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Tav C, Fournier É, Fournier M, Khadangi F, Baguette A, Côté MC, Silveira MAD, Bérubé-Simard FA, Bourque G, Droit A, Bilodeau S. Glucocorticoid stimulation induces regionalized gene responses within topologically associating domains. Front Genet 2023; 14:1237092. [PMID: 37576549 PMCID: PMC10413275 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1237092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription-factor binding to cis-regulatory regions regulates the gene expression program of a cell, but occupancy is often a poor predictor of the gene response. Here, we show that glucocorticoid stimulation led to the reorganization of transcriptional coregulators MED1 and BRD4 within topologically associating domains (TADs), resulting in active or repressive gene environments. Indeed, we observed a bias toward the activation or repression of a TAD when their activities were defined by the number of regions gaining and losing MED1 and BRD4 following dexamethasone (Dex) stimulation. Variations in Dex-responsive genes at the RNA levels were consistent with the redistribution of MED1 and BRD4 at the associated cis-regulatory regions. Interestingly, Dex-responsive genes without the differential recruitment of MED1 and BRD4 or binding by the glucocorticoid receptor were found within TADs, which gained or lost MED1 and BRD4, suggesting a role of the surrounding environment in gene regulation. However, the amplitude of the response of Dex-regulated genes was higher when the differential recruitment of the glucocorticoid receptor and transcriptional coregulators was observed, reaffirming the role of transcription factor-driven gene regulation and attributing a lesser role to the TAD environment. These results support a model where a signal-induced transcription factor induces a regionalized effect throughout the TAD, redefining the notion of direct and indirect effects of transcription factors on target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Tav
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Fournier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Fournier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Khadangi
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Baguette
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime C. Côté
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Maruhen A. D. Silveira
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Bourque
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Steve Bilodeau
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Biochimie Médicale et Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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2
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Hu Y, Bruinstroop E, Hollenberg AN, Fliers E, Boelen A. The role of WD40 repeat-containing proteins in endocrine (dys)function. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 71:e220217. [PMID: 37256579 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
WD40 repeat-containing proteins play a key role in many cellular functions including signal transduction, protein degradation, and apoptosis. The WD40 domain is highly conserved, and its typical structure is a β-propeller consisting of 4-8 blades which probably serves as a scaffold for protein-protein interaction. Some WD40 repeat-containing proteins form part of the corepressor complex of nuclear hormone receptors, a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors that play a central role in the regulation of gene transcription. This explains their involvement in endocrine physiology and pathology. In the present review, we first touch upon the structure of WD40 repeat-containing proteins. Next, we describe our current understanding of the role of WD40 domain-containing proteins in nuclear receptor signaling, e.g., as corepressor or coactivator. In the final part of this review, we focus on WD40 domain-containing proteins that are associated with endocrine pathologies. These pathologies vary from isolated dysfunction of one endocrine axis, e.g., congenital isolated central hypothyroidism, to more complex congenital syndromes comprising endocrine phenotypes, such as the Triple-A syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Hu
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline Bruinstroop
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) are members of the nuclear hormonal receptor family, many of which are transcription factors regulated by ligand binding. SRs regulate various human physiological functions essential for maintenance of vital biological pathways, including development, reproduction, and metabolic homeostasis. In addition, aberrant expression of SRs or dysregulation of their signaling has been observed in a wide variety of pathologies. SR activity is tightly and finely controlled by post-translational modifications (PTMs) targeting the receptors and/or their coregulators. Whereas major attention has been focused on phosphorylation, growing evidence shows that methylation is also an important regulator of SRs. Interestingly, the protein methyltransferases depositing methyl marks are involved in many functions, from development to adult life. They have also been associated with pathologies such as inflammation, as well as cardiovascular and neuronal disorders, and cancer. This article provides an overview of SR methylation/demethylation events, along with their functional effects and biological consequences. An in-depth understanding of the landscape of these methylation events could provide new information on SR regulation in physiology, as well as promising perspectives for the development of new therapeutic strategies, illustrated by the specific inhibitors of protein methyltransferases that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Malbeteau
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ha Thuy Pham
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Louisane Eve
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France.,CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
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4
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Leach DA, Fernandes RC, Bevan CL. Cellular specificity of androgen receptor, coregulators, and pioneer factors in prostate cancer. Endocr Oncol 2022; 2:R112-R131. [PMID: 37435460 PMCID: PMC10259329 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Androgen signalling, through the transcription factor androgen receptor (AR), is vital to all stages of prostate development and most prostate cancer progression. AR signalling controls differentiation, morphogenesis, and function of the prostate. It also drives proliferation and survival in prostate cancer cells as the tumour progresses; given this importance, it is the main therapeutic target for disseminated disease. AR is also essential in the surrounding stroma, for the embryonic development of the prostate and controlling epithelial glandular development. Stromal AR is also important in cancer initiation, regulating paracrine factors that excite cancer cell proliferation, but lower stromal AR expression correlates with shorter time to progression/worse outcomes. The profile of AR target genes is different between benign and cancerous epithelial cells, between castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells and treatment-naïve cancer cells, between metastatic and primary cancer cells, and between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This is also true of AR DNA-binding profiles. Potentially regulating the cellular specificity of AR binding and action are pioneer factors and coregulators, which control and influence the ability of AR to bind to chromatin and regulate gene expression. The expression of these factors differs between benign and cancerous cells, as well as throughout disease progression. The expression profile is also different between fibroblast and mesenchymal cell types. The functional importance of coregulators and pioneer factors in androgen signalling makes them attractive therapeutic targets, but given the contextual expression of these factors, it is essential to understand their roles in different cancerous and cell-lineage states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Rayzel C Fernandes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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5
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Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most ubiquitous cancer in women. Approximately 70–80% of BC diagnoses are positive for estrogen receptor (ER) alpha (ERα). The steroid hormone estrogen [17β-estradiol (E2)] plays a vital role both in the initiation and progression of BC. The E2-ERα mediated actions involve genomic signaling and non-genomic signaling. The specificity and magnitude of ERα signaling are mediated by interactions between ERα and several coregulator proteins called coactivators or corepressors. Alterations in the levels of coregulators are common during BC progression and they enhance ligand-dependent and ligand-independent ERα signaling which drives BC growth, progression, and endocrine therapy resistance. Many ERα coregulator proteins function as scaffolding proteins and some have intrinsic or associated enzymatic activities, thus the targeting of coregulators for blocking BC progression is a challenging task. Emerging data from in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that targeting coregulators to inhibit BC progression to therapy resistance is feasible. This review explores the current state of ERα coregulator signaling and the utility of targeting the ERα coregulator axis in treating advanced BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Altwegg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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6
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Noureddine LM, Trédan O, Hussein N, Badran B, Le Romancer M, Poulard C. Glucocorticoid Receptor: A Multifaceted Actor in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094446. [PMID: 33923160 PMCID: PMC8123001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. Even though the role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is extensively documented in the development of breast tumors, other members of the nuclear receptor family have emerged as important players. Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) such as dexamethasone (dex) are commonly used in BC for their antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, as well as energy and appetite stimulating properties, and to manage the side effects of chemotherapy. However, dex triggers different effects depending on the BC subtype. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is also an important marker in BC, as high GR expression is correlated with a poor and good prognosis in ERα-negative and ERα-positive BCs, respectively. Indeed, though it drives the expression of pro-tumorigenic genes in ERα-negative BCs and is involved in resistance to chemotherapy and metastasis formation, dex inhibits estrogen-mediated cell proliferation in ERα-positive BCs. Recently, a new natural ligand for GR called OCDO was identified. OCDO is a cholesterol metabolite with oncogenic properties, triggering mammary cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize recent data on GR signaling and its involvement in tumoral breast tissue, via its different ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Malik Noureddine
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90656, Lebanon; (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Olivier Trédan
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Centre Leon Bérard, Oncology Department, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Nader Hussein
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90656, Lebanon; (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadat-Beirut 90656, Lebanon; (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Coralie Poulard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; (L.M.N.); (O.T.); (M.L.R.)
- Inserm U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-478-786-663; Fax: +33-478-782-720
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7
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Liu C, Liao Z, Duan X, Yu P, Kong P, Tao Z, Liu W. The MYH9 Cytoskeletal Protein Is a Novel Corepressor of Androgen Receptors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641496. [PMID: 33959503 PMCID: PMC8093144 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the androgen receptor (AR) that serves as a transcription factor becomes the most remarkable molecule. The transcriptional activity of AR is regulated by various coregulators. As a result, altered expression levels, an aberrant location or activities of coregulators promote the development of prostate cancer. We describe herein results showing that compared with androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) cells, AR nuclear translocation capability is enhanced in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cells. To gain insight into whether AR coregulators are responsible for AR translocation capability, we performed coimmunoprecipitation (CO-IP) coupled with LC-MS/MS to screen 27 previously reported AR cofactors and 46 candidate AR cofactors. Furthermore, one candidate, myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), was identified and verified as a novel AR cofactor. Interestingly, the distribution of MYH9 was in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments yet was enriched in the nucleus when AR was knocked down by AR shRNA, suggesting that the nuclear translocation of MYH9 was negatively regulated by AR. In addition, we found that blebbistatin, an inhibitor of MYH9, not only promoted AR nuclear translocation but also enhanced the expression of the AR target gene PSA, which indicates that MYH9 represses nuclear AR signaling. Taken together, our findings reveal that MYH9 appears to be a novel corepressor of AR plays a pivotal role in the progression of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoping Liao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Gargaro M, Scalisi G, Manni G, Mondanelli G, Grohmann U, Fallarino F. The Landscape of AhR Regulators and Coregulators to Fine-Tune AhR Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E757. [PMID: 33451129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates numerous cellular responses. Originally investigated in toxicology because of its ability to bind environmental contaminants, AhR has attracted enormous attention in the field of immunology in the last 20 years. In addition, the discovery of endogenous and plant-derived ligands points to AhR also having a crucial role in normal cell physiology. Thus, AhR is emerging as a promiscuous receptor that can mediate either toxic or physiologic effects upon sensing multiple exogenous and endogenous molecules. Within this scenario, several factors appear to contribute to the outcome of gene transcriptional regulation by AhR, including the nature of the ligand as such and its further metabolism by AhR-induced enzymes, the local tissue microenvironment, and the presence of coregulators or specific transcription factors in the cell. Here, we review the current knowledge on the array of transcription factors and coregulators that, by interacting with AhR, tune its transcriptional activity in response to endogenous and exogenous ligands.
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9
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Koorneef LL, Kroon J, Viho EMG, Wahl LF, Heckmans KML, van Dorst MMAR, Hoekstra M, Houtman R, Hunt H, Meijer OC. The selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist CORT125281 has tissue-specific activity. J Endocrinol 2020; 246:79-92. [PMID: 32369774 PMCID: PMC7274539 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids mediate numerous essential processes in the human body via binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Excessive GR signaling can cause disease, and GR antagonists can be used to treat many symptoms of glucocorticoid-induced pathology. The purpose of this study was to characterize the tissue-specific properties of the selective GR antagonist CORT125281. We evaluated the antagonistic effects of CORT125281 upon acute and subchronic corticosterone exposure in mice. In the acute corticosterone setting, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity was investigated by measurement of basal- and stress-induced corticosterone levels, adrenocorticotropic hormone levels and pituitary proopiomelanocortin expression. GR signaling was evaluated by RT-PCR analysis of GR-responsive transcripts in liver, muscle, brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose tissue (WAT) and hippocampus. Pretreatment with a high dose of CORT125281 antagonized GR activity in a tissue-dependent manner. We observed complete inhibition of GR-induced target gene expression in the liver, partial blockade in muscle and BAT and no antagonism in WAT and hippocampus. Tissue distribution only partially explained the lack of effective antagonism. CORT125281 treatment did not disinhibit the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal neuroendocrine axis. In the subchronic corticosterone setting, CORT125281 partially prevented corticosterone-induced hyperinsulinemia, but not hyperlipidemia and immune suppression. In conclusion, CORT125281 antagonizes GR transcriptional activity in a tissue-dependent manner and improves corticosterone-induced hyperinsulinemia. Tailored dosing of CORT125281 may allow tissue-specific inhibition of GR transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Koorneef
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kroon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva M G Viho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas F Wahl
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M L Heckmans
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes M A R van Dorst
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René Houtman
- Pamgene International, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Hazel Hunt
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to O C Meijer:
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10
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Daniel B, Nagy G, Czimmerer Z, Horvath A, Hammers DW, Cuaranta-Monroy I, Poliska S, Tzerpos P, Kolostyak Z, Hays TT, Patsalos A, Houtman R, Sauer S, Francois-Deleuze J, Rastinejad F, Balint BL, Sweeney HL, Nagy L. The Nuclear Receptor PPARγ Controls Progressive Macrophage Polarization as a Ligand-Insensitive Epigenomic Ratchet of Transcriptional Memory. Immunity 2018; 49:615-626.e6. [PMID: 30332629 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages polarize into distinct phenotypes in response to complex environmental cues. We found that the nuclear receptor PPARγ drove robust phenotypic changes in macrophages upon repeated stimulation with interleukin (IL)-4. The functions of PPARγ on macrophage polarization in this setting were independent of ligand binding. Ligand-insensitive PPARγ bound DNA and recruited the coactivator P300 and the architectural protein RAD21. This established a permissive chromatin environment that conferred transcriptional memory by facilitating the binding of the transcriptional regulator STAT6 and RNA polymerase II, leading to robust production of enhancer and mRNAs upon IL-4 re-stimulation. Ligand-insensitive PPARγ binding controlled the expression of an extracellular matrix remodeling-related gene network in macrophages. Expression of these genes increased during muscle regeneration in a mouse model of injury, and this increase coincided with the detection of IL-4 and PPARγ in the affected tissue. Thus, a predominantly ligand-insensitive PPARγ:RXR cistrome regulates progressive and/or reinforcing macrophage polarization.
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11
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Raj GV, Sareddy GR, Ma S, Lee TK, Viswanadhapalli S, Li R, Liu X, Murakami S, Chen CC, Lee WR, Mann M, Krishnan SR, Manandhar B, Gonugunta VK, Strand D, Tekmal RR, Ahn JM, Vadlamudi RK. Estrogen receptor coregulator binding modulators (ERXs) effectively target estrogen receptor positive human breast cancers. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28786813 PMCID: PMC5548489 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human breast cancer is estrogen receptor alpha (ER) positive. While anti-estrogens/aromatase inhibitors are initially effective, resistance to these drugs commonly develops. Therapy-resistant tumors often retain ER signaling, via interaction with critical oncogenic coregulator proteins. To address these mechanisms of resistance, we have developed a novel ER coregulator binding modulator, ERX-11. ERX-11 interacts directly with ER and blocks the interaction between a subset of coregulators with both native and mutant forms of ER. ERX-11 effectively blocks ER-mediated oncogenic signaling and has potent anti-proliferative activity against therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant human breast cancer cells. ERX-11 is orally bioavailable, with no overt signs of toxicity and potent activity in both murine xenograft and patient-derived breast tumor explant models. This first-in-class agent, with its novel mechanism of action of disrupting critical protein-protein interactions, overcomes the limitations of current therapies and may be clinically translatable for patients with therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant breast cancers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26857.001 Around 70% of breast cancers in women need one or both of the female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) to grow. To treat these 'hormone-dependent' cancers, patients receive drugs that either block the production of estrogen or directly target a receptor protein that senses estrogen in the cancer cells. Unfortunately, many breast cancers develop resistance to these drugs. This resistance is often caused by genetic mutations that alter the estrogen receptor; for example, the receptor may develop the ability to interact with other proteins in the cell known as coregulators to promote tumor growth. Developing new drugs that prevent estrogen receptors from interacting with coregulators may provide more options for treating hormone-dependent breast cancers. Here, Raj et al. developed a new small molecule named ERX-11 that is able to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells that are sensitive to existing drugs as well as cells that have become drug-resistant. For the experiments, hormone-dependent breast cancer cells from humans were transplanted into mice. This procedure usually causes the mice to develop tumors, but giving the mice ERX-11 by mouth stopped estrogen receptors from interacting with coregulators and blocked the growth of tumors. Furthermore, ERX-11 does not appear to have any toxic effects on the mice, indicating that it may also be safe for humans. The findings of Raj et al. suggest that ERX-11 is a promising new drug candidate for treating some breast cancers. The next steps are to examine the effects of ERX-11 on mice and other animals in more detail before deciding whether this molecule is suitable for clinical trials. In the longer term, molecules similar to ERX-11 could also be developed into drugs to treat other types of cancer that are also caused by abnormal interactions of coregulator proteins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26857.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Raj
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Gangadhara Reddy Sareddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States.,CDP program, University of Texas Health Cancer Center, San Antonio, United States
| | - Shihong Ma
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Tae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States
| | - Suryavathi Viswanadhapalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States
| | - Rui Li
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Xihui Liu
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Shino Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Regulation, Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Chien-Cheng Chen
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Wan-Ru Lee
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Monica Mann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States
| | - Samaya Rajeshwari Krishnan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States
| | - Bikash Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States
| | - Vijay K Gonugunta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States
| | - Douglas Strand
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, United States
| | - Rajeshwar Rao Tekmal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States.,CDP program, University of Texas Health Cancer Center, San Antonio, United States
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, United States
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, United States.,CDP program, University of Texas Health Cancer Center, San Antonio, United States
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12
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Abstract
The cloning of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) 30 years ago was the start of a new era of research into the regulatory processes of MR signalling at target genes in the distal nephron, and subsequently in many other tissues. Nuclear receptor (NR) signalling is modified by interactions with coregulatory proteins that serve to enhance or inhibit the gene transcriptional responses. Over 400 coregulatory proteins have been described for the NR super family, many with functional roles in signalling, cellular function, physiology and pathophysiology. Relatively few coregulators have however been described for the MR although recent studies have demonstrated both ligand and/or tissue selectivity for MR-coregulator interactions. A full understanding of the cell, ligand and promoter-specific requirements for MR-coregulator signalling is an essential first step towards the design of small molecular inhibitors of these protein-protein interactions. Tissue-selective steroidal or non-steroidal modulators of the MR are also a desired therapeutic goal. Selectivity, as for other steroid hormone receptors, will probably depend on differential expression and recruitment of coregulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Centre for Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Transcriptional coregulators drive gene regulatory decisions in the transcriptional space. Although transcription factors including all nuclear receptors provide a docking platform for coregulators to bind, these proteins bring enzymatic capabilities to the gene regulatory sites. RIP140 is a transcriptional coregulator essential for several physiological processes, and aberrations in its function may lead to diseased states. Unlike several other coregulators that are known either for their coactivating or corepressing roles, in gene regulation, RIP140 is capable of acting both as a coactivator and a corepressor. The role of RIP140 in female reproductive axis and recent findings of its role in carcinogenesis and adipose biology have been summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Nautiyal
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental BiologyFaculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus arises from insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β-cells. In type 2 diabetes (T2D), β-cell dysfunction is associated with inactivation and/or loss of transcription factor (TF) activity, including Pdx1. Notably, this particular TF is viewed as a master regulator of pancreas development and islet β-cell formation, identity and function. TFs, like Pdx1, recruit coregulators to transduce activating and/or repressing signals to the general transcriptional machinery for controlling gene expression, including modifiers of DNA, histones and nucleosome architecture. These coregulators impart a secondary layer of control that can be exploited to modulate TF activity. In this review, we describe Pdx1-recruited coregulators that impact chromatin structure, consequently influencing normal β-cell function and likely Pdx1 activity in pathophysiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Spaeth
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E M Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - R Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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15
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Klein RH, Stephens DN, Ho H, Chen JK, Salmans ML, Wang W, Yu Z, Andersen B. Cofactors of LIM Domains Associate with Estrogen Receptor α to Regulate the Expression of Noncoding RNA H19 and Corneal Epithelial Progenitor Cell Function. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13271-85. [PMID: 27129775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.709386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofactors of LIM domain proteins, CLIM1 and CLIM2, are widely expressed transcriptional cofactors that are recruited to gene regulatory regions by DNA-binding proteins, including LIM domain transcription factors. In the cornea, epithelium-specific expression of a dominant negative (DN) CLIM under the keratin 14 (K14) promoter causes blistering, wounding, inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, and neovascularization followed by epithelial thinning and subsequent epidermal-like differentiation of the corneal epithelium. The defects in corneal epithelial differentiation and cell fate determination suggest that CLIM may regulate corneal progenitor cells and the transition to differentiation. Consistent with this notion, the K14-DN-Clim corneal epithelium first exhibits increased proliferation followed by fewer progenitor cells with decreased proliferative potential. In vivo ChIP-sequencing experiments with corneal epithelium show that CLIM binds to and regulates numerous genes involved in cell adhesion and proliferation, including limbally enriched genes. Intriguingly, CLIM associates primarily with non-LIM homeodomain motifs in corneal epithelial cells, including that of estrogen receptor α. Among CLIM targets is the noncoding RNA H19 whose deregulation is associated with Silver-Russell and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndromes. We demonstrate here that H19 negatively regulates corneal epithelial proliferation. In addition to cell cycle regulators, H19 affects the expression of multiple cell adhesion genes. CLIM interacts with estrogen receptor α at the H19 locus, potentially explaining the higher expression of H19 in female than male corneas. Together, our results demonstrate an important role for CLIM in regulating the proliferative potential of corneal epithelial progenitors and identify CLIM downstream target H19 as a regulator of corneal epithelial proliferation and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Herndon Klein
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 and
| | | | | | | | - Michael L Salmans
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 and
| | - Winnie Wang
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and State Key Laboratories for AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bogi Andersen
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 and Medicine and
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16
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Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou KA, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting Androgen/Estrogen Receptors Crosstalk in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2015; 2:35-48. [PMID: 28741499 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The actions of estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. Recent genomic landscaping of ERα- and ERβ-binding sites has revealed important distinctions regarding their transcriptional activity. ERβ and its isoforms have been correlated with endocrine treatment responsiveness in breast tumors, while post-translational modifications, receptor dimerization patterns, and subcellular localization are increasingly recognized as crucial modulators in prostate carcinogenesis. Androgen receptor (AR) is essential for the development and progression of prostate cancer as well as of certain breast cancer types. The balance between the activity of these two hormone receptors and their molecular interactions in different clinical settings is influenced by several coregulators. This comprises a dynamic regulatory network enhancing or limiting the activity of AR-directed treatments in breast and prostate tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the molecular background regarding the therapeutic targeting of androgen/estrogen receptor crosstalk in breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Adamopoulos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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17
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Wu DY, Ou CY, Chodankar R, Siegmund KD, Stallcup MR. Distinct, genome-wide, gene-specific selectivity patterns of four glucocorticoid receptor coregulators. Nucl Recept Signal 2014; 12:e002. [PMID: 25422592 PMCID: PMC4242289 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the
glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which then positively or negatively regulates
transcription of many genes that govern multiple important physiological
pathways such as inflammation and metabolism of glucose, fat and bone. The
remodeling of chromatin and regulated assembly or disassembly of active
transcription complexes by GR and other DNA-binding transcription factors is
mediated and modulated by several hundred transcriptional coregulator proteins.
Previous studies focusing on single coregulators demonstrated that each
coregulator is required for regulation of only a subset of all the genes
regulated by a steroid hormone. We hypothesized that the gene-specific patterns
of coregulators may correspond to specific physiological pathways such that
different coregulators modulate the pathway-specificity of hormone action,
thereby providing a mechanism for fine tuning of the hormone response. We tested
this by direct comparison of multiple coregulators, using siRNA to deplete the
products of four steroid hormone receptor coregulator genes
(CCAR1, CCAR2, CALCOCO1
and ZNF282). Global analysis of glucocorticoid-regulated gene
expression after siRNA mediated depletion of coregulators confirmed that each
coregulator acted in a selective and gene-specific manner and demonstrated both
positive and negative effects on glucocorticoid-regulated expression of
different genes. We identified several classes of hormone-regulated genes based
on the effects of coregulator depletion. Each coregulator supported hormonal
regulation of some genes and opposed hormonal regulation of other genes
(coregulator-modulated genes), blocked hormonal regulation of a second class of
genes (coregulator-blocked genes), and had no effect on hormonal regulation of a
third gene class (coregulator-independent genes). In spite of previously
demonstrated physical and functional interactions among these four coregulators,
the majority of the several hundred modulated and blocked genes for each of the
four coregulators tested were unique to that coregulator. Finally, pathway
analysis on coregulator-modulated genes supported the hypothesis that individual
coregulators may regulate only a subset of the many physiological pathways
controlled by glucocorticoids. We conclude that gene-specific actions of
coregulators correspond to specific physiological pathways, suggesting that
coregulators provide a potential mechanism for physiological fine tuning in vivo
and may thus represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Ying Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Chen-Yin Ou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Rajas Chodankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Kimberly D Siegmund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Michael R Stallcup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D-Y W, C-Y O, RC, MRS), Department of Preventive Medicine (KDS), USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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18
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Pérez-Schindler J, Svensson K, Vargas-Fernández E, Santos G, Wahli W, Handschin C. The coactivator PGC-1α regulates skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism independently of the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ in sedentary mice fed a regular chow diet. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2405-12. [PMID: 25116175 PMCID: PMC4657154 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Physical activity improves oxidative capacity and exerts therapeutic beneficial effects, particularly in the context of metabolic diseases. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ have both been independently discovered to play a pivotal role in the regulation of oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, though their interdependence remains unclear. Hence, our aim was to determine the functional interaction between these two factors in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo. METHODS Adult male control mice, PGC-1α muscle-specific transgenic (mTg) mice, PPARβ/δ muscle-specific knockout (mKO) mice and the combination PPARβ/δ mKO + PGC-1α mTg mice were studied under basal conditions and following PPARβ/δ agonist administration and acute exercise. Whole-body metabolism was assessed by indirect calorimetry and blood analysis, while magnetic resonance was used to measure body composition. Quantitative PCR and western blot were used to determine gene expression and intracellular signalling. The proportion of oxidative muscle fibre was determined by NADH staining. RESULTS Agonist-induced PPARβ/δ activation was only disrupted by PPARβ/δ knockout. We also found that the disruption of the PGC-1α-PPARβ/δ axis did not affect whole-body metabolism under basal conditions. As expected, PGC-1α mTg mice exhibited higher exercise performance, peak oxygen consumption and lower blood lactate levels following exercise, though PPARβ/δ mKO + PGC-1α mTg mice showed a similar phenotype. Similarly, we found that PPARβ/δ was dispensable for PGC-1α-mediated enhancement of an oxidative phenotype in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Collectively, these results indicate that PPARβ/δ is not an essential partner of PGC-1α in the control of skeletal muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Svensson
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gesa Santos
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 169612
| | - Christoph Handschin
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: Christoph Handschin, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. Phone: +41 61 267 2378,
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19
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Manavathi B, Samanthapudi VSK, Gajulapalli VNR. Estrogen receptor coregulators and pioneer factors: the orchestrators of mammary gland cell fate and development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:34. [PMID: 25364741 PMCID: PMC4207046 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone, 17β-estradiol (E2), plays critical role in various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and is essential for reproduction and mammary gland development. E2 actions are mediated by two classical nuclear hormone receptors, estrogen receptor α and β (ERs). The activity of ERs depends on the coordinated activity of ligand binding, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and importantly the interaction with their partner proteins called “coregulators.” Because coregulators are proved to be crucial for ER transcriptional activity, and majority of breast cancers are ERα positive, an increased interest in the field has led to the identification of a large number of coregulators. In the last decade, gene knockout studies using mouse models provided impetus to our further understanding of the role of these coregulators in mammary gland development. Several coregulators appear to be critical for terminal end bud (TEB) formation, ductal branching and alveologenesis during mammary gland development. The emerging studies support that, coregulators along with the other ER partner proteins called “pioneer factors” together contribute significantly to E2 signaling and mammary cell fate. This review discusses emerging themes in coregulator and pioneer factor mediated action on ER functions, in particular their role in mammary gland cell fate and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bramanandam Manavathi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India
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20
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Wang S, Rijk JCW, Besselink HT, Houtman R, Peijnenburg AACM, Brouwer A, Rietjens IMCM, Bovee TFH. Extending an in vitro panel for estrogenicity testing: the added value of bioassays for measuring antiandrogenic activities and effects on steroidogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:78-89. [PMID: 24928889 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a previously established integrated testing strategy (ITS) for in vitro estrogenicity testing was extended with additional in vitro assays in order to broaden its sensitivity to different modes of action resulting in apparent estrogenicity, i.e., other than estrogen receptor (ER) binding. To this end, an extra set of 10 estrogenic compounds with modes of action in part different from ER binding, were tested in the previously defined ITS, consisting of a yeast estrogen reporter gene assay, an U2OS ERα CALUX reporter gene assay and a cell-free coregulator binding assay. Two androgen reporter gene assays and the enhanced H295R steroidogenesis assay were added to that previous defined ITS. These assays had added value, as several estrogenic model compounds also elicited clear and potent antiandrogenic properties and in addition also showed effects on steroidogenesis that might potentiate their apparent estrogenic effects in vivo. Adding these assays, examining mechanisms of action for estrogenicity apart from ERα binding, gives a more complete and comprehensive assessment of the ability of test compounds to interfere with endocrine signaling. It was concluded that the extended ITS will go beyond in vivo estrogenicity testing by the uterotrophic assay, thereby contributing to the 3R-principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C W Rijk
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie T Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Business Unit of Toxicology & Bioassays, RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Toubal A, Treuter E, Clément K, Venteclef N. Genomic and epigenomic regulation of adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:625-34. [PMID: 24169451 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of adipose tissue is viewed as a hallmark of obesity and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. According to current models, nutrient excess causes metabolic and structural changes in adipocytes, which initiate transcriptional programs leading to the expression of inflammatory molecules and the subsequent recruitment of immune cells. Recent advances in deciphering the underlying mechanisms revealed that key regulatory events occur at the genomic and epigenomic levels. Here we review these advances because they offer a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the complex obesogenic program in adipose tissue, and because they may help in defining new therapeutic strategies that prevent, restrict, and resolve inflammation in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris 75013, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 872, Team 7 Nutriomique, Paris 75006, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Cordeliers Research Center, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S872, Paris75006, France
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22
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Smith Z, Ryerson D, Kemper JK. Epigenomic regulation of bile acid metabolism: emerging role of transcriptional cofactors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:59-70. [PMID: 22579755 PMCID: PMC3473118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The traditional role of bile acids is to simply facilitate absorption and digestion of lipid nutrients, but bile acids also act as endocrine signaling molecules that activate nuclear and membrane receptors to control integrative metabolism and energy balance. The mechanisms by which bile acid signals are integrated to regulate target genes are, however, largely unknown. Recently emerging evidence has shown that transcriptional cofactors sense metabolic changes and modulate gene transcription by mediating reversible epigenomic post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones and chromatin remodeling. Importantly, targeting these epigenomic changes has been a successful approach for treating human diseases, especially cancer. Here, we review emerging roles of transcriptional cofactors in the epigenomic regulation of liver metabolism, especially focusing on bile acid metabolism. Targeting PTMs of histones and chromatin remodelers, together with the bile acid-activated receptors, may provide new therapeutic options for bile acid-related disease, such as cholestasis, obesity, diabetes, and entero-hepatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Smith
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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23
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Abstract
The regulation of gene expression represents one of the most fundamental of biologic processes that controls cellular proliferation, differentiation, and function. Recent technological advances in genome-wide annotation together with bioinformatic/computational analyses have contributed significantly to our understanding of transcriptional regulation at the epigenomic and regulomic levels. This perspective outlines the techniques that are being utilized and summarizes a few of the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wesley Pike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Higa
- a Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9520, USA.
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25
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Vadlamudi RK, Rajhans R, Chakravarty D, Nair BC, Nair SS, Evans DB, Chen S, Tekmal RR. Regulation of aromatase induction by nuclear receptor coregulator PELP1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118:211-8. [PMID: 19800002 PMCID: PMC2826517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2), estrogen receptor (ER), ER-coregulators have been implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. In situ E2 synthesis is implicated in tumor cell proliferation through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, especially in post-menopausal women. Several recent studies demonstrated activity of aromatase P450 (Cyp19), a key enzyme that plays critical role in E2 synthesis in breast tumors. The mechanism by which tumors enhance aromatase expression is not completely understood. Recent studies from our laboratory suggested that PELP1 (Proline, Glutamic acid, Leucine rich Protein 1), a novel ER-coregulator, functions as a potential proto-oncogene and promotes tumor growth in nude mice models without exogenous E2 supplementation. In this study, we found that PELP1 deregulation contributes to increased expression of aromatase, local E2 synthesis and PELP1 cooperates with growth factor signaling components in the activation of aromatase. PELP1 deregulation uniquely up-regulated aromatase expression via activation of aromatase promoter I.3/II. Analysis of PELP1 driven mammary tumors in xenograft as well as in transgenic mouse models revealed increased aromatase expression. PELP1-mediated induction of aromatase requires functional Src and PI3K pathways. Chromatin immuno precipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that PELP1 is recruited to the Aro 1.3/II aromatase promoter. HER2 signaling enhances PELP1 recruitment to the aromatase promoter and PELP1 plays a critical role in HER2-mediated induction of aromatase expression. Mechanistic studies revealed that PELP1 interactions with orphan receptor ERRalpha, and histone demethylases play a role in the activation of aromatase promoter. Accordingly, ChIP analysis showed alterations in histone modifications at the aromatase promoter in the model cells that exhibit local E2 synthesis. Immunohistochemical analysis of breast tumor progression tissue arrays suggested that deregulation of aromatase expression occurs in advanced-stage and node-positive tumors, and that cooverexpression of PELP1 and aromatase occur in a sub set of tumors. Collectively, our results suggest that PELP1 regulation of aromatase represent a novel mechanism for in situ estrogen synthesis leading to tumor proliferation by autocrine loop and open a new avenue for ablating local aromatase activity in breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and CTRC, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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26
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Saxena NK, Sharma D. Epigenetic Reactivation of Estrogen Receptor: Promising Tools for Restoring Response to Endocrine Therapy. Mol Cell Pharmacol 2010; 2:191-202. [PMID: 21499573 PMCID: PMC3076694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Breast tumors expressing estrogen receptor alpha (ER) respond well to therapeutic strategies using SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) such as tamoxifen. However, about thirty percent of invasive breast cancers are hormone independent because they lack ER expression due to hypermethylation of ER promoter. Treatment of ER-negative breast cancer cells with demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors leads to expression of ER mRNA and functional protein. Additionally, growth factor signaling pathways have also been implicated in ER silencing in ER-negative tumor phenotype. Recently, important role of components of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been shown in mediating downregulation of ER. In this article, we will review various mechanisms underlying the silencing of ER in ER negative tumor phenotype and discuss diverse strategies to combat it. Ongoing studies may provide the mechanistic insight to design therapeutic strategies directed towards epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms in the prevention or treatment of ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K. Saxena
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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27
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Fretz JA, Zella LA, Kim S, Shevde NK, Pike JW. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces expression of the Wnt signaling co-regulator LRP5 via regulatory elements located significantly downstream of the gene's transcriptional start site. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:440-5. [PMID: 17229572 PMCID: PMC1868540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is essential for bone formation. Activation involves binding of secreted members of the Wnt family of proteins with a membrane receptor Frizzled on osteoblasts, an interaction that is facilitated by LRP5/LRP6 co-receptors. LRP5 is known to play a particularly important role in bone formation such that the loss of this protein results in a reduction in osteoblast number, a delay in mineralization and a reduction in peak BMD. During the course of a VDR ChIP-chip analysis we found that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) could induce binding of the VDR to sites within the Lrp5 gene locus. Importantly, this interaction between 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-activated VDR and the Lrp5 gene led to both a modification in chromatin structure within the Lrp5 locus and the induction of LRP5 mRNA transcripts in vivo as well as in vitro. One site within Lrp5 was discovered to confer 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) response to a heterologous promoter in osteoblastic cells, permitting both the identification and characterization of the component VDRE. While the regulatory region in Lrp5 was highly conserved in the human genome, the VDRE was not. Our studies show that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) can enhance the expression of a critical component of the Wnt signaling pathway which is known to impact osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie A Fretz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) has a crucial role in normal breast development and is expressed in the most common breast cancer subtypes. Importantly, its expression is very highly predictive for response to endocrine therapy. Current endocrine therapies for ER-positive breast cancers target ER function at multiple levels. These include targeting the level of estrogen, blocking estrogen action at the ER, and decreasing ER levels. However, the ultimate effectiveness of therapy is limited by either intrinsic or acquired resistance. Identifying the factors and pathways responsible for sensitivity and resistance remains a challenge in improving the treatment of breast cancer. With a better understanding of coordinated action of ER, its coregulatory factors, and the influence of other intracellular signaling cascades, improvements in breast cancer therapy are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Shao
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Murphy LC, Leygue E, Niu Y, Snell L, Ho SM, Watson PH. Relationship of coregulator and oestrogen receptor isoform expression to de novo tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:1411-6. [PMID: 12454770 PMCID: PMC2376286 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2002] [Revised: 09/04/2002] [Accepted: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the hypothesis that altered expression of oestrogen receptor-beta and/or altered relative expression of coactivators and corepressors of oestrogen receptors are associated with and may be mechanisms of de novo tamoxifen resistance in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer. All cases were oestrogen receptor +, node negative, primary breast tumours from patients who later had no disease progression (tamoxifen sensitive) or whose disease progressed while on tamoxifen (tamoxifen resistant). Using an antibody to oestrogen receptor-beta that detects multiple forms of this protein (total) but not an antibody that detects only full-length oestrogen receptor-beta 1, it was found that high total oestrogen receptor beta protein expressors were more frequently observed in tamoxifen sensitive tumours than resistant tumours (Fisher's exact test, P=0.046). However, no significant differences in the relative expression of oestrogen receptor beta2, oestrogen receptor beta5 and full-length oestrogen receptor beta1 RNA in the tamoxifen sensitive and resistant groups were found. Also, when the relative expression of two known coactivators, steroid receptor RNA activator and amplified in breast cancer 1 RNA to the known corepressor, repressor of oestrogen receptor activity RNA, was examined, no significant differences between the tamoxifen sensitive and resistant groups were found. Altogether, there is little evidence for altered coregulators expression in breast tumours that are de novo tamoxifen resistant. However, our data provide preliminary evidence that the expression of oestrogen receptor beta protein isoforms may differ in primary tumours of breast cancer patients who prove to have differential sensitivity to tamoxifen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Murphy
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E OW3.
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30
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Abstract
Sex steroid hormones, estrogen, progesterone and androgen, play pivotal roles in sex differentiation and development, and in reproductive functions and sexual behavior. Studies have shown that sex steroid hormones are the key regulators in the development and progression of endocrine-related cancers, especially the cancers of the reproductive tissues. The actions of estrogen, progesterone and androgen are mediated through their cognate intracellular receptor proteins, the estrogen receptors (ER), the progesterone receptors (PR) and the androgen receptor (AR), respectively. These receptors are members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, which function as transcription factors that regulate their target gene expression. Proper functioning of these steroid receptors maintains the normal responsiveness of the target tissues to the stimulations of the steroid hormones. This permits the normal development and function of reproductive tissues. It can be inferred that factors influencing the expression or function of steroid receptors will interfere with the normal development and function of the target tissues, and may induce pathological conditions, including cancers. In addition to the direct contact with the basal transcription machinery, nuclear receptors enhance or suppress transcription by recruiting an array of coactivators and corepressors, collectively named coregulators. Therefore, the mutation or aberrant expression of sex steroid receptor coregulators will affect the normal function of the sex steroid receptors and hence may participate in the development and progression of the cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Gao
- CUMC-Cancer Center, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Brian W Loggie
- CUMC-Cancer Center, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Zafar Nawaz
- CUMC-Cancer Center, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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