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Bowyer HL, Pegler R, Williams C. Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression in Farming Communities: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study of Participant Use and Acceptability. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e42573. [PMID: 37335597 DOI: 10.2196/42573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farmers have higher rates of depression than nonfarmers and higher rates of suicide than the general population. Several barriers to help seeking have been identified in farmers, which may be overcome by offering web-based mental health support. Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (cCBT) is an effective intervention used to prevent and treat mild to moderate depression but has not been evaluated in the farming community. OBJECTIVE This study explored the feasibility of delivering a cCBT course tailored to farmers using a mixed methods approach. METHODS Farmers (aged ≥18 years) with no, minimal, or moderately severe depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9] score <20) were recruited using web-based and offline advertisements and given access to a cCBT course consisting of 5 core modules and automated and personalized email support. Depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7), and social functioning (Work and Social Adjustment Scale) were measured at baseline and the 8-week follow-up. Wilcoxon signed rank tests assessed changes in scores for all outcome measures over time. Telephone interviews focusing on participant use and satisfaction with the course were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Overall, 56 participants were recruited; 27 (48%) through social media. Overall, 62% (35/56) of participants logged into the course. At baseline, almost half of the participants reported experiencing minimal depressive symptoms (25/56, 45%) and mild anxiety (25/56, 45%), and just over half (30/56, 54%) reported mild to moderate functional impairment. Posttreatment data were available for 27% (15/56) of participants (41/56, 73% attrition rate). On average, participants experienced fewer depressive symptoms (P=.38) and less functional impairment (P=.26) at the 8-week follow-up; these results were not statistically significant. Participants experienced significantly fewer symptoms of anxiety at the 8-week follow-up (P=.02). Most participants (13/14, 93%) found the course helpful and easy to access (10/13, 77%) and the email support helpful (12/14, 86%). Qualitative interviews identified heavy workloads and mental health stigma within the farming community as barriers to help seeking. Participants thought that web-based support would be helpful, being convenient and anonymous. There were concerns that older farmers and those with limited internet connections may have difficulty accessing the course. Improvements regarding the layout and content of the course were suggested. Dedicated support from someone with farming knowledge was recommended to improve retention. CONCLUSIONS cCBT may be a convenient way of supporting mental health within farming communities. However, challenges in recruiting and retaining farmers may indicate that cCBT supported only by email may not be an acceptable mode of mental health care delivery for many; however, it was valued by respondents. Involving farming organizations in planning, recruitment, and support may address these issues. Mental health awareness campaigns targeting farming communities may also help reduce stigma and improve recruitment and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet L Bowyer
- Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Pegler
- Paediatric Clinical Psychology Service, National Health Service Scotland Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Ghosh A, Cherian RJ, Wagle S, Sharma P, Kannan KR, Bajpai A, Gupta N. An Unguided, Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention (TreadWill) in a Lower Middle-Income Country: Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e41005. [PMID: 37099376 PMCID: PMC10173046 DOI: 10.2196/41005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, most individuals who are susceptible to depression do not receive adequate or timely treatment. Unguided computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (cCBT) has the potential to bridge this treatment gap. However, the real-world effectiveness of unguided cCBT interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to report the design and development of a new unguided cCBT-based multicomponent intervention, TreadWill, and its pragmatic evaluation. TreadWill was designed to be fully automated, engaging, easy to use, and accessible to LMICs. METHODS To evaluate the effectiveness of TreadWill and the engagement level, we performed a double-blind, fully remote, and randomized controlled trial with 598 participants in India and analyzed the data using a completer's analysis. RESULTS The users who completed at least half of the modules in TreadWill showed significant reduction in depression-related (P=.04) and anxiety-related (P=.02) symptoms compared with the waitlist control. Compared with a plain-text version with the same therapeutic content, the full-featured version of TreadWill showed significantly higher engagement (P=.01). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a new resource and evidence for the use of unguided cCBT as a scalable intervention in LMICs. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03445598; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03445598.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arka Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Rithwik J Cherian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Surbhit Wagle
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Parth Sharma
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Karthikeyan R Kannan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Alok Bajpai
- Counseling Service, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
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Lv Z, Li J, Zhang B, Zhang N, Wang C. The Effect of Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on People's Anxiety and Depression During the 6 Months of Wuhan's Lockdown of COVID-19 Epidemic: A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:687165. [PMID: 34335402 PMCID: PMC8316618 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effectiveness of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT) has been proven for mild and moderate anxiety and depression. In 2016, the first official Chinese CCBT system was launched by Chinese Cognitive Behavior Therapy Professional Organizations and included four items: getting out of depression, overcoming anxiety, staying away from insomnia and facing Obsessive-compulsive disorder. During the COVID-19 epidemic, Chinese CCBT system served the public for free. This study explored the effects of CCBT on anxiety and depression by comparing the use of the platform during the epidemic and during the same period in 2019. Methods: Users were divided into a depression group or an anxiety group according to their own discretion. The subjects used the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) before each training. Each training group completed the corresponding CCBT training project, which had 5-6 training sessions, an average of once every 5 days. The training content in 2019 and 2020 was identical. This study compared the demographic characteristics, depression, and anxiety levels of CCBT platform users during the lockdown period in Wuhan (LP2020), where the outbreak was concentrated in China, from January 23 to July 23, 2020 and the same period in 2019 (SP2019). Result: (1) There were significant differences in gender (χ2 = 7.215, P = 0.007), region (χ2 = 4.225, P = 0.040) and duration of illness (χ2 = 7.867, P = 0.049) between the two periods. (2) There was a positive Pearson correlation between the number of users of CCBT platform during LP2020 and number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in each province (r = 0.9429, P < 0.001). (3) In LP2020, the SAS (t = 2.579, P = 0.011) and SDS (t = 2.894, P = 0.004) scores at T0 in Hubei were significantly higher than those in other regions. (4) The CCBT platform has an obvious effect on anxiety (F = 4.74, P = 0.009) and depression on users (F = 4.44, P = 0.009). Conclusion: This study showed women, students and people who are more seriously affected by the epidemic were more likely to accept the CCBT training. The CCBT platform made a significant contribution toward alleviating the anxiety and depression symptoms of users during the epidemic. When face-to-face psychotherapy is not available during the epidemic, CCBT can be used as an effective alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangwei Lv
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Detweiler Guarino I, Cowan DR, Fellows AM, Buckey JC. Use of a Self-guided Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Tool During COVID-19: Evaluation Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e26989. [PMID: 33973856 PMCID: PMC8168639 DOI: 10.2196/26989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet-based programs can help provide accessible and inexpensive behavioral health care to those in need; however, the evaluation of these interventions has been mostly limited to controlled trials. Data regarding patterns of use and effectiveness of self-referred, open-access online interventions are lacking. We evaluated an online-based treatment designed to address stress, depression, and conflict management, the Dartmouth PATH Program, in a freely available and self-guided format during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE The primary aim is to determine users' levels of stress and depression, and the nature of problems and triggers they reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. A secondary objective is to assess the acceptability and usability of the PATH content and determine whether such a program would be useful as a stand-alone open-access resource. The final objective is understanding the high dropout rates associated with online behavioral programs by contrasting the use pattern and program efficacy of individuals who completed session one and did not return to the program with those who came back to complete more sessions. METHODS Cumulative anonymous data from 562 individuals were analyzed. Stress triggers, stress responses, and reported problems were analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. Scores on usability and acceptability questionnaires were evaluated using the sign test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Mixed-effects linear modeling was used to evaluate changes in stress and depression over time. RESULTS A total of 2484 users registered from April through October 2020, most of whom created an account without initiating a module. A total of 562 individuals started the program and were considered in the data analysis. The most common stress triggers individuals reported involved either conflicts with family or spouses and work or workload. The most common problems addressed in the mood module were worry, anxiousness, or stress and difficulty concentrating or procrastination. The attrition rate was high with 13% (21/156) completing the conflict module, 17% (50/289) completing session one of the mood module, and 14% (16/117) completing session one of the stress module. Usability and acceptability scores for the mood and stress modules were significantly better than average. In those who returned to complete sessions, symptoms of stress showed a significant improvement over time (P=.03), and there was a significant decrease in depressive symptoms over all time points (P=.01). Depression severity decreased on average by 20% (SD 35.2%; P=.60) between sessions one and two. CONCLUSIONS Conflicts with others, worry, and difficulty concentrating were some of the most common problems people used the programs to address. Individuals who completed the modules indicated improvements in self-reported stress and depression symptoms. Users also found the modules to be effective and rated the program highly for usability and acceptability. Nevertheless, the attrition rate was very high, as has been found with other freely available online-based interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02726061; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02726061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Detweiler Guarino
- Space Medicine Innovations Laboratory, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Devin R Cowan
- Space Medicine Innovations Laboratory, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Abigail M Fellows
- Space Medicine Innovations Laboratory, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Jay C Buckey
- Space Medicine Innovations Laboratory, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Liu Z, Qiao D, Xu Y, Zhao W, Yang Y, Wen D, Li X, Nie X, Dong Y, Tang S, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Xu Y. The Efficacy of Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients With COVID-19: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e26883. [PMID: 33900931 PMCID: PMC8128049 DOI: 10.2196/26883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with COVID-19 is higher than usual. Previous studies have shown that there are drug-to-drug interactions between antiretroviral drugs and antidepressants. Therefore, an effective and safe treatment method was needed. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first-line psychological therapy in clinical treatment. Computerized CBT (cCBT) was proven to be an effective alternative to CBT and does not require face-to-face therapy between a therapist and the patient, which suited the COVID-19 pandemic response. Objective This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the cCBT program we developed in improving depressive and anxiety symptoms among patients with COVID-19. Methods We customized a cCBT program focused on improving depressive and anxiety symptoms among patients with COVID-19, and then, we assessed its effectiveness. Screening was based on symptoms of depression or anxiety for patients who scored ≥7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) or the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). A total of 252 patients with COVID-19 at five sites were randomized into two groups: cCBT + treatment as usual (TAU; n=126) and TAU without cCBT (n=126). The cCBT + TAU group received the cCBT intervention program for 1 week. The primary efficacy measures were the HAMD17 and HAMA scores. The secondary outcome measures were the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Assessments were carried out pre- and postintervention. The patients’ symptoms of anxiety and depression in one of the centers were assessed again within 1 month after the postintervention assessment. Results The cCBT + TAU group displayed a significantly decreased score on the HAMD17, HAMA, SDS, SAS, and AIS after the intervention compared to the TAU group (all P<.001). A mixed-effects repeated measures model revealed significant improvement in symptoms of depression (HAMD17 and SDS scores, both P<.001), anxiety (HAMA and SAS scores, both P<.001), and insomnia (AIS score, P=.002) during the postintervention and follow-up periods in the cCBT + TAU group. Additionally, the improvement of insomnia among females (P=.14) and those with middle school education (P=.48) in the cCBT + TAU group showed no significant differences when compared to the TAU group. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that the cCBT program we developed was an effective nonpharmacological treatment for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia among patients with COVID-19. Further research is warranted to investigate the long-term effects of cCBT for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in patients with COVID-19. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000030084; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=49952
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dan Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Nie
- Department of Medical Service, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongkang Dong
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shiyou Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Disease Medicine, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Hirano M, Ogura K, Kitahara M, Sakamoto D, Shimoyama H. Designing behavioral self-regulation application for preventive personal mental healthcare. Health Psychol Open 2017; 4:2055102917707185. [PMID: 28567301 PMCID: PMC5438042 DOI: 10.1177/2055102917707185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy targeted restoration and few have targeted primary prevention. The purpose of this study is to obtain the knowledge for further development on preventive mental healthcare application. We developed a personal mental healthcare application which aimed to give users the chance to manage their mental health by self-monitoring and regulating their behavior. Through the 30-day field trial, the results showed improvement of mood score through conducting of suggested action, and the depressive mood of the participants was significantly decreased after the trial. The possibility of application and further problem was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hirano
- The University of Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Kasei University, Japan
| | | | - Mizuho Kitahara
- The University of Tokyo, Japan.,Intage Technosphere Inc., Japan
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Shepherd M, Fleming T, Lucassen M, Stasiak K, Lambie I, Merry SN. The design and relevance of a computerized gamified depression therapy program for indigenous māori adolescents. JMIR Serious Games 2015; 3:e1. [PMID: 25736225 PMCID: PMC4392467 DOI: 10.2196/games.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a major health issue among Māori indigenous adolescents, yet there has been little investigation into the relevance or effectiveness of psychological treatments for them. Further, consumer views are critical for engagement and adherence to therapy. However, there is little research regarding indigenous communities' opinions about psychological interventions for depression. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct semistructured interviews with Māori (indigenous New Zealand) young people (taitamariki) and their families to find out their opinions of a prototype computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (cCBT) program called Smart, Positive, Active, Realistic, X-factor thoughts (SPARX), a free online computer game intended to help young persons with mild to moderate depression, feeling down, stress or anxiety. The program will teach them how to resolve their issues on their own using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy as psychotherapeutic approach. METHODS There were seven focus groups on the subject of the design and cultural relevance of SPARX that were held, with a total of 26 participants (19 taitamarki, 7 parents/caregivers, all Māori). There were five of the groups that were with whānau (family groups) (n=14), one group was with Māori teenage mothers (n=4), and one group was with taitamariki (n=8). The general inductive approach was used to analyze focus group data. RESULTS SPARX computerized therapy has good face validity and is seen as potentially effective and appealing for Māori people. Cultural relevance was viewed as being important for the engagement of Māori young people with SPARX. Whānau are important for young peoples' well-being. Participants generated ideas for improving SPARX for Māori and for the inclusion of whānau in its delivery. CONCLUSIONS SPARX computerized therapy had good face validity for indigenous young people and families. In general, Māori participants were positive about the SPARX prototype and considered it both appealing and applicable to them. The results of this study were used to refine SPARX prior to it being delivered to taitamariki and non-Māori young people. TRIAL REGISTRATION The New Zealand Northern Y Regional Ethics Committee; http://ethics.health.govt.nz/home; NTY/09/003; (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation/6VYgHXKaR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shepherd
- School of Counselling, Human Services and Social Work, Department of Education, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Moock J. Support from the Internet for Individuals with Mental Disorders: Advantages and Disadvantages of e-Mental Health Service Delivery. Front Public Health 2014; 2:65. [PMID: 24967221 PMCID: PMC4052222 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders are common in almost all industrialized countries and many emerging economies. While several trials have shown that effective treatments exist for mental disorders, such as pharmacotherapy, psychological interventions, and self-help programs, the treatment gap in mental health care remains pervasive. Unrestricted access to adequate medical care for people with mental disorders will be one of the pressing public mental health tasks in the near future. In addition, scarcity of financial resources across the public mental health sector is a powerful argument for investigating innovative alternatives of delivering mental health care. Thus, one challenge that arises in modern mental health care is the development of innovative treatment concepts. One possibility for improving mental health care services is to deliver them via the Internet. Online-based mental health services have the potential to address the unmet need for mental health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Moock
- Innovation Incubator, Leuphana University Lüneburg , Lüneburg , Germany
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