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Ma Y, Yang M, Wang J, Jiang CZ, Wang Q. Application of Exogenous Ethylene Inhibits Postharvest Peel Browning of 'Huangguan' Pear. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:2029. [PMID: 28149298 PMCID: PMC5241572 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Peel browning disorder has an enormous impact on the exterior quality of 'Huangguan' pear whereas the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Although different methods have been applied for inhibiting the peel browning of 'Huangguan' pear, there are numerous issues associated with these approaches, such as time cost, efficacy, safety and stability. In this study, to develop a rapid, efficient and safe way to protect 'Huangguan' pear from skin browning, the effect of exogenous ethylene on peel browning of pear fruits stored at 0°C was evaluated. Results showed that ethylene treatments at 0.70-1.28 μL/L significantly decreased the browning rate and browning index from 73.80% and 0.30 to 6.80% and 0.02 after 20 days storage at 0°C, respectively, whereas ethylene treatments at 5 μL/L completely inhibited the occurrence of browning. In addition, ethylene treatments at 5 μL/L decreased the electrolyte leakage and respiration rate, delayed the loss of total phenolic compounds. Furthermore, ethylene (5 μL/L) treatment significantly enhanced the activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibition rate, but inhibited the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Our data revealed that ethylene prevented the peel browning through improving antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX and SOD) activities and reducing PPO activity, electrolyte leakage rate and respiration rate. This study demonstrates that exogenous ethylene application may provide a safe and effective alternative method for controlling browning, and contributes to the understanding of peel browning of 'Huangguan' pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Ma
- Postharvest Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Mengnan Yang
- Postharvest Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Postharvest Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, DavisCA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Cai-Zhong Jiang, Qingguo Wang,
| | - Qingguo Wang
- Postharvest Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Cai-Zhong Jiang, Qingguo Wang,
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Mellidou I, Buts K, Hatoum D, Ho QT, Johnston JW, Watkins CB, Schaffer RJ, Gapper NE, Giovannoni JJ, Rudell DR, Hertog MLATM, Nicolai BM. Transcriptomic events associated with internal browning of apple during postharvest storage. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:328. [PMID: 25430515 PMCID: PMC4272543 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0328-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postharvest ripening of apple (Malus x domestica) can be slowed down by low temperatures, and a combination of low O2 and high CO2 levels. While this maintains the quality of most fruit, occasionally storage disorders such as flesh browning can occur. This study aimed to explore changes in the apple transcriptome associated with a flesh browning disorder related to controlled atmosphere storage using RNA-sequencing techniques. Samples from a browning-susceptible cultivar ('Braeburn') were stored for four months under controlled atmosphere. Based on a visual browning index, the inner and outer cortex of the stored apples was classified as healthy or affected tissue. RESULTS Over 600 million short single-end reads were mapped onto the Malus consensus coding sequence set, and differences in the expression profiles between healthy and affected tissues were assessed to identify candidate genes associated with internal browning in a tissue-specific manner. Genes involved in lipid metabolism, secondary metabolism, and cell wall modifications were highly modified in the affected inner cortex, while energy-related and stress-related genes were mostly altered in the outer cortex. The expression levels of several of them were confirmed using qRT-PCR. Additionally, a set of novel browning-specific differentially expressed genes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, was validated in apples stored for various periods at different controlled atmosphere conditions, giving rise to potential biomarkers associated with high risk of browning development. CONCLUSIONS The gene expression data presented in this study will help elucidate the molecular mechanism of browning development in apples at controlled atmosphere storage. A conceptual model, including energy-related (linked to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain) and lipid-related genes (related to membrane alterations, and fatty acid oxidation), for browning development in apple is proposed, which may be relevant for future studies towards improving the postharvest life of apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Mellidou
- />Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, Leuven, 3001 Belgium
| | - Kim Buts
- />Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, Leuven, 3001 Belgium
| | - Darwish Hatoum
- />Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, Leuven, 3001 Belgium
| | - Quang Tri Ho
- />Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, Leuven, 3001 Belgium
| | - Jason W Johnston
- />The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | | | - Robert J Schaffer
- />The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142 New Zealand
- />The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Nigel E Gapper
- />Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Jim J Giovannoni
- />Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- />Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - David R Rudell
- />Fruit Tree Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Wenatchee, WA 9880 USA
| | - Maarten LATM Hertog
- />Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, Leuven, 3001 Belgium
| | - Bart M Nicolai
- />Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, bus 2428, Leuven, 3001 Belgium
- />Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, 3001 Belgium
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