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Šemberová K, Svitok M, Marhold K, Suda J, Schmickl RE. Morphological and environmental differentiation as prezygotic reproductive barriers between parapatric and allopatric Campanula rotundifolia agg. cytotypes. Ann Bot 2023; 131:71-86. [PMID: 34559179 PMCID: PMC9904352 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reproductive isolation and local establishment are necessary for plant speciation. Polyploidy, the possession of more than two complete chromosome sets, creates a strong postzygotic reproductive barrier between diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. However, this barrier weakens between polyploids (e.g. tetraploids and hexaploids). Reproductive isolation may be enhanced by cytotype morphological and environmental differentiation. Moreover, morphological adaptations to local conditions contribute to plant establishment. However, the relative contributions of ploidy level and the environment to morphology have generally been neglected. Thus, the extent of morphological variation driven by ploidy level and the environment was modelled for diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid cytotypes of Campanula rotundifolia agg. Cytotype distribution was updated, and morphological and environmental differentiation was tested in the presence and absence of natural contact zones. METHODS Cytotype distribution was assessed from 231 localities in Central Europe, including 48 localities with known chromosome counts, using flow cytometry. Differentiation in environmental niche and morphology was tested for cytotype pairs using discriminant analyses. A structural equation model was used to explore the synergies between cytotype, environment and morphology. KEY RESULTS Tremendous discrepancies were revealed between the reported and detected cytotype distribution. Neither mixed-ploidy populations nor interploidy hybrids were detected in the contact zones. Diploids had the broadest environmental niche, while hexaploids had the smallest and specialized niche. Hexaploids and spatially isolated cytotype pairs differed morphologically, including allopatric tetraploids. While leaf and shoot morphology were influenced by environmental conditions and polyploidy, flower morphology depended exclusively on the cytotype. CONCLUSIONS Reproductive isolation mechanisms vary between cytotypes. While diploids and polyploids are isolated postzygotically, the environmental niche shift is essential between higher polyploids. The impact of polyploidy and the environment on plant morphology implies the adaptive potential of polyploids, while the exclusive relationship between flower morphology and cytotype highlights the role of polyploidy in reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Svitok
- Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka, Zvolen, Slovakia
- Faculty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Marhold
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Roswitha E Schmickl
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská, Prague, Czech Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Evolutionary Plant Biology, Zámek, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Guo W, Yang J, Sun XD, Chen GJ, Yang YP, Duan YW. Divergence in Eco-Physiological Responses to Drought Mirrors the Distinct Distribution of Chamerion angustifolium Cytotypes in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains Region. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1329. [PMID: 27630654 PMCID: PMC5005327 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyploid species generally occupy harsher habitats (characterized by cold, drought and/or high altitude) than diploids, but the converse was observed for Chamerion angustifolium, in which diploid plants generally inhabit higher altitudes than their polyploid derivatives. Plants at high altitudes may experience cold-induced water stress, and we therefore examined the physiological responses of diploid and hexaploid C. angustifolium to water stress to better understand the ecological differentiation of plants with different ploidy levels. We conducted a common garden experiment by subjecting seedlings of different ploidy levels to low, moderate, and severe water stress. Fourteen indicators of physiological fitness were measured, and the anatomical characteristics of the leaves of each cytotype were determined. Both cytotypes were influenced by drought, and diploids exhibited higher fitness in terms of constant root:shoot ratio (R:S ratio) and maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm ), less reduced maximal photosynthetic rate (A max), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) and stomatal conductance (g s), and higher long-term water use efficiency (WUEL) under severe water stress than did hexaploids. Analysis of leaf anatomy revealed morphological adjustments for tolerating water deficiency in diploids, in the form of closely packed mesophyll cells and small conduits in the midvein. Our results indicate that diploid C. angustifolium is more tolerant of drought than hexaploid plants, ensuring the successful survival of the diploid at high altitudes. This eco-physiological divergence may facilitate the species with different cytotypes to colonize new and large geographic ranges with heterogeneous environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal UniversityKunming, China
| | - Xu-Dong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Guang-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plateau Lake Ecology and Global Change, School of Tourism and Geography, Yunnan Normal UniversityKunming, China
| | - Yong-Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Yuan-Wen Duan
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
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Mandák B, Vít P, Krak K, Trávníček P, Havrdová A, Hadincová V, Zákravský P, Jarolímová V, Bacles CFE, Douda J. Flow cytometry, microsatellites and niche models reveal the origins and geographical structure of Alnus glutinosa populations in Europe. Ann Bot 2016; 117:107-20. [PMID: 26467247 PMCID: PMC4701152 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polyploidy in plants has been studied extensively. In many groups, two or more cytotypes represent separate biological entities with distinct distributions, histories and ecology. This study examines the distribution and origins of cytotypes of Alnus glutinosa in Europe, North Africa and western Asia. METHODS A combined approach was used involving flow cytometry and microsatellite analysis of 12 loci in 2200 plants from 209 populations combined with species distribution modelling using MIROC and CCSM climatic models, in order to analyse (1) ploidy and genetic variation, (2) the origin of tetraploid A. glutinosa, considering A. incana as a putative parent, and (3) past distributions of the species. KEY RESULTS The occurrence of tetraploid populations of A. glutinosa in Europe is determined for the first time. The distribution of tetraploids is far from random, forming two geographically well-delimited clusters located in the Iberian Peninsula and the Dinaric Alps. Based on microsatellite analysis, both tetraploid clusters are probably of autopolyploid origin, with no indication that A. incana was involved in their evolutionary history. A projection of the MIROC distribution model into the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) showed that (1) populations occurring in the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa were probably interconnected during the LGM and (2) populations occurring in the Dinaric Alps did not exist throughout the last glacial periods, having retreated southwards into lowland areas of the Balkan Peninsula. CONCLUSIONS Newly discovered tetraploid populations are situated in the putative main glacial refugia, and neither of them was likely to have been involved in the colonization of central and northern Europe after glacial withdrawal. This could mean that neither the Iberian Peninsula nor the western part of the Balkan Peninsula served as effective refugial areas for northward post-glacial expansion of A. glutinosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Mandák
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Vít
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Krak
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 13, CZ-370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic and
| | - Alena Havrdová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Věroslava Hadincová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zákravský
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Jarolímová
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Cecile Fanny Emilie Bacles
- University of Pau and Pays Adour, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Departement de Biologie, F-64100 Pau, France
| | - Jan Douda
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic
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McAllister C, Blaine R, Kron P, Bennett B, Garrett H, Kidson J, Matzenbacher B, Glotzbach A, Miller AJ. Environmental correlates of cytotype distribution in Andropogon gerardii (Poaceae). Am J Bot 2015; 102:92-102. [PMID: 25587152 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Information about geographic distribution of cytotypes can provide insight into the origin and maintenance of autopolyploid complexes and builds a foundation for understanding cytotype differentiation and the dynamics of mixed-ploidy populations. Here, we investigate environmental correlates of the geographic distributions of 6x and 9x individuals in the ecologically dominant grass Andropogon gerardii to examine the role of climate in shaping patterns of cytotype distribution in this species.• METHODS Flow cytometry was used to estimate ploidy level in 352 individuals from 32 populations across North America. Ecological differentiation of cytotypes was tested by relating BIOCLIM variables to cytotype distribution using principal components analysis and partial linear regression.• KEY RESULTS Broad geographic sampling confirmed two primary cytotypes-6x (hexaploid) and 9x (enneaploid)-and revealed that 9x plants are more common than previously thought. Enneaploids occur frequently in the southern portions of the range, with hexaploids dominating in northern regions. Mixed-ploidy populations were common (46.9%). Principal components analysis and partial linear regression indicated that reduced summer precipitation and increased variation in diurnal and seasonal temperature range were significant predictors of the frequency of 9x plants in a population.• CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that (1) geographic distribution of 6x and 9x individuals is nonrandom; (2) environmental variables are associated with cytotype distribution in A. gerardii; and (3) nearly half of populations surveyed include both 6x and 9x individuals. The persistence of mixed-ploidy populations may reflect a combination of recurrent polyploid formation and the prevalence of clonal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine McAllister
- Principia College, Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Elsah, Illinois 62028 USA Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Macelwane Hall, St. Louis, Missouri 63103 USA
| | - Russell Blaine
- Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, 1 Hairpin Drive, Edwardsville, Illinois 62025 USA
| | - Paul Kron
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, NIG 2W1
| | - Brent Bennett
- Principia College, Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Elsah, Illinois 62028 USA
| | - Heidi Garrett
- Principia College, Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Elsah, Illinois 62028 USA
| | - Jennifer Kidson
- Principia College, Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Elsah, Illinois 62028 USA
| | - Blanda Matzenbacher
- Principia College, Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Elsah, Illinois 62028 USA
| | - Anna Glotzbach
- Principia College, Department of Biology and Natural Resources, Elsah, Illinois 62028 USA
| | - Allison J Miller
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Macelwane Hall, St. Louis, Missouri 63103 USA
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Trávníček P, Dočkalová Z, Rosenbaumová R, Kubátová B, Szeląg Z, Chrtek J. Bridging global and microregional scales: ploidy distribution in Pilosella echioides (Asteraceae) in central Europe. Ann Bot 2011; 107:443-54. [PMID: 21208933 PMCID: PMC3043935 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A detailed knowledge of cytotype distribution can provide important insights into the evolutionary history of polyploid systems. This study aims to explore the spatial distribution of different cytotypes in Pilosella echioides at various spatial scales (from the whole distributional range to the population level) and to outline possible evolutionary scenarios for the observed geographic pattern. METHODS DNA-ploidy levels were estimated using DAPI flow cytometry in 4410 individuals of P. echioides from 46 populations spread over the entire distribution range in central Europe. Special attention was paid to the cytotype structure in the most ploidy-diverse population in south-west Moravia. KEY RESULTS Five different cytotypes (2x, 3x, 4x, 5x and 6x) were found, the last being recorded for the first time. Although ploidy-uniform (di- or tetraploid) sites clearly prevailed, nearly one-quarter of the populations investigated harboured more (up to all five) cytotypes. Whereas penta- and hexaploids constituted only a minority of the samples, a striking predominance of the triploid cytotype was observed in several populations. CONCLUSIONS The representative sampling confirmed previous data on cytotype distribution, i.e. the spatial aggregation of mixed-ploidy populations in south-west Moravia and Lower Austria and the predominance of ploidy-uniform populations in other parts of the area investigated. Recurrent origin of polyploids from diploid progenitors via unreduced gametes and their successful establishment are considered the key factors promoting intrapopulational ploidy mixture ('primary hybrid zones'). As an alternative to the generally accepted theory of cytotype co-existence based on the development of different means of inter-ploidy reproductive isolation, it is suggested that a long-term ploidy mixture can also be maintained in free-mating populations provided that the polyploids originate with a sufficient frequency. In addition, the prevalence (or subdominance) of the triploid cytotype in several mixed-ploidy populations represents the first evidence of such a phenomenon in plant systems with exclusively sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Trávníček
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Dočkalová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Rosenbaumová
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, National Museum, CZ-193 00 Prague - Horní Počernice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Kubátová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Biotechnological Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zbigniew Szeląg
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 31, PL-315 01 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jindřich Chrtek
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
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