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Eg MB, Graesholt-Knudsen T, Madsen KB, Obel C, Charles AV, Ingemann-Hansen O. Distinct age-related differences among victims in cases of suspected child abuse. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:252-263. [PMID: 37792506 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence describing age-related differences among children with suspected physical and sexual child abuse is lacking. We describe findings in severe cases of suspected abuse. Cases with 756 children <15 years old were included during 2001-2013 at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, using forensic evaluation documents, medical records, and court proceedings. Eight percent of children <4 years old died from child abuse, 36% through violence resulting in death, and 64% by manslaughter, whereas 1% > 4 years old died, solely by manslaughter. External injuries were mainly located to head and torso in children <4 years old, changing to the upper and lower extremities in older children. Child sexual abuse was suspected in 52% of cases with living children <4 years old, 83% of children 4-7 years of age, 88% of children 8-11 years of age, and 93% of children >12 years old. Anogenital findings were mainly caused by other medical conditions in children <4 years old, hymenal clefts in the superior half of the hymenal rim were almost exclusively found in children between 8 and 11 years of age, whereas both superficial and complete hymenal clefts in the inferior half of the hymenal rim were found in children >12 years old. The present study describes age-related differences in victims of suspected child abuse. Fatal versus nonfatal child physical abuse and the significance of hymenal findings in child sexual abuse could be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Beyer Eg
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Kathrine Bang Madsen
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Carsten Obel
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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2
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Mileva B, Goshev M, Georgieva M, Braynova I, Alexandrov A. Child Sexual Abuse: Forensic Medical Assessment of the Traumatic Injuries Over the Victim's Body. Cureus 2023; 15:e49873. [PMID: 38170050 PMCID: PMC10760938 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Child sexual abuse is a public health problem that affects children worldwide in all ethnic, educational, and socioeconomic groups. These assaults are extremely dangerous not only due to their direct physical traumas received at the time of the abuse, but they also have long-term consequences that can worsen the future quality of the victim's life. A retrospective study of all cases related to child sexual abuse for five years was performed by materials of the Clinic of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Sofia, Bulgaria. Ninety-five cases involve children from both genders. The traumatic injuries were carefully examined and classified according to their localization over the victim's bodies and based on the time that had passed after the reported assaults. In cases of sexual violence, the most informative and pointing at the exact type of violence are the injuries situated in the anogenital area. Too often, there is a lack of physical findings, depending on the type of sexual violence or associated with the prolonged time that passes after the crime. Children are unaware of what they have to do after suffering such traumas, or they are scared to share their experience with different family members, which can lead to late forensic examination and lack of physical and biological findings, which are the most critical traces in the criminal prosecution of the crimes and this can be a possibility for the perpetrator not to be charged for his unlawful actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliana Mileva
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
| | - Metodi Goshev
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
| | - Mihaela Georgieva
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
| | - Ilina Braynova
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
| | - Alexandar Alexandrov
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
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3
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Mileva B, Goshev M, Georgieva M, Tsranchev II, Alexandrov A. Self-Mutilation: A Way to Protect Yourself From a Committed Crime or to Gain Personal Benefits. Cureus 2023; 15:e48085. [PMID: 38046479 PMCID: PMC10689981 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-mutilation refers to the state in which a person deliberately hurts himself without the intention to commit suicide but with the motive of some personal gain. Four cases are described in the current study with four different personal motives - drug supply, accusation of intimate partner violence, confrontation of parental prohibition, and a way to hide and escape from a committed crime. Evaluating the injuries due to self-mutilation might be challenging due to atypical lesions and well-structured false stories when the victim has some level of competency. Careful analysis of the victim's story and a thorough evaluation of the sustained injuries are needed. If doubts about artificial injuries exist, immediate consultation with a forensic pathologist is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biliana Mileva
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
| | - Metodi Goshev
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
| | - Mihaela Georgieva
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
| | - Ivan I Tsranchev
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, BGR
| | - Alexandar Alexandrov
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, BGR
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4
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Saeed A, AlShafea A, AlFaya FA, Asiri MY, Bin Saeed A, Alnasser A. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) DNA Analysis for Using Coffee Cups As Forensic Medicine Evidence. Cureus 2023; 15:e47592. [PMID: 38022052 PMCID: PMC10666908 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Forensic science has continually evolved, with innovations in DNA analysis techniques playing a pivotal role in improving the accuracy and reliability of criminal investigations. Short tandem repeats (STRs) have been a game-changer in forensic science, offering unique genetic markers to pinpoint individual identities. This study explores the application of STR DNA analysis to an unconventional source: coffee cups. Materials and methods In a study involving 16 unrelated, healthy individuals aged 26 to 32, DNA was investigated from coffee cups and mouth cavities, comparing the results to a previous coffee cup DNA study. Buccal swabs provided reference samples, air-dried for 10 minutes, and stored at 20°C. DNA quantification revealed a significant decrease in coffee cup samples (0.015 to 0.049 ng/μL) compared to the reference, with no DNA in negative controls. Some STR loci displayed inhibition and lower heterozygosity in the research samples. Ethical approval (REC 53-592) and adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki ensured ethical standards. This research highlights potential challenges in obtaining efficient DNA profiles from various sources. Results There was a significant variation in DNA concentrations among the different cup types, with ceramic cups yielding the highest concentrations. Moreover, the DNA profiling outcomes ranged from full profiles, which allow for precise individual identification, to partial profiles, which pose challenges for conclusive matches. These findings have profound implications for forensic science. The study demonstrates the potential of coffee cups as sources of DNA evidence in criminal investigations, even if partial profiles are obtained. Such evidence can assist in suspect identification, victim profiling, and corroborating witness statements. Conclusion This study highlights the application of STR DNA analysis for coffee cups, opening new avenues for forensic investigations and highlighting the need for continued research and development in this exciting field. This observation aligns with existing research on DNA recovery from various surfaces, and further research is warranted to refine the methodology, consider usage patterns, and address ethical and legal concerns regarding the collection and use of DNA evidence from common objects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ali Alnasser
- Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Abha, SAU
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5
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Katsos K, Kolentinis C, Anastopoulou I, Vlachodimitropoulos DG, Goutas ND, Spiliopoulou CA, Sakelliadis EI. Domestic and Community Violence in Greece After the First COVID-19 Quarantine: A Clinical Forensic Approach. Cureus 2023; 15:e46054. [PMID: 37900388 PMCID: PMC10604506 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Many scientists expressed their concerns regarding the impact of COVID-19-related quarantine measures on interpersonal violence, mainly concerning children and intimate partners, as well as other negative psychological effects. During early 2020, free circulation in Greece was prohibited for 42 days, up until May 4th. The aim of our study was to investigate characteristics of bodily harm allegation cases referred to the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, during the first month succeeding free circulation re-establishment in the broader Attica region. We also aimed to detect any possible differences regarding bodily harm allegations by comparing the corresponding time period of 2019. A decrease in community violence (CV) allegations, especially youth violence incidents, was observed in 2020. Females' victimization, as well as allegations against strangers, were also decreased. No differences were observed concerning the injury mechanism. Victims of 2020 filed the allegations faster and, thus, were examined almost one day earlier than their 2019 counterparts. During lockdown, domestic violence (DV) hotline reporting was significantly increased, but paradoxically DV cases referred to our Department were decreased. In Greece, the legislators did not foresee any specific exemption from circulation restriction for DV victims attempting to escape abuse. Our results revealed a small, but notable, impact on non-fatal interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Katsos
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Christoforos Kolentinis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Ioanna Anastopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Dimitrios G Vlachodimitropoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Nikolaos D Goutas
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Chara A Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Emmanouil I Sakelliadis
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, GRC
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Abstract
Child abuse is one of the medico-legal issues a physician may face during his/her clinical practice. It has devastating effects on both the child and family, especially psychological. If falsely identified as a child abuse case, it could result in detrimental consequences. Therefore, physicians must recognise and be able to rule out child abuse mimickers, which are often conditions that are mistakenly confused with true physical child abuse. Injuries like bruises and burns are common presentations and therefore it is important to consider cutaneous abuse mimics to avoid incorrect diagnosis of child abuse. This review article sheds light on the most common cutaneous conditions that can mimic physical child abuse, where patients present with patterns of various skin lesions that raise a suspicion of child abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal A Zeidan
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah M Bukhamseen
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqilah T Al-Qassab
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Z Alsadah
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Wingren CJ. An evidence-based approach to forensic life-threat assessments using spleen injuries as an example. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 345:111614. [PMID: 36867983 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the judicial process of addressing violent crime, a forensic practitioner may need to assess whether an inflicted injury should be considered life-threatening. This could be important for the classification of the crime. To some extent, these assessments are arbitrary since the natural course of an injury might not be completely known. To guide the assessment, a quantitative and transparent method based on rates of mortality and acute interventions is suggested, using spleen injuries as an example. METHOD The electronic database PubMed was searched using the term "spleen injuries" for articles reporting on rates of mortality and interventions such as surgery and angioembolization in spleen injuries. By combining these different rates, a method for a transparent and quantitative assessment of the risk to life across the natural course of spleen injuries is presented. RESULTS A total of 301 articles were identified, and 33 of these were included in the study. The mortality rate of spleen injuries, as reported in studies, varied between 0% and 2.9% in children, and between 0% and 15.4% in adults. However, when combining the rates of acute interventions and the mortality rates, the risk of death across the natural course of spleen injuries was estimated as 9.7% in children, and 46.4% in adults. CONCLUSION The calculated risk of death across the natural course of spleen injuries in adults was considerable higher than the observed mortality. A similar but smaller effect was observed in children. The forensic assessment of life-threat in cases involving spleen injury needs further research; however, the applied method is a step towards an evidence-based practice for forensic life-threat assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Johan Wingren
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Piccinini A, Bailo P, Barbara G, Miozzo M, Tabano S, Colapietro P, Farè C, Sirchia SM, Battaglioli E, Bertuccio P, Manenti G, Micci L, La Vecchia C, Kustermann A, Gaudi S. Violence against Women and Stress-Related Disorders: Seeking for Associated Epigenetic Signatures, a Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020173. [PMID: 36673541 PMCID: PMC9858929 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence against women is a relevant health and social problem with negative consequences on women's health. The interaction between genome and environmental factors, such as violence, represents one of the major challenges in molecular medicine. The Epigenetics for WomEn (EpiWE) project is a multidisciplinary pilot study that intends to investigate the epigenetic signatures associated with intimate partner and sexual violence-induced stress-related disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2020, 62 women exposed to violence (13 women suffering from sexual violence and 49 from Intimate Partner Violence, IPV) and 50 women with no history of violence were recruited at the Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence. All women aged 18-65 were monitored for their physical and psychological conditions. Blood samples were collected, and DNAs were extracted and underwent the epigenetic analysis of 10 stress-related genes. RESULTS PTSD prevalence in victims was assessed at 8.1%. Quantitative methylation evaluation of the ten selected trauma/stress-related genes revealed the differential iper-methylation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, dopamine receptor D2 and insulin-like growth factor 2 genes. These genes are among those related to brain plasticity, learning, and memory pathways. CONCLUSIONS The association of early detection of posttraumatic distress and epigenetic marker identification could represent a new avenue for addressing women survivors toward resilience. This innovative approach in gender-based violence studies could identify new molecular pathways associated with the long-term effects of violence and implement innovative protocols of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piccinini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence( SVSeD), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)2-5031-5706
| | - Paolo Bailo
- Section of Legal Medicine, School of Law, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giussy Barbara
- Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence( SVSeD), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Miozzo
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Colapietro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Farè
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Sirchia
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Battaglioli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Manenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Laila Micci
- Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence( SVSeD), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano di Milano, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Kustermann
- Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence( SVSeD), Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Gaudi
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Zaydlin M, Pérez-Laras L, Laras L. The Role of Psychiatry in the Management of Sexual Assault: A Case Series. Cureus 2021; 13:e13644. [PMID: 33824797 PMCID: PMC8012172 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Victims of childhood sexual abuse are at an increased risk for a multitude of mental health conditions. While many children exhibit concerning behavioral changes following abuse, there is often a delay in identification and implementation of psychiatric services, resulting in worsening mental and physical health outcomes for victims. This case series aims to demonstrate the importance of multidisciplinary victim-centered and trauma-focused treatment including proactive psychiatric care. The review presents three cases of child victims of sexual abuse who received psychiatric care after their initial presentation to the Puerto Rico Health Justice Center (PRHJC). As evidenced by the following cases and extant literature, child victims of sexual abuse have an increased risk of severe mental health disorders. This indicates the importance of recognizing and understanding behavioral warning signs of childhood sexual abuse and the importance of psychiatric care as early as possible following disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zaydlin
- Psychiatry, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, USA
| | - Linda Pérez-Laras
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Puerto Rico Health Justice Center/Centro Salud Justicia; San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, PRI
| | - Linda Laras
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Puerto Rico Health Justice Center/Centro Salud Justicia; Forensic Pediatric/Adolescent Gynecology, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, PRI
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10
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Hiensch RJ. Pulmonary Manifestations of Torture. Chest 2021; 159:2384-2391. [PMID: 33582098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite international treaties banning torture, it is still widely practiced by state agents and private citizens alike. Pulmonologists may encounter survivors of torture in routine clinical practice or in the context of a forensic medical evaluation. The Istanbul Protocol delineates the general approach to the effective medical examination, investigation, and reporting of an individual alleging torture, but relatively little text is devoted to the specific pulmonary manifestations of torture. This review intends to address this paucity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hiensch
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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11
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Margherita M, Franceschetti L, Maggioni L, Vignali G, Kustermann A, Cattaneo C. Male victims of sexual abuse and domestic violence: A steadily increasing phenomenon. Med Sci Law 2021; 61:54-61. [PMID: 33591863 DOI: 10.1177/0025802420947003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Violence perpetrated on male victims is a phenomenon that is currently underestimated by both national and international scientific communities, since males are historically (and stereotypically) considered the perpetrators rather than the victims of violence. As a consequence, the available literature lacks data which would allow a better understanding of this issue and its presenting features. We undertook a retrospective analysis of 231 medical files of male victims of violence over a five-year-period (2014-2018) at the Soccorso Violenza Sessuale e Domestica Centre in Milan, Italy. The sample included 112 victims of sexual violence and 119 victims of domestic violence, most of whom were younger than 18 years of age. The main aim of this study was to describe the presentations of male victims of violence in order to understand the phenomenon better, increase awareness of the issue and enable improved health-care management. The need to pay more attention to this vulnerable part of the population is mandatory in health-care services, and it includes: the provision of management guidelines, training to attending physicians and a supportive service to male survivors. Understanding which risk factors are related to male abuse can help with the development of programmes that identify, prevent and minimise violence - this being especially useful for primary-care clinicians. This is the first Italian study to deal with domestic and sexual violence involving male victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Margherita
- LABANOF (Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense), Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- LABANOF (Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense), Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Lidia Maggioni
- LABANOF (Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense), Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Vignali
- LABANOF (Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense), Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Kustermann
- Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence (SVSeD), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF (Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense), Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
- Service for Sexual and Domestic Violence (SVSeD), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
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12
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Rogers JE, Odell MS, Schreiber JR. Sexual Assault Examination of the Unconscious Patient: A Legal, Ethical and Professional Grey-area for the Forensic Physician. J Law Med 2018; 26:265-273. [PMID: 30302986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When treating unconscious patients believed to have been victims of sexual assault, forensic physicians must decide whether to conduct physical examinations in order to collect evidence while patients are unconscious and cannot consent. The choice is urgent: potential evidence may be lost before the patient regains the ability to consent. The physician's choice affects not only the patient's bodily integrity, but also their ability to pursue criminal and potentially civil justice remedies if they were assaulted. This article bases its discussion on one such real-life situation. It first examines ethical models relevant to deciding whether to take evidence and finds that no one approach produces morally satisfactory outcomes in every case. It then examines the legal framework guiding these decisions, finding that while collecting evidence without consent may well be permissible under New South Wales (NSW) legislation, relevant guidelines disallow it, placing physicians in a legal grey-area. The article concludes with practical recommendations to address these ethical, professional and legal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morris S Odell
- Associate Professor in Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University; Head, Clinical Forensic Medicine, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM)
| | - Jason R Schreiber
- Senior Lecturer in Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University; Clinical Forensic Medicine, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine (VIFM)
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13
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Kerbacher S, Pfeifer M, Webb B, Riener-Hofer R. Clinical forensic imaging and fundamental rights in Austria. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 2:65-74. [PMID: 30483622 PMCID: PMC6197080 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1328808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical forensic imaging encompasses the diverse application of imaging procedures that serve the same purpose: to enable the analysis and investigation of criminal activities and consequences of a crime. All kinds of imaging techniques and their corresponding images can be subsumed under “forensigraphy”, a more comprehensive term for forensic imaging created by the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging in Graz, Austria. As the word forensigraphy suggests, criminal imaging material should be of use in forensic investigations. Ideally, this can lead to new findings that would not have been revealed without the application of imaging techniques and are moreover admissible as evidence in criminal proceedings. However, the admissibility of evidence can only be facilitated through the implementation of clinical forensic imaging techniques into the forensic routine case work, which requires a precise pre-analysis of the corresponding legal framework. Because taking and displaying internal images of a person's body touches upon various aspects of one's physical and psychological integrity, imaging methods in general and clinical forensic imaging methods especially have a strong impact on and interfere regularly with the fundamental rights of the concerned person. Particularly with regard to a possible medical context, certain legal regulations have to be taken into account. Therefore, this paper examines forensic imaging in the field of radiological forensigraphy, specifically its in vivo (i.e. clinical) application. It is designed to enlighten readers as to the great significance of legal barriers that emerge from fundamental rights, as laid down in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), when dealing with clinical forensic imaging. As a result, the legal framework of clinical forensic imaging procedures are comprehensively described, the relevant fundamental rights, especially the right to respect for private and family life, the right to data protection and certain procedural guarantees, are concisely presented to further raise awareness regarding the importance of fundamental rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kerbacher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Pfeifer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft, Graz, Austria
| | - Bridgette Webb
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft, Graz, Austria
| | - Reingard Riener-Hofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Forensic Imaging, Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft, Graz, Austria
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