Mood disturbance and PVT mean response time increased on D2 of SD compared with D2 of NS and D1 of SD. Anaerobic threshold and change in TT time were correlated (R = -0.73, P < 0.01). Sleep helps to optimise endurance performance. Subjective to objective intensity ratios appear sensitive to effects of sleep on athletes' readiness. Research examining more subtle sleep manipulation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S H Roberts
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang University , Singapore
| | - Brad Aisbett
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
| | - Stuart A Warmington
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
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