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Shi P, Li J, Song Y, Xu N, Zhu J. Cogeneration of Clean Water and Valuable Energy/Resources via Interfacial Solar Evaporation. Nano Lett 2024; 24:5673-5682. [PMID: 38703077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Water, covering over two-thirds of the Earth's surface, holds immense potential for generating clean water, sustainable energy, and metal resources, which are the cornerstones of modern society and future development. It is highly desired to produce these crucial elements through eco-friendly processes with minimal carbon footprints. Interfacial solar evaporation, which utilizes solar energy at the air-liquid interface to facilitate water vaporization and solute separation, offers a promising solution. In this review, we systematically report the recent progress of the cogeneration of clean water and energy/resources including electricity, hydrogen, and metal resources via interfacial solar evaporation. We first gain insight into the energy and mass transport for a typical interfacial solar evaporation system and reveal the residual energy and resources for achieving the cogeneration goal. Then, we summarize the recent advances in materials/device designs for efficient cogeneration. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and potential opportunities for the further development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Song
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- School of sustainable energy and resources, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, People's Republic of China
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Usman J, Abba SI, Baig N, Abu-Zahra N, Hasan SW, Aljundi IH. Design and Machine Learning Prediction of In Situ Grown PDA-Stabilized MOF (UiO-66-NH 2) Membrane for Low-Pressure Separation of Emulsified Oily Wastewater. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:16271-16289. [PMID: 38514254 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in designing advanced membranes; however, persistent challenges remain due to their reduced permeation rates and a propensity for substantial fouling. These factors continue to pose significant barriers to the effective utilization of membranes in the separation of oil-in-water emulsions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered promising materials for such applications; however, they encounter three key challenges when applied to the separation of oil from water: (a) lack of water stability; (b) difficulty in producing defect-free membranes; and (c) unresolved issue of stabilizing the MOF separating layer on the ceramic membrane (CM) support. In this study, a defect-free hydrolytically stable zirconium-based MOF separating layer was formed through a two-step method: first, by in situ growth of UiO-66-NH2 MOF into the voids of polydopamine (PDA)-functionalized CM during the solvothermal process, and then by facilitating the self-assembly of UiO-66-NH2 with PDA using a pressurized dead-end assembly. A stable MOF separating layer was attained by enriching the ceramic support with amines and hydroxyl groups using PDA, which assisted in the assembly and stabilization of UiO-66-NH2. The PDA-s-UiO-66-NH2-CM membrane displayed air superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity, demonstrating its oil resistance and high antifouling behavior. The PDA-s-UiO-66-NH2-CM membrane has shown exceptionally high permeability and separation capacity for challenging oil-in-water emulsions. This is attributed to numerous nanochannels from the membrane and its high resistance to oil adhesion. The membranes showed excellent stability over 15 continuous test cycles, which indicates that the developed MOFs separating layers have a low tendency to be clogged by oil droplets during separation. Machine learning-based Gaussian process regression (GPR) models as nonparametric kernel-based probabilistic models were employed to predict the performance efficiency of the PDA-s-UiO-66-NH2-CM membrane in oil-in-water separation. The outcomes were compared with the support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT) algorithm. This efficiency includes various metrics related to its separation accuracy, and the models were developed through feature engineering to identify and utilize the most significant factors affecting the membrane's performance. The results proved the reliability of GPR optimization with the highest prediction accuracy in the validation phase. The average percentage increase of the GPR model compared to the SVM and DT model was 6.11 and 42.94%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Usman
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sani I Abba
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Baig
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidal Abu-Zahra
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Isam H Aljundi
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Membranes and Water Security (IRC-MWS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Prihandana GS, Maulana SS, Soedirdjo RS, Tanujaya V, Pramesti DMA, Sriani T, Jamaludin MF, Yusof F, Mahardika M. Preparation and Characterization of Polyethersulfone/Activated Carbon Composite Membranes for Water Filtration. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:906. [PMID: 38132910 PMCID: PMC10744510 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration membrane technology holds promise for wastewater treatment, but its widespread application is hindered by fouling and flux reduction issues. One effective strategy for enhancing ultrafiltration membranes involves incorporating activated carbon powder. In this study, composite polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated to include activated carbon powder concentrations between 0 and 1.5 wt.%, with carbon size fixed at 200 mesh. The ultrafiltration membranes were evaluated in terms of membrane morphology, hydrophilicity, pure water flux, equilibrium water content, porosity, average pore size, protein separation, and E-coli bacteria removal. It was found that the addition of activated carbon to PES membranes resulted in improvements in some key properties. By incorporating activated carbon powder, the hydrophilicity of PES membranes was enhanced, lowering the contact angle from 60° to 47.3° for composite membranes (1.0 wt.% of activated carbon) compared to the pristine PES membrane. Water flux tests showed that the 1.0 wt.% composite membrane yielded the highest flux, with an improvement of nearly double the initial value at 2 bar, without compromising bovine serum albumin rejection or bacterial removal capabilities. This study also found that the inclusion of activated carbon had a minor impact on the membrane's porosity and equilibrium water content. Overall, these insights will be beneficial in determining the optimal concentration of activated carbon powder for PES ultrafiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunawan Setia Prihandana
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; (S.S.M.); (R.S.S.); (V.T.); (D.M.A.P.)
| | - Sayed Sulthan Maulana
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; (S.S.M.); (R.S.S.); (V.T.); (D.M.A.P.)
| | - Rahmat Santoso Soedirdjo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; (S.S.M.); (R.S.S.); (V.T.); (D.M.A.P.)
| | - Venni Tanujaya
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; (S.S.M.); (R.S.S.); (V.T.); (D.M.A.P.)
| | - Desak Made Adya Pramesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; (S.S.M.); (R.S.S.); (V.T.); (D.M.A.P.)
| | - Tutik Sriani
- Department of Research and Development, PT. Global Meditek Utama—IITOYA, Sardonoharjo, Ngaglik, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55581, Indonesia;
| | - Mohd Fadzil Jamaludin
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing & Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.F.J.); (F.Y.)
| | - Farazila Yusof
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing & Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.F.J.); (F.Y.)
- Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muslim Mahardika
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
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Shi W, Ma J, Gao F, Dai R, Su X, Wang Z. Metal-Organic Framework with a Redox-Active Bridge Enables Electrochemically Highly Selective Removal of Arsenic from Water. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:6342-6352. [PMID: 37010389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective removal of trace, highly toxic arsenic from water is vital to ensure an adequate and safe drinking water supply for over 230 million people around the globe affected by arsenic contamination. Here, we developed an Fe-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with a ferrocene (Fc) redox-active bridge (termed Fe-MIL-88B-Fc) for the highly selective removal of As(III) from water. At a cell voltage of 1.2 V, Fe-MIL-88B-Fc can selectively separate and oxidize As(III) into the less harmful As(V) state in the presence of a 100- to 1250-fold excess of competing electrolyte, with an uptake capacity of >110 mg-As g-1 adsorbent. The high affinity between the uncharged As(III) and the μ3-O trimer (-36.55 kcal mol-1) in Fe-MIL-88B-Fc and the electron transfer between As(III) and redox-active Fc+ synergistically govern the selective capture and conversion of arsenic. The Fe-based MOF demonstrates high selectivity and capacity to remediate arsenic-contaminated natural water at a low energy cost (0.025 kWh m-3). This study provides valuable guidance for the tailoring of effective and robust electrodes, which can lead to a wider application of electrochemical separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruobin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Karen WMJ, Wong CY, Wang Z, Liew WYH, Melvin GJH. Carbonized rice husk coated solar absorber for clean water generation from seawater with a solar still. Environ Technol 2023; 44:326-333. [PMID: 34407722 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1970820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the generation of clean water from seawater collected at the beach coast in Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia, with carbonized rice husk coated melamine sponge as solar absorber by a solar still. Melamine sponge was utilized as a seawater transportation medium since its porous structure is excellent in channelling the seawater. Whereas carbonized rice husk was used as the photothermal conversion material for its efficient heat absorption due to its black colour and porous structure. Implementing air gap between the seawater body and solar absorber, and restricted water pathway assisted in localizing heat on the top surface of the solar absorber. Clean water was generated under direct solar radiation during the day at an open space with average solar intensity around 1.1∼1.2 kW/m2 (slightly higher than 1 sun) for about 4 h. Efficiency of the solar absorber was calculated, while the quality of the generated clean water was observed in terms of salinity and pH value. Insulated solar still with carbon-coated sponge showed the highest efficiency at about 54.74%. Salinity of the collected clean water significantly reduced to consumable level which was approximately 55 ppm, and the pH value at about 6.73 where it was within the safe limit of the drinkable water pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wong Min Jin Karen
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - C Y Wong
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Willey Y H Liew
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - G J H Melvin
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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Kamara D, Bah D, Sesay M, Maruta A, Sesay BP, Fofanah BD, Kamara IF, Kanu JS, Lakoh S, Molleh B, Guth J, Sagili KD, Tavernor S, Wilkinson E. Evaluation of Drinking Water Quality and Bacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity in Wells and Standpipes at Household Water Points in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19116650. [PMID: 35682235 PMCID: PMC9180853 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Water quality surveillance can help to reduce waterborne diseases. Despite better access to safe drinking water in Sierra Leone, about a third of the population (3 million people) drink water from unimproved sources. In this cross-sectional study, we collected water samples from 15 standpipes and 5 wells and measured the physicochemical and bacteriological water quality, and the antimicrobial sensitivity of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in two communities in Freetown, Sierra Leone in the dry and wet seasons in 2021. All water sources were contaminated with E. coli, and all five wells and 25% of standpipes had at least an intermediate risk level of E. coli. There was no antimicrobial resistance detected in the E. coli tested. The nitrate level exceeded the WHO’s recommended standard (>10 parts per million) in 60% of the wells and in less than 20% of the standpipes. The proportion of samples from standpipes with high levels of total dissolved solids (>10 Nephelometric Turbidity Units) was much higher in the rainy season (73% vs. 7%). The level of water contamination is concerning. We suggest options to reduce E. coli contamination. Further research is required to identify where contamination of the water in standpipes is occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauda Kamara
- Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone
- Directorate of Environmental Health & Sanitation, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (D.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +232-78-893-760
| | - Doris Bah
- Directorate of Environmental Health & Sanitation, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Momodu Sesay
- Directorate of Environmental Health & Sanitation, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Maruta
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.M.); (B.P.S.); (B.D.F.); (I.F.K.)
| | - Bockarie Pompey Sesay
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.M.); (B.P.S.); (B.D.F.); (I.F.K.)
| | - Bobson Derrick Fofanah
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.M.); (B.P.S.); (B.D.F.); (I.F.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara
- World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone; (A.M.); (B.P.S.); (B.D.F.); (I.F.K.)
| | - Joseph Sam Kanu
- National Disease Surveillance Program, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone National Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
- Department of Medicine, University of Sierra Leone Teaching Hospitals Complex, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone
- Sustainable Health Systems Sierra Leone, 34 Military Research Center, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
| | - Bailah Molleh
- Sustainable Health Systems Sierra Leone, 34 Military Research Center, Freetown 00232, Sierra Leone;
| | - Jamie Guth
- Global Health Connections, Center Barnstead, Barnstead, NH 03225, USA;
| | - Karuna D. Sagili
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), South East Asia Office, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Simon Tavernor
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - Ewan Wilkinson
- Institute of Medicine, University of Chester, Chester CH2 1BR, UK;
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Lu H, Shi W, Guo Y, Guan W, Lei C, Yu G. Materials Engineering for Atmospheric Water Harvesting: Progress and Perspectives. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2110079. [PMID: 35122451 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is emerging as a promising strategy to produce fresh water from abundant airborne moisture to overcome the global clean water shortage. The ubiquitous moisture resources allow AWH to be free from geographical restrictions and potentially realize decentralized applications, making it a vital parallel or supplementary freshwater production approach to liquid water resource-based technologies. Recent advances in regulating chemical properties and micro/nanostructures of moisture-harvesting materials have demonstrated new possibilities to promote enhanced device performance and new understandings. This perspective aims to provide a timely overview on the state-of-the-art materials design and how they serve as the active components in AWH. First, the key processes of AWH, including vapor condensation, droplet nucleation, growth, and departure are outlined, and the desired material properties based on the fundamental mechanisms are discussed. Then, how tailoring materials-water interactions at the molecular level play a vital role in realizing high water uptake and low energy consumption is shown. Last, the challenges and outlook on further improving AWH from material designs and system engineering aspects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Lu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Youhong Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Weixin Guan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chuxin Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Li Z, Xu X, Sheng X, Lin P, Tang J, Pan L, Kaneti YV, Yang T, Yamauchi Y. Solar-Powered Sustainable Water Production: State-of-the-Art Technologies for Sunlight-Energy-Water Nexus. ACS Nano 2021; 15:12535-12566. [PMID: 34279074 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alternative water resources (seawater, brackish water, atmospheric water, sewage, etc.) can be converted into clean freshwater via high-efficiency, energy-saving, and cost-effective methods to cope with the global water crisis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of various solar-powered technologies for alternative water utilization (i.e., "sunlight-energy-water nexus"), including solar-thermal interface desalination (STID), solar-thermal membrane desalination (STMD), solar-driven electrochemical desalination (SED), and solar-thermal atmospheric water harvesting (ST-AWH). Three strategies have been proposed for improving the evaporation rate of STID systems above the theoretical limit and designing all-weather or all-day operating STID systems by analyzing the energy transfer of the evaporation and condensation processes caused by solar-thermal conversion. This review also introduces the fundamental principles and current research hotspots of two other solar-driven seawater or brackish water desalination technologies (STMD and SED) in detail. In addition, we also cover ST-AWH and other solar-powered technologies in terms of technology design, materials evolution, device assembly, etc. Finally, we summarize the content of this comprehensive review and discuss the challenges and future outlook of different types of solar-powered alternative water utilization technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xingtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xinran Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Likun Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Aamir A, Awan HA, Diwan MN, Kazmi SK, Hasan MM, Douba Z, Ullah I. The dilemma of treating the infected versus the wounded: Gaza's healthcare system is choked. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 36:2430-2435. [PMID: 34212406 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaza has been facing persistent disturbance since the last 14 years. Even before the pandemic, Gaza faced a dire healthcare consequence with prevalent instability, lack of adequate medical resources, and limited health-related infrastructure. Gaza continued to struggle while responding to the pandemic as the other nearby countries. However, the challenges were compounded with the onset of the conflict that affected Gaza's infrastructure and displaced tens of thousands to make-shift shelters. The testing capacity of Gaza is alarmingly low that makes any outbreak difficult to document. Additionally, all medical centres have been affected by the ongoing conflict. These centres, if not directly impacted, are severely overwhelmed with those injured during the conflict, shifting focus and resources away from coronavirus. Vaccinations in Gaza cover only 1.9% of the population and a great number of unvaccinated people now may act as vectors of transmission in overcrowded shelters. Furthermore, non-availability of clean water to maintain hygienic conditions has heightened the risk of an explosive surge in cases. Hence, beyond the ceasefire, further steps need to be taken to strengthen Gazan response to COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alifiya Aamir
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Zain Douba
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College, Gandhara University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Liu Z, Qing RK, Xie AQ, Liu H, Zhu L, Chen S. Self-contained Janus Aerogel with Antifouling and Salt-Rejecting Properties for Stable Solar Evaporation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:18829-18837. [PMID: 33849270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Janus structural interfacial vaporization by separating the solar absorber from the bulk working fluid has attracted tremendous attention due to its low heat losses and high solar conversion efficiency for desalination, water purification, energy generation, etc. However, a totally separated double-deck structure with a discontinuous interfacial transition and inefficient photothermic materials undermines its long-term use and large-scale practical exploitation. Herein, a low-cost Janus monolithic chitosan aerogel with continuous aligned run-through microchannels has been demonstrated to have a highly efficient photothermic effect on seawater desalination and wastewater purification. The top solar absorber layer enhances broadband light absorption and photothermal conversion efficiency via the multiple internal reflection of incident light in the aligned microchannels. Moreover, the insulating/hydrophilic bottom layer promotes water transportation and heat localization, and simultaneously prevents salt/fouling accumulation. As a result, a long-term solar vaporization rate of ∼1.76 kg m-2 h-1 is achieved, corresponding to a light-to-vapor efficiency of ∼91% under 1 sun irradiation. Notably, the large-vessel microchannels throughout the aerogel and favorable swelling property provide sufficient water replenishment and storage for completely isolating self-contained evaporation, illustrating an enhanced and time-extended self-contained solar steam generation. Such a low-cost bilayer aerogel with remarkable cycling stability in various fluids offers potential opportunities for freshwater production in remote rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ren-Kun Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - An-Quan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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Irshad MS, Arshad N, Wang X. Nanoenabled Photothermal Materials for Clean Water Production. Glob Chall 2021; 5:2000055. [PMID: 33437524 PMCID: PMC7788632 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Solar-powered water evaporation is a primitive technology but interest has revived in the last five years due to the use of nanoenabled photothermal absorbers. The cutting-edge nanoenabled photothermal materials can exploit a full spectrum of solar radiation with exceptionally high photothermal conversion efficiency. Additionally, photothermal design through heat management and the hierarchy of smooth water-flow channels have evolved in parallel. Indeed, the integration of all desirable functions into one photothermal layer remains an essential challenge for an effective yield of clean water in remote-sensing areas. Some nanoenabled photothermal prototypes equipped with unprecedented water evaporation rates have been reported recently for clean water production. Many barriers and difficulties remain, despite the latest scientific and practical implementation developments. This Review seeks to inspire nanoenvironmental research communities to drive onward toward real-time solar-driven clean water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sultan Irshad
- Ministry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional MaterialsHubei Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Naila Arshad
- Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum InformationSchool of ScienceXi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU)Xi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Ministry‐of‐Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional MaterialsHubei Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHubei UniversityWuhan430062P. R. China
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12
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Abstract
Sustainable nanotechnology has made substantial contributions in providing contaminant-free water to humanity. In this Review, we present the compelling need for providing access to clean water through nanotechnology-enabled solutions and the large disparities in ensuring their implementation. We also discuss the current nanotechnology frontiers in diverse areas of the clean water space with an emphasis on applications in the field and provide suggestions for future research. Extending the vision of sustainable and affordable clean water to environment in general, we note that cities can live and breathe well by adopting such technologies. By understanding the global environmental challenges and exploring remedies from emerging nanotechnologies, sustainability in clean water can be realized. We suggest specific pointers and quantify the impact of such technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Nagar
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Peng H, Zhang WH, Hung WS, Wang N, Sun J, Lee KR, An QF, Liu CM, Zhao Q. Phosphonium Modification Leads to Ultrapermeable Antibacterial Polyamide Composite Membranes with Unreduced Thickness. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2001383. [PMID: 32350974 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water transport rate in network membranes is inversely correlated to thickness, thus superior permeance is achievable with ultrathin membranes prepared by complicated methods circumventing nanofilm weakness and defects. Conferring ultrahigh permeance to easily prepared thicker membranes remains challenging. Here, a tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) monomer is discovered that enables straightforward modification of polyamide composite membranes. Water permeance of the modified membrane is ≈6 times improved, give rising to permeability (permeance × thickness) one magnitude higher than state-of-the-art polymer nanofiltration membranes. Meanwhile, the membrane exhibits good rejection (RNa2SO4 = 98%) and antibacterial properties under crossflow conditions. THPC modification not only improves membrane hydrophilicity, but also creates additional angstrom-scale channels in polyamide membranes for unimpeded transport of water. This unique mechanism provides a paradigm shift in facile preparation of ultrapermeable membranes with unreduced thickness for clean water and desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wen-Hai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Wei-Song Hung
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Naixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kueir-Rarn Lee
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan
| | - Quan-Fu An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Cheng-Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Kwami CS, Godfrey S, Gavilan H, Lakhanpaul M, Parikh P. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E3793. [PMID: 31600942 PMCID: PMC6843659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Stunting is a global burden affecting nearly 160 million children younger than five years of age. Whilst the linkages between nutrition and stunting are well recognized, there is a need to explore environmental factors such as water and sanitation, which may influence feeding practices and result in potential infection pathways. This paper explores the linkages between stunting and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors in Ethiopia, which is a relatively understudied context. The research draws upon baseline data for children under the age of five from 3200 households across four regions in Ethiopia as part of a wider study and integrated program led by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Using World Health Organization (WHO) z-scoring, the average stunting rate in the sample is 47.5%. This paper also takes into account demographic and social behavioural factors such as the age, gender of children, and gender of the primary caregiver, in addition to handwashing behaviour and drinking water facilities. The evidence recommends efforts to improve handwashing behaviour for mothers and children with a focus on access to clean water. Higher stunting rates with an increase in the age of children highlight the need for continued interventions, as efforts to improve nutrition and WASH behaviours are most effective early on in promoting long-term health outcomes for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Shika Kwami
- Department of Civil, Environment and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Chadwick Building, London WC1E6BT, UK.
| | - Samuel Godfrey
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Regional Water and Sanitation Advisor for East and Southern Africa, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Hippolyte Gavilan
- Department of Civil, Environment and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Chadwick Building, London WC1E6BT, UK.
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- UCL-Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
- Whittington Health NHS Trust, London N19 5NF, UK.
| | - Priti Parikh
- Department of Civil, Environment and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Chadwick Building, London WC1E6BT, UK.
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Fang Q, Li T, Chen Z, Lin H, Wang P, Liu F. Full Biomass-Derived Solar Stills for Robust and Stable Evaporation To Collect Clean Water from Various Water-Bearing Media. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:10672-10679. [PMID: 30799599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Solar steam generation is considered to be a promising strategy for sustainable clean water supply. An easily made and robust solar still can practically meet any contingency in wilderness survival, compared to high-cost and delicate solar thermal materials, for example, plasmonic metals, carbon nanotubes, or graphene-based materials. Inspired by rice plants with high transpiration, we develop a universal solar steam-generation device from wasted rice straw for robust clean water production. The upper leaves of rice straw are carbonized and composited with bacterial cellulose to function as a superior light absorber and the lower culms are designed as excellent water pumps. The unique capillary structures and multilevel geometrical structures of the rice culms contribute to their outstanding water pumping capacity for surface evaporation, resulting in an evaporation rate of 1.2 kg m-2 h-1 with 75.8% conversion efficiency. The rice straw-derived solar still has a daily clean water yield of 6.4-7.9 kg m-2 on sunny days and 4.6-5.6 kg m-2 on cloudy days over 14 days of operation. More attention-grabbing aspect is that this evaporation device is applicable to various water-bearing media, for example, sand, soil, and seawater, to collect clean water with a stable evaporation performance, and the unique multilevel structures of the culms make great contribution to the unimpeded water channels. By turning "waste" to "wealth," this project shines significant light on a facilely fabricated, robust, and efficient solar still, especially designed for urgent priority in wilderness survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qile Fang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tiantian Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zaiming Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211 , China
| | - Haibo Lin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Peng Wang
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fu Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , China
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Kumar AK, Sharma S, Patel A, Dixit G, Shah E. Comprehensive evaluation of microalgal based dairy effluent treatment process for clean water generation and other value added products. Int J Phytoremediation 2019; 21:519-530. [PMID: 30666880 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1537248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study demonstrates a comprehensive investigation on clean water generation from raw dairy wastewater (RDW) using a robust microalgal strain, Ascochloris sp. ADW007 and its growth, biomass, and lipid productivities in outdoor conditions. Microalgal treatment studies were conducted in column photobioreactor (CPB) and flat-pate photobioreactor (FPB), where the volumetric algal biomass productivity in RDW was significantly increased in both CPB (0.284 ± 0.0017 g/L/d) and FPB (0.292 ± 0.0121 g/L/d) as compared to synthetic mediums viz., BG11 and TAP, respectively, with enhanced lipid content. Maximum lipid accumulation of 33.40% was obtained within 7 d growth. The volumetric and areal lipid productivities in CPB and FPB were 94 mg/L/d and 5.597 g/m2/d, and 98 mg/L/d and 9.754 g/m2/d, respectively. Chemiflocculation, filtration, and centrifugation techniques were employed for harvesting microalgal biomass. Among the flocculants, 0.08% (w/v) FeCl3 harvested >99% of algal cells within 5 min, while 0.03% (w/v) cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and 0.125% (w/v) sodium hydroxide harvested >96% of the cells in 30 and 60 min. After microalgal treatment, >80% of clean and odorless water was obtained with reduction in 94-96% of COD, 72-80% of nitrate and 80-97% of total phosphate, respectively. Highlights Utilization of 100% raw dairy wastewater without any treatment. Production of clean and odorless water for recycle and reuse. COD, nitrate and total phosphate reduction by 94-96%, 72-80%, and 80-97% after treatment. Microalgal treatment studies in simple column and flat-plate photobioreactors. Biomass and lipid production as other value added by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adepu K Kumar
- a Bioconversion Technology Division , Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Shaishav Sharma
- a Bioconversion Technology Division , Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Aesha Patel
- a Bioconversion Technology Division , Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Gaurav Dixit
- a Bioconversion Technology Division , Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute , Anand , Gujarat , India
| | - Ekta Shah
- a Bioconversion Technology Division , Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute , Anand , Gujarat , India
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Zhang P, Li J, Lv L, Zhao Y, Qu L. Vertically Aligned Graphene Sheets Membrane for Highly Efficient Solar Thermal Generation of Clean Water. ACS Nano 2017; 11:5087-5093. [PMID: 28423271 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of solar energy for clean water is an attractive, renewable, and environment friendly way to solve the long-standing water crisis. For this task, we prepared the long-range vertically aligned graphene sheets membrane (VA-GSM) as the highly efficient solar thermal converter for generation of clean water. The VA-GSM was prepared by the antifreeze-assisted freezing technique we developed, which possessed the run-through channels facilitating the water transport, high light absorption capacity for excellent photothermal transduction, and the extraordinary stability in rigorous conditions. As a result, VA-GSM has achieved average water evaporation rates of 1.62 and 6.25 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 and 4 sun illumination with a superb solar thermal conversion efficiency of up to 86.5% and 94.2%, respectively, better than that of most carbon materials reported previously, which can efficiently produce the clean water from seawater, common wastewater, and even concentrated acid and/or alkali solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijng 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijng 100081, P. R. China
| | - Lingxiao Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijng 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijng 100081, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijng 100081, P. R. China
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Abstract
Background: Many low- to middle-income countries have completed or are in the process of transitioning from high or intermediate to low endemicity for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Because the risk of severe hepatitis A disease increases with age at infection, decreased incidence that leaves older children and adults susceptible to HAV infection may actually increase the population-level burden of disease from HAV. Mathematical models can be helpful for projecting future epidemiological profiles for HAV. Methods: An age-specific deterministic, dynamic compartmental transmission model with stratification by setting (rural versus urban) was calibrated with country-specific data on demography, urbanization, and seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies. HAV transmission was modeled as a function of setting-specific access to safe water. The model was then used to project various HAV-related epidemiological outcomes in Brazil and in Mexico from 1950 to 2050. Results: The projected epidemiological outcomes were qualitatively similar in the 2 countries. The age at the midpoint of population immunity (AMPI) increased considerably and the mean age of symptomatic HAV cases shifted from childhood to early adulthood. The projected overall incidence rate of HAV infections decreased by about two thirds as safe water access improved. However, the incidence rate of symptomatic HAV infections remained roughly the same over the projection period. The incidence rates of HAV infections (all and symptomatic alone) were projected to become similar in rural and urban settings in the next decades. Conclusion: This model featuring population age structure, urbanization and access to safe water as key contributors to the epidemiological transition for HAV was previously validated with data from Thailand and fits equally well with data from Latin American countries. Assuming no introduction of a vaccination program over the projection period, both Brazil and Mexico were projected to experience a continued decrease in HAV incidence rates without any substantial decrease in the incidence rates of symptomatic HAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rosalba Rojas
- b Centro de Investigaciones en Salud Poblacional , Instituto Nacional de Salud Pùblica , Morelos , México
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- c Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , VA , USA
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