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Ohtakara K, Suzuki K. Proposal of an Alternative Near-Minimum Isodose Surface DV-0.01 cc Equally Minimizing Gross Tumor Volume Below the Relevant Dose as the Basis for Dose Prescription and Evaluation of Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases. Cureus 2024; 16:e57580. [PMID: 38707120 PMCID: PMC11069632 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastasis (BM), the prescribed dose is generally reported as a minimum dose to cover a specific percentage (e.g. D98%) of the gross tumor volume (GTV) with or without a margin or an unspecified intended marginal dose to the GTV boundary. In dose prescription to a margin-added planning target volume (PTV), the GTV marginal dose is likely variable and unclear. This study aimed to reveal major flaws of dose prescription to a fixed % coverage of a target volume (TV), such as GTV D98% or PTV D95%, and to propose an alternative. Materials and methods Seven quasi-spherical models with volumes ranging from 1.00 to 15.00 cc were assumed as GTVs. The GTVs and the volumes generated by adding isotropic 1- and 2-mm margins to the GTV boundaries (GTV + 1 and 2 mm) were used for SRS planning, dose prescription, and evaluation. Volumetric-modulated arcs with a 5-mm leaf-width multileaf collimator were used to optimize each SRS plan to ensure the steepest dose gradient outside each TV boundary. In dose prescription to the GTV D98%, 0.02-0.3 cc of the GTV is below the prescribed dose, and the volume increases with larger GTVs. The volume below the prescribed dose should be less than the equivalent of a 3-mm-diameter lesion, i.e. 0.01 cc. Therefore, DV-0.01 cc was defined as an alternative near-minimum dose for which the TV below a relevant dose is less than 0.01 cc. Four different dose prescriptions, including the GTV DV-0.01 cc, were compared using specific doses in 1, 3, and 5 fractions, equivalent to 80, 60, and 50 Gy, respectively, as biologically effective doses (BEDs) to the boundaries of GTV, GTV + 1 mm, and GTV + 2 mm, respectively. Results Dose prescription to the GTV DV-0.01 cc corresponds to 95.0, 98.0, and 99.0-99.93% coverages for the GTV of 0.20, 0.50, and 1.00-15.00 cc, respectively. The GTV DV-0.01 cc varied substantially and decreased significantly as the GTV increased in dose prescriptions to the GTV D98%, GTV + 1 mm D95%, and GTV + 2 mm D95%. The GTV + 2 mm DV-0.01 cc increased significantly as the GTV increased, except for the dose prescription to the GTV + 2 mm D95% with a decreasing tendency. When comparing BED-based specific dose prescriptions, dose prescription to the GTV DV-0.01 cc was optimal in terms of the following: 1) consistency of the near-minimum dose of GTV; 2) the highest BED at 2 mm outside the GTV, except for 1.00 cc GTV, and the rational increase with increasing GTV; and 3) the highest BED at 2 mm inside the GTV. In dose prescription with the BED of 80 Gy in 1 fraction and 5 fractions to the GTV DV-0.01 cc, the GTV limits were ≤1.40 and ≤8.46 cc, respectively, in order for the irradiated isodose volume not to exceed the proposed thresholds for minimizing the risk of brain radionecrosis. Conclusions Dose prescription to a fixed % coverage of a GTV with or without a margin leads to the substantially varied near-minimum dose at the GTV boundary, which significantly decreases with increasing GTV. Alternatively, GTV DV-0.01 cc with a variable coverage (D>95%) for >0.20 cc GTV and fixed D95% for ≤0.20 cc GTV is recommended as the basis for dose prescription and evaluation, along with supplemental evaluation of the marginal dose of the GTV plus a margin (e.g. GTV + 2 mm) to demonstrate the appropriateness of dose attenuation outside the GTV boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ohtakara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, JPN
- Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Kojiro Suzuki
- Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
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Kong D, Wu J, Kong X, Huang J, Zhao Y, Yang B, Zhao Q, Gu K. Effect of bolus materials on dose deposition in deep tissues during electron beam radiotherapy. J Radiat Res 2024; 65:215-222. [PMID: 38331401 PMCID: PMC10959426 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Several materials are utilized in the production of bolus, which is essential for superficial tumor radiotherapy. This research aimed to compare the variations in dose deposition in deep tissues during electron beam radiotherapy when employing different bolus materials. Specifically, the study developed general superficial tumor models (S-T models) and postoperative breast cancer models (P-B models). Each model comprised a bolus made of water, polylactic acid (PLA), polystyrene, silica-gel or glycerol. Geant4 was employed to simulate the transportation of electron beams within the studied models, enabling the acquisition of dose distributions along the central axis of the field. A comparison was conducted to assess the dose distributions in deep tissues. In regions where the percentage depth dose (PDD) decreases rapidly, the relative doses (RDs) in the S-T models with silica-gel bolus exhibited the highest values. Subsequently, RDs for PLA, glycerol and polystyrene boluses followed in descending order. Notably, the RDs for glycerol and polystyrene boluses were consistently below 1. Within the P-B models, RDs for all four bolus materials are consistently below 1. Among them, the smallest RDs are observed with the glycerol bolus, followed by silica-gel, PLA and polystyrene bolus in ascending order. As PDDs are ~1-3% or smaller, the differences in RDs diminish rapidly until are only around 10%. For the S-T and P-B models, polystyrene and glycerol are the most suitable bolus materials, respectively. The choice of appropriate bolus materials, tailored to the specific treatment scenario, holds significant importance in safeguarding deep tissues during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xudong Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yutian Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ke Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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Huang Y, Pi Y, Ma K, Miao X, Fu S, Feng A, Yanhua D, Kong Q, Zhuo W, Xu Z. Predicting the error magnitude in patient-specific QA during radiotherapy based on ResNet. J Xray Sci Technol 2024:XST230251. [PMID: 38457139 DOI: 10.3233/xst-230251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The error magnitude is closely related to patient-specific dosimetry and plays an important role in evaluating the delivery of the radiotherapy plan in QA. No previous study has investigated the feasibility of deep learning to predict error magnitude. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to predict the error magnitude of different delivery error types in radiotherapy based on ResNet. METHODS A total of 34 chest cancer plans (172 fields) of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) from Eclipse were selected, of which 30 plans (151 fields) were used for model training and validation, and 4 plans including 21 fields were used for external testing. The collimator misalignment (COLL), monitor unit variation (MU), random multi-leaf collimator shift (MLCR), and systematic MLC shift (MLCS) were introduced. These dose distributions of portal dose predictions for the original plans were defined as the reference dose distribution (RDD), while those for the error-introduced plans were defined as the error-introduced dose distribution (EDD). Different inputs were used in the ResNet for predicting the error magnitude. RESULTS In the test set, the accuracy of error type prediction based on the dose difference, gamma distribution, and RDD + EDD was 98.36%, 98.91%, and 100%, respectively; the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 1.45-1.54, 0.58-0.90, 0.32-0.36, and 0.15-0.24; the mean absolute error (MAE) was 1.06-1.18, 0.32-0.78, 0.25-0.27, and 0.11-0.18, respectively, for COLL, MU, MLCR and MLCS. CONCLUSIONS In this study, error magnitude prediction models with dose difference, gamma distribution, and RDD + EDD are established based on ResNet. The accurate prediction of the error magnitude under different error types can provide reference for error analysis in patient-specific QA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Lab of Nucl. Phys. & Ion-Beam Appl. (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Pi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Varian Medical Systems Yun Cheng Street, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Miao
- The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Sichao Fu
- The General Hospital of Western Theater Command PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Aihui Feng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Yanhua
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Kong
- Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihai Zhuo
- Key Lab of Nucl. Phys. & Ion-Beam Appl. (MOE), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Hashemizadeh M, Zabihzadeh M, Shahbazian H, Fatahi-Asl J, Reshadatian M. Dosimetric parameters calculation for 18 MV photon beam in flattening filter (FF) and flattening filter free (FFF) linear accelerators with and without magnetic deflector and lead filter. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:025026. [PMID: 38316026 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Dosimetric characteristics of the flattening filter (FF) and flattening filter free (FFF) modes of 18 MV therapeutic photon beam were investigated with and without the magnetic deflector (MD) and lead filter. MCNP version 6.1.0 Monte Carlo (MC) code was used to simulate the 18 MV photon beam of 2100 C/D-Varian linear accelerator (LINAC) for the FF and FFF modes. The MD (uniform magnetic flux density of 1 Tesla) and lead filter (thickness of 1 mm) were modeled to remove contaminant electrons. The dosimetric parameters for different scenarios of LINAC's head were calculated. Removing the flattening filter in the FFF mode increased the dose rate, electron contamination, skin dose, out-of-field dose, and un-flatness compared to the FF mode. While the lead filter decreased the contaminant electrons significantly, using the MD removed all secondary electrons from the beam line. The surface dose was decreased by 8.3% and 11.2% for the magnetic deflector (MD) and lead filter in the FF mode, respectively. The surface dose was decreased by 16.8% and 20.3% for the MD and lead filter scenarios in the FFF mode, respectively. The MD and lead filter decreased surface penumbra by 15.5% and 11.5% compared to the FFF mode. Removing the flattening filter from the LINAC's head improves most of the dosimetric characteristics of the 18MV therapeutic beam. The use of a lead filter and magnetic deflector preserves the skin-sparing property of megavoltage beams that deteriorate in FFF mode. However, using a magnetic deflector does not reduce photon fluence and dose rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hashemizadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mansour Zabihzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hojatollah Shahbazian
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Jafar Fatahi-Asl
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Reshadatian
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Zhang F, Zhou M, Wang G, Li X, Yue L, Deng L, Chi K, Chen K, Qi Z, Deng X, Peng Y, Liu Y. Evaluation of bladder filling effects on the dose distribution during radiotherapy for cervical cancer based on daily CT images. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 24:e14097. [PMID: 37438966 PMCID: PMC10647976 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the effects of bladder filling during cervical cancer radiotherapy on target volume and organs at risk (OARs) dose based on daily computed tomography (daily-CT) images and provide bladder-volume-based dose prediction models. METHODS Nineteen patients (475 daily-CTs) comprised the study group, and five patients comprised the validation set (25 daily-CTs). Target volumes and OARs were delineated on daily-CT images and the treatment plan was recalculated accordingly. The deviation from the planning bladder volume (DVB), the correlation between DVB and clinical (CTV)/planning (PTV) target volume in terms of prescribed dose coverage, and the relationship of small bowel volume and bladder dose with the ratio of bladder volume (RVB) were analyzed. RESULTS In all cases, the prescribed dose coverage in the CTV was >95% when DVB was <200 cm3 , whereas that in the PTV was >95% when RVB was <160%. The ratio of bladder V45 Gy to the planning bladder V45 Gy (RBV45 ) exhibited a negative linear relationship with RVB (RBV45 = -0.18*RVB + 120.8; R2 = 0.80). Moreover, the ratio of small bowel volume to planning small bowel volume (RVS) exhibited a negative linear relationship with RVB (RVS = -1.06*RVB +217.59; R2 = 0.41). The validation set results showed that the linear model predicted well the effects of bladder volume changes on target volume coverage and bladder dose. CONCLUSIONS This study assessed dosimetry and volume effects of bladder filling on target and OARs based on daily-CT images. We established a quantitative relationship between these parameters, providing dose prediction models for cervical cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
- Department of Radiation OncologyQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Radiation OncologyQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Radiation OncologyQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Xutong Li
- Department of Radiation OncologyQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Lu Yue
- Department of Radiation OncologyQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Lihua Deng
- Department of Radiation OncologyQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Kun Chi
- Department of Radiation OncologyQingdao Municipal HospitalQingdaoChina
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaowu Deng
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Yinglin Peng
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Yimei Liu
- Department of Radiation OncologyState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
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Shiba S, Kawashima M, Okamoto M, Ohno T. Dose Distribution Degradation of Carbon-ion Radiotherapy Caused by Tumor Cell-specific Relative Biological Effectiveness of Osteosarcoma: A Simulation Study Using In Vitro Experimental Results. Anticancer Res 2023; 43:4873-4878. [PMID: 37909964 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Dose distributions of carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) have been created with the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of human salivary gland cells (HSG). However, no dose distributions have been created using various tumor cell-specific RBE values. Hence, we conducted in vitro experiments to determine the RBE of human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) and used this RBE value (RBEU2OS) to calculate the dose distribution for C-ion RT. MATERIALS AND METHODS To obtain RBE values for various linear energy transfer (LET) levels, we exposed U2OS cells to different doses of X-rays and varying doses and LET levels of C-ion beams (13, 30, 50, and 70 keV/μm). Subsequently, we converted the RBE of HSG (RBEHSG) to RBEU2OS in the treatment planning system and reconstructed the dose distribution for a typical osteosarcoma case. We performed a dose-volume histogram (DVH) analysis, evaluating the percentage of the minimum dose that covered 98%, 50%, and 2% (D98%, D50%, and D2%, respectively), as well as the homogeneity index [HI; calculated as (D2%-D98%)/D50%]. RESULTS The RBEU2OS values for C-ion beams with LET of 13, 30, 50, and 70 keV/μm were 1.77, 2.25, 2.72, and 4.50, respectively. When comparing DVH parameters with the planning target volume, we observed the following values: D98%, D50%, D2%, and HI for RBEHSG were 64.1, 70.1, 72.4 Gy (RBE), and 0.12, respectively. For RBEU2OS, these values were 86.2, 95.0, 107.9 Gy (RBE), and 0.23, respectively. CONCLUSION We utilized RBEU2OS to calculate the dose distribution of carbon ion radiotherapy, revealing potential degradation in dose distribution and particularly worsening of the HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Shiba
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan;
- Radiological Research Division, Shonan Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Motohiro Kawashima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Yogo K, Kodaira S, Kusumoto T, Kitamura H, Toshito T, Iwata H, Umezawa M, Yamada M, Miyoshi T, Komori M, Yasuda H, Kataoka J, Yamamoto S. Luminescence imaging of water irradiated by protons under FLASH radiation therapy conditions. Phys Med Biol 2023. [PMID: 37429310 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ace60b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FLASH radiation therapy with ultrahigh dose rates (UHDR) has the potential to reduce damage to normal tissue while maintaining anti-tumor efficacy. However, rapid and precise dose distribution measurements remain difficult for FLASH radiation therapy with proton beams. To solve this problem, we performed luminescence imaging of water following irradiation by a UHDR proton beam captured using a charge-coupled device camera. 
Approach: We used 60-MeV proton beams with dose rates of 0.03-837 Gy/s from a cyclotron. Therapeutic 139.3-MeV proton beams with dose rates of 0.45-4320 Gy/s delivered by a synchrotron-based proton therapy system were also tested. The luminescent light intensity induced by the UHDR beams was compared with that produced by conventional beams to compare the dose rate dependency of the light intensity and its profile. 
Main results: Luminescence images of water were clearly visualized under UHDR conditions, with significantly shorter exposure times than those with conventional beams. The light intensity was linearly proportional to the delivered dose, which is similar to that of conventional beams. No significant dose-rate dependency was observed for 0.03-837 Gy/s. The light-intensity profiles of the UHDR beams agreed with those of conventional beams. The results did not differ between accelerators (synchrotron or cyclotron) and beam energies. 
Significance: Luminescence imaging of water is achievable with UHDR proton beams as well as with conventional beams. The proposed method should be suitable for rapid and easy quality assurance investigations for proton FLASH therapy, because it facilitates real-time, filmless measurements of dose distributions, and is useful for rapid feedback. 
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yogo
- Nagoya University School of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine Department of Health Sciences, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 461-8673, JAPAN
| | - Satoshi Kodaira
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, JAPAN
| | - Tamon Kusumoto
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, JAPAN
| | - Hisashi Kitamura
- National Institutes for Quantum and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, JAPAN
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya City West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho,Kita-ku, Nagoya, 462-850, JAPAN
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City University West Medical Center, 1-1-1 Hirate-cho,Kita-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 462-8508, JAPAN
| | - Masumi Umezawa
- Smart Life Business Management Division, Hitachi Ltd, 1 Chome-6-6 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8280, JAPAN
| | - Masashi Yamada
- Hitachi Life Science Group, 6-6, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8280, JAPAN
| | - Takuto Miyoshi
- Research and Development Group, Hitachi Ltd Hitachi Research Laboratory, Ohmika-cho 7-1-1, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1292, JAPAN
| | - Masataka Komori
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, JAPAN
| | - Hiroshi Yasuda
- Department of Radiation Biophysics, Hiroshima Daigaku, 1 Kasumi 2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, 734-8553, JAPAN
| | - Jun Kataoka
- School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, JAPAN
| | - Seiichi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daikou-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya , Aichi, Nagoya, 461-8673, JAPAN
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Ohtakara K, Suzuki K. Modified Dynamic Conformal Arcs With Forward Planning for Radiosurgery of Small Brain Metastasis: Each Double Arc and Different To-and-Fro Leaf Margins to Optimize Dose Gradient Inside and Outside the Gross Tumor Boundary. Cureus 2023; 15:e34831. [PMID: 36919061 PMCID: PMC10008411 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) are a widely used technique for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of brain metastases (BM) using a micro-multileaf collimator (mMLC), while the planning design and method considerably vary among institutions. In the usual forward planning of DCA, the steepness of the dose gradient outside and inside the gross tumor volume (GTV) boundary is simply defined by the leaf margin (LM) setting to the target volume edge. The dose fall-off outside the small GTV tends to be excessively precipitous, especially with an MLC of 2.5-mm leaf width, which is predisposed to the insufficient coverage of microscopic brain invasion and other inherent inaccuracies. Meanwhile, insufficient dose increase inside the GTV boundary, i.e., less inhomogeneous GTV dose, likely leads to inferior and less sustainable tumor response. The more inhomogeneous GTV dose is prone to the steeper dose gradient outside the GTV and vice versa. Herein, we describe an alternative simply modified DCA (mDCA) planning that was uniquely devised to optimize the dose gradient outside and inside the GTV boundary for further enhancing and consolidating local control of small BM. For a succinct exemplification, a 10-mm spherical target was assumed as a GTV for DCA planning using a 2.5-mm mMLC. The benchmark plan was generated by adding a 0-mm LM to the GTV edge by assigning a single fraction of 30 Gy to the isocenter, in which the GTV coverage by 24 Gy with 80% isodose surface (IDS) was 96%, i.e., D96%, while the coverage of GTV + isotropic 2 mm volume by 18 Gy with 60% IDS was 70%, with the D98% being 12 Gy with 40% IDS, viz., too steep dose fall-off outside the GTV boundary. Alternatively, the increase of LM with or without decreasing the isocenter dose enables the increase of the GTV + 2 mm coverage by 18 Gy while resulting in an inadequate GTV dose with either a less inhomogeneous dose or an excessive marginal dose. Meanwhile, in the newly devised mDCA planning, every single arc was converted to a double to-and-fro arc with different LM settings under the same spatial arrangement, which enabled GTV + 2 mm volume coverage with 18 Gy while preserving the GTV marginal dose and inhomogeneity similar to those for the benchmark plan. Additionally, the different collimator angle (CA) setting for the to-and-fro arcs led to further trimming of the dose conformity. The limitations of general forward planning with only adjusting the LM for every single arc were demonstrated, which can be a contributing factor for local tumor progression of small BM. Alternatively, the mDCA with each double to-and-fro arc and different LM and CA settings enables optimization of the dose gradient both outside and inside the GTV boundary according to the planners' intent, e.g., moderate dose spillage margin outside the GTV and steep dose increase inside the GTV boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ohtakara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kainan Hospital Aichi Prefectural Welfare Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives, Yatomi, JPN.,Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
| | - Kojiro Suzuki
- Department of Radiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, JPN
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Ounoughi N, Boukhellout A, Kharfi F. Neutron shielding assessment of a 16O hadron therapy room by means of Monte Carlo simulations with the PHITS code. J Radiol Prot 2023; 43:011506. [PMID: 36599152 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acaff0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hadron radiation therapy is of great interest worldwide. Heavy-ion beams provide ideal therapeutic conditions for deep-seated local tumours. At the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT, Germany), protons and carbon ions are already integrated into the clinical routine, while16O ions are still used for research only. To ensure the protection of the technical staff and members of the public, it is required to estimate the neutron dose distribution for optimal working conditions and at different locations. The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System (PHITS) is used in this work to evaluate the dose rate distribution of secondary neutrons in a treatment room at HIT where16O ions are used: an equivalent target in soft tissue is considered in the shielding assessment to simulate the interaction of the beam with patients. The angular dependence of neutron fluences and energy spectra around the considered phantom were calculated. Alongside the spatial distribution of the neutron and photon fluence, a map of the effective dose rate was estimated using the ICRP fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients, exploiting the PHITS code's built-in capabilities. The capability of the actual shielding design of the studied HIT treatment room was approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Ounoughi
- Radiation Physics and Applications Laboratory, Mohammed Seddik Benyahia University, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Boukhellout
- Radiation Physics and Applications Laboratory, Mohammed Seddik Benyahia University, Jijel, Algeria
| | - Faycal Kharfi
- Laboratory of Dosing, Analysis and Characterization in High Resolution (DAC), Ferhat Abbas Setif1 University, Setif, Algeria
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10
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Mori S, Bhattacharyya T, Furuichi W, Tohyama N, Nomoto A, Shinoto M, Takiyama H, Yamada S. Comparison of dosimetries of carbon-ion pencil beam scanning, proton pencil beam scanning and volumetric modulated arc therapy for locally recurrent rectal cancer. J Radiat Res 2023; 64:162-170. [PMID: 36403118 PMCID: PMC9855328 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We compared the dose distributions of carbon-ion pencil beam scanning (C-PBS), proton pencil beam scanning (P-PBS) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) for locally recurrent rectal cancer. The C-PBS treatment planning computed tomography (CT) data sets of 10 locally recurrent rectal cancer cases were randomly selected. Three treatment plans were created using identical prescribed doses. The beam angles for C-PBS and P-PBS were identical. Dosimetry, including the dose received by 95% of the planning target volume (PTV) (D95%), dose to the 2 cc receiving the maximum dose (D2cc), organ at risk (OAR) volume receiving > 15Gy (V15) and > 30Gy (V30), was evaluated. Statistical significance was assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Mean PTV-D95% values were > 95% of the volume for P-PBS and C-PBS, whereas that for VMAT was 94.3%. However, PTV-D95% values in P-PBS and VMAT were < 95% in five and two cases, respectively, due to the OAR dose reduction. V30 and V15 to the rectum/intestine for C-PBS (V30 = 4.2 ± 3.2 cc, V15 = 13.8 ± 10.6 cc) and P-PBS (V30 = 7.3 ± 5.6 cc, V15 = 21.3 ± 13.5 cc) were significantly lower than those for VMAT (V30 = 17.1 ± 10.6 cc, V15 = 55.2 ± 28.6 cc). Bladder-V30 values with P-PBS/C-PBS (3.9 ± 4.8 Gy(RBE)/3.0 ± 4.0 Gy(RBE)) were significantly lower than those with VMAT (7.9 ± 8.1 Gy). C-PBS provided superior dose conformation and lower OAR doses compared with P-PBS and VMAT. C-PBS may be the best choice for cases in which VMAT and P-PBS cannot satisfy dose constraints. C-PBS could be another choice for cases in which VMAT and P-PBS cannot satisfy dose constraints, thereby avoiding surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Mori
- Corresponding author. National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Inageku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan. Office: 81-43-251-2111; Fax: 81-43-284-0198; e-mail:
| | - Tapesh Bhattacharyya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Medical Center, 14, MAR(E-W), DH Block (Newtown), Action Area I, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal 700160, India
| | - Wataru Furuichi
- Accelerator Engineering Corporation, Inage-Ku, Chiba, 263-0043, Japan
| | - Naoki Tohyama
- Division of Medical Physics, Tokyo Bay Makuhari Clinic for Advanced Imaging, Cancer Screening, and High-Precision Radiotherapy, Mihama-ku, Chiba, 261-0024m Japan
| | - Akihiro Nomoto
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, QST Hospital, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Shinoto
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, QST Hospital, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Takiyama
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, QST Hospital, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamada
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, QST Hospital, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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11
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Perrucci E, Marcantonini M, Arena E, Fulcheri C, Reggioli V, Dipilato AC, Palumbo I, Saldi S, Falcinelli L, Ingrosso G, Bini V, Aristei C. Effect of internal port on dose distribution in post-mastectomy radiotherapy for breast cancer patients after expander breast reconstruction. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2023; 28:1-8. [PMID: 37122911 PMCID: PMC10132188 DOI: 10.5603/rpor.a2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In patients with expander-based reconstruction a few dosimetric analyses detected radiation therapy dose perturbation due to the internal port of an expander, potentially leading to toxicity or loss of local control. This study aimed at adding data on this field. Materials and methods A dosimetric analysis was conducted in 30 chest wall treatment planning without and with correction for port artifact. In plans with artifact correction density was overwritten as 1 g/cm3. Medium, minimum and maximum chest wall doses were compared in the two plans. Both plans, with and without correction, were compared on an anthropomorphic phantom with a tissue expander on the chest covered by a bolus simulating the skin. Ex vivo dosimetry was carried out on the phantom and in vivo dosimetry in three patients by using film strips during one treatment fraction. Estimated doses and measured film doses were compared. Results No significant differences emerged in the minimum, medium and maximum doses in the two plans, without and with correction for port artifacts. Ex vivo and in vivo analyses showed a good correspondence between detected and calculated doses without and with correction. Conclusions The port did not significantly affect dose distribution in patients who will receive post-mastectomy radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Concetta Dipilato
- Radiation Oncology Section, University of Perugia and Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabella Palumbo
- Radiation Oncology Section, University of Perugia and Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Saldi
- Radiation Oncology Section, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Ingrosso
- Radiation Oncology Section, University of Perugia and Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cynthia Aristei
- Radiation Oncology Section, University of Perugia and Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
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12
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Yoshitani H, Fujibuchi T, Anam C. Visualization of dose distribution and basic study of dose estimation using plastic scintillator and digital camera. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35764067 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac7c91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiation can be visualized using a scintillator and a digital camera. If the amount of light emitted by the scintillator increases with dose, the dose estimation can be obtained from the amount of light emitted. In this study, the basic performance of the scintillator and digital camera system was evaluated by measuring computed tomography dose index (CTDI). A circular plastic scintillator plate was sandwiched between polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms, and X-rays were irradiated to them while rotating the X-ray tube to confirm changes in light emission. In addition, CTDI was estimated from the amount of light emitted by the scintillator during the helical scan and compared with the value measured from dosimeter. The scintillator emitted light while changing its distribution according to the movement of the X-ray tube. The measured CTDIvol was 33.20 mGy, the CTDIvol estimated from the scintillation light was approximately 46 mGy, which was 40% larger. In particular, when the scintillator was directly irradiated, the dose was overestimated compared with the value measured from the dosimeter. This overestimation can be because of the reproducibility of the position and the difference between the sensitivity of the scintillator to detect light emission and the sensitivity of the dosimeter, and the non-uniformity of position sensitivity due to the wide-angle lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshitani
- Department of Health Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, JAPAN
| | - Toshioh Fujibuchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, JAPAN
| | - Choirul Anam
- Department of Physics, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof Soedarto, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, 50275, INDONESIA
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13
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Puttanawarut C, Sirirutbunkajorn N, Tawong N, Khachonkham S, Pattaranutaporn P, Wongsawat Y. Impact of Interfractional Error on Dosiomic Features. Front Oncol 2022; 12:726896. [PMID: 35756677 PMCID: PMC9231355 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.726896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability of dosiomic features under random interfractional error. We investigated the differences in the values of features with different fractions and the error in the values of dosiomic features under interfractional error. Material and Methods The isocenters of the treatment plans of 15 lung cancer patients were translated by a maximum of ±3 mm in each axis with a mean of (0, 0, 0) and a standard deviation of (1.2, 1.2, 1.2) mm in the x, y, and z directions for each fraction. A total of 81 dose distributions for each patient were then calculated considering four fraction number groups (2, 10, 20, and 30). A total of 93 dosiomic features were extracted from each dose distribution in four different regions of interest (ROIs): gross tumor volume (GTV), planning target volume (PTV), heart, and both lungs. The stability of dosiomic features was analyzed for each fraction number group by the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The agreements in the means of dosiomic features among the four fraction number groups were tested by ICC. The percent differences (PD) between the dosiomic features extracted from the original dose distribution and the dosiomic features extracted from the dose distribution with interfractional error were calculated. Results Eleven out of 93 dosiomic features demonstrated a large CV (CV ≥ 20%). Overall CV values were highest in GTV ROIs and lowest in lung ROIs. The stability of dosiomic features decreased as the total number of fractions decreased. The ICC results showed that five out of 93 dosiomic features had an ICC lower than 0.75, which indicates intermediate or poor stability under interfractional error. The mean dosiomic feature values were shown to be consistent with different numbers of fractions (ICC ≥ 0.9). Some of the dosiomic features had PD greater than 50% and showed different PD values with different numbers of fractions. Conclusion Some dosiomic features have low stability under interfractional error. The stability and values of the dosiomic features were affected by the total number of fractions. The effect of interfractional error on dosiomic features should be considered in further studies regarding dosiomics for reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanon Puttanawarut
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samutprakarn, Thailand.,Brain-Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nat Sirirutbunkajorn
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Tawong
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphalak Khachonkham
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poompis Pattaranutaporn
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yodchanan Wongsawat
- Brain-Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhorn Pathom, Thailand
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14
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Zhou Y, Li Y, Kubota Y, Sakai M, Ohno T. Robust Angle Selection in Particle Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:715025. [PMID: 34621672 PMCID: PMC8490826 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.715025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of particle radiotherapy has grown exponentially over recent years owing to the marked advantage of the depth–dose curve and its unique biological property. However, particle therapy is sensitive to changes in anatomical structure, and the dose distribution may deteriorate. In particle therapy, robust beam angle selection plays a crucial role in mitigating inter- and intrafractional variation, including daily patient setup uncertainties and tumor motion. With the development of a rotating gantry, angle optimization has gained increasing attention. Currently, several studies use the variation in the water equivalent thickness to quantify anatomical changes during treatment. This method seems helpful in determining better beam angles and improving the robustness of planning. Therefore, this review will discuss and summarize the robust beam angles at different tumor sites in particle radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yang Li
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yoshiki Kubota
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.,Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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15
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Li J, Xiao Q, Zhang X, Dai G, Bai S, Zhong R. [Application of Virtual Monochromatic Images Reconstructed by Dual-energy Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning System]. Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi 2021; 45:568-572. [PMID: 34628775 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-7104.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virtual monochromatic images (VMI) that reconstructed on dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) have further application prospects in radiotherapy, and there is still a lack of clinical dose verification. In this study, GE Revolution CT scanner was used to perform conventional imaging and gemstone spectral imaging on the simulated head and body phantom. The CT images were imported to radiotherapy treatment planning system (TPS), and the same treatment plans were transplanted to compare the CT value and the dose distribution. The results show that the VMI can be imported into TPS for CT value-relative electron density conversion and dose calculation. Compared to conventional images, the VMI varies from 70 to 140 keV, has little difference in dose distribution of 6 MV photon treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041
| | - Xiangbin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041
| | - Guyu Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041
| | - Sen Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041
| | - Renming Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041
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16
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Tekiki N, Kuroda M, Ishizaka H, Khasawneh A, Barham M, Hamada K, Konishi K, Sugimoto K, Katsui K, Sugiyama S, Watanabe K, Yoshio K, Katayama N, Ogata T, Ihara H, Kanazawa S, Asaumi J. New field-in-field with two reference points method for whole breast radiotherapy: Dosimetric analysis and radiation-induced skin toxicities assessment. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:193. [PMID: 34349992 PMCID: PMC8327075 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of the field-in-field with two reference points (FIF w/ 2RP) method, in which the dose reference points are set simultaneously at two positions in the irradiation field and the high-dose range is completely eliminated, was examined in the present study with the aim of decreasing acute skin toxicity in adjuvant breast radiotherapy (RT). A total of 573 patients with breast cancer who underwent postoperative whole breast RT were classified into 178 cases with wedge (W) method, 142 cases with field-in-field without 2 reference points (FIF w/o 2RP) method and 253 cases with FIF w/ 2RP method. Using the FIF w/ 2RP method, the high-dose range was the lowest among the three irradiation methods. The planning target volume (PTV) V105% and the breast PTV for evaluation (BPe) V105% decreased to 0.09 and 0.10%, respectively. The FIF w/ 2RP method vs. the FIF w/o 2RP method had a strong association (η) with PTV V105% (η=0.79; P<0.001) and BPe V105% (η=0.76; P<0.001). The FIF w/ 2RP method had a significant impact on lowering the skin toxicity grade in weeks 3 and 4, and increasing the occurrence of skin toxicity grade 0. The FIF w/ 2RP method vs. the W method had a moderate association with skin toxicity grade at week 3 (η=0.49; P<0.001). Using the FIF w/ 2RP method, the high-dose range V105% of the target decreased to 0%, and skin adverse events were decreased in conjunction. For patients with early-stage breast cancer, particularly patients with relatively small-sized breasts, the FIF w/ 2RP method may be an optimal irradiation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Tekiki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kuroda
- Department of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hinata Ishizaka
- Department of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Abdullah Khasawneh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Majd Barham
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hamada
- Department of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kohei Konishi
- Department of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kohei Sugimoto
- Department of Radiological Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Katsui
- Department of Proton Beam Therapy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Soichi Sugiyama
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kenta Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yoshio
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Norihisa Katayama
- Department of Radiology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Takamatsu, Kagawa 760-8557, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogata
- Department of Radiology, Iwakuni Clinical Center, Iwakuni, Yamaguchi 740-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ihara
- Department of Radiology, Tsuyama Chuo Hospital, Okayama 708-0841, Japan
| | - Susumu Kanazawa
- Department of Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Junichi Asaumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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17
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Fredes P, Raff U, Gramsch E, Tarkowski M. Estimation of the Ultraviolet-C Doses from Mercury Lamps and Light-Emitting Diodes Required to Disinfect Surfaces. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol 2021; 126:126025. [PMID: 38469433 PMCID: PMC10857788 DOI: 10.6028/jres.vol.126.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection of surfaces by ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation is gaining importance in diverse applications. However, there is generally no accepted computational procedure to determine the minimum irradiation times and UV-C doses required for reliable and secure disinfection of surfaces. UV-C dose distributions must be comparable for devices presently on the market and future ones, as well as for the diverse surfaces of objects to be disinfected. A mathematical model is presented to estimate irradiance distributions. To this end, the relevant parameters are defined. These parameters are the optical properties of the UV-C light sources, such as wavelength and emitted optical power, as well as electrical features, like radiant efficiency and consumed power. Furthermore, the characteristics and geometry of the irradiated surfaces as well as the positions of the irradiated surfaces in relation to the UV-C light sources are considered. Because mercury (Hg) lamps are competitive with UV-C light-emitting diodes, a comparative analysis between these two light sources based on the simulation results is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fredes
- Hydraluvx, Minerva 2576, Maipú,
Santiago 9254013,
Chile
| | - Ulrich Raff
- Physics Department, University of Santiago of Chile,
Av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central,
Santiago 9170124,
Chile
| | - Ernesto Gramsch
- Physics Department, University of Santiago of Chile,
Av. Ecuador 3493, Estación Central,
Santiago 9170124,
Chile
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18
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Lei R, Zhang X, Li J, Sun H, Yang R. Auxiliary Structures-Assisted Radiotherapy Improvement for Advanced Left Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:702171. [PMID: 34367986 PMCID: PMC8340769 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.702171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To improve the quality of plan for the radiation treatment of advanced left breast cancer by introducing the auxiliary structures (ASs) which are used to spare the regions with no intact delineated structures adjacent to the target volume. Methods CT data from 20 patients with left-sided advanced breast cancer were selected. An AS designated as A1 was created to spare the regions of the aorta, pulmonary artery, superior vena ava, and contralateral tissue of the upper chest and neck, and another, designated as A2, was created in the regions of the cardia and fundus of the stomach, left liver lobe, and splenic flexure of the colon. IMRT and VMAT plans were created for cases with and without the use of the AS dose constraints in plan optimization. Dosimetric parameters of the target and organs at risk (OARs) were compared between the separated groups. Results With the use of AS dose constraints, both the IMRT and VMAT plans were clinically acceptable and deliverable, even showing a slight improvement in dose distribution of both the target and OARs compared with the AS-unused plans. The ASs significantly realized the dose sparing for the regions and brought a better conformity index (p < 0.05) and homogeneity index (p < 0.05) in VMAT plans. In addition, the volume receiving at least 20 Gy (V20) for the heart (p < 0.05), V40 for the left lung (p < 0.05), and V40 for the axillary-lateral thoracic vessel juncture region (p < 0.05) were all lower in VMAT plans. Conclusion The use of the defined AS dose constraints in plan optimization was effective in sparing the indicated regions, improving the target dose distribution, and sparing OARs for advanced left breast cancer radiotherapy, especially those that utilize VMAT plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xile Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinna Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijie Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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19
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Bin L, Yuan T, Zhaohui S, Wenting R, Zhiqiang L, Peng H, Shuying Y, Lei D, Jianyang W, Jingbo W, Tao Z, Xiaotong L, Nan B, Jianrong D. A deep learning-based dual-omics prediction model for radiation pneumonitis. Med Phys 2021; 48:6247-6256. [PMID: 34224595 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is the main source of toxicity in thoracic radiotherapy. This study proposed a deep learning-based dual-omics model, which aims to improve the RP prediction performance by integrating more data points and exploring the data in greater depth. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bimodality data were the original dose (OD) distribution and the ventilation image (VI) derived from four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT). The functional dose (FD) distribution was obtained by weighting OD with VI. A pre-trained three-dimensional convolution (C3D) network was used to extract the features from FD, VI, and OD. The extracted features were then filtered and selected using entropy-based methods. The prediction models were constructed with four most commonly used binary classifiers. Cross-validation, bootstrap, and nested sampling methods were adopted in the process of training and hyper-tuning. RESULTS Data from 217 thoracic cancer patients treated with radiotherapy were used to train and validate the prediction model. The 4DCT-based VI showed the inhomogeneous pulmonary function of the lungs. More than half of the extracted features were singular (of none-zero value for few patients), which were eliminated to improve the stability of the model. The area under curve (AUC) of the dual-omics model was 0.874 (95% confidence interval: 0.871-0.877), and the AUC of the single-omics model was 0.780 (0.775-0.785, VI) and 0.810 (0.804-0.811, OD), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The dual-omics outperformed single-omics for RP prediction, which can be contributed to: (1) using more data points; (2) exploring the data in greater depth; and (3) incorporating of the bimodality data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Bin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Su Zhaohui
- Center on Smart and Connected Health Technologies, Mays Cancer Center, School of Nursing, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ren Wenting
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Zhiqiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - You Shuying
- Department of Respiration, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province (Brain Hospital of Hunan Province), Changsha, China
| | - Deng Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jianyang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jingbo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xiaotong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bi Nan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dai Jianrong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ohira S, Ueda Y, Kanayama N, Isono M, Inui S, Komiyama R, Washio H, Miyazaki M, Koizumi M, Teshima T, Konishi K. Impact of Multileaf Collimator Width on Dose Distribution in HyperArc Fractionated Stereotactic Irradiation for Multiple (-) Brain Metastases. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:3153-3159. [PMID: 34083310 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To assess the impact of the width of multileaf collimator (MLC) on dose distributions on HyperArc fractionated stereotactic irradiation for multiple (5-10) brain metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-one HyperArc (HA) plans were generated using the high definition (HD) MLC (2.5 mm) to deliver 30-35 Gy in 3-5 fractions (HA-HD). The HyperArc plans using Millennium (ML) MLC (5 mm) were retrospectively generated (HA-ML) using the same planning parameters with HA-HD. Dosimetric parameters between the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) were compared. RESULTS The conformity index was significantly higher (p<0.0001) in the HA-HD plans (0.95±0.04) than that in the HA-ML plans (0.92±0.06). The HA-HD provided significantly lower (p<0.0001) gradient index (5.6±2.5) than HA-ML (6.2±3.5). For the brainstem and retina (right), a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the HA-HD (12.8±10.9 and 2.8±1.7 Gy, for brainstem and retina, respectively) and HA-ML (13.6±11.1 and 3.0±1.8 Gy) plans. For the brain tissue, the HA-HD plans statistically significantly reduced dosimetric parameters (p<0.0001) in all evaluated dose range (V6Gy-V28Gy). CONCLUSION The narrower MLC provided significantly higher conformity, steeper dose gradient, and better normal tissue sparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ohira
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; .,Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kanayama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Isono
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoki Inui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Riho Komiyama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayate Washio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Miyazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koizumi
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Teruki Teshima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Konishi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Zhong W, Ong YH, Zhu T. Monte Carlo (MC) study of dose distribution and Cherenkov imaging in total skin electron therapy (TSET) with TOPAS. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2021; 11628. [PMID: 34083861 DOI: 10.1117/12.2583397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tissues can be effectively treated by Total Skin Electron Therapy (TSET) over the entire body surface using 6 MeV electron beams. During the radiation treatment, Cherenkov photons are emitted from the patient's skin, and can potentially be used for in-vivo imaging of the radiation dose distribution. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation toolkit TOPAS is used to study the generation and propagation of Cherenkov photons that are generated from the interaction of electron radiation with human tissues, and to understand the relationship between the dose distributions and the Cherenkov photon distributions. Validation of MC simulations with experiments are performed at 100 SSD and 500 SSD, and simulations of a patient phantom in realistic clinical treatment setups have been done. These simulations with TOPAS show that the emitted Cherenkov distributions at phantom surfaces closely follow their corresponding dose distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Zhong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA, 19050
| | - Yi Hong Ong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA, 19050
| | - Timothy Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA, 19050
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22
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Thompson BC, Dezarn WA. Retrospective SPECT/CT dosimetry following transarterial radioembolization. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2021; 22:143-150. [PMID: 33710776 PMCID: PMC8035553 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) effectively treats unresectable primary and metastatic liver tumors through intra‐arterial injection of Yttrium‐90 (90Y) beta particle emitting microspheres which implant around the tumor. Current dosimetry models are highly simplistic and there is a large need for an image‐based dosimetry post‐TARE, which would improve treatment safety and efficacy. Current post‐TARE imaging is 90Y bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT and we study the use of these images for dosimetry. Retrospective image review of ten patients having a Philips HealthcareTM SPECT/CT following TARE SIR‐Spheres® implantation. Emission series with attenuation correction were resampled to 3 mm resolution and used to create image‐based dose distributions. Dose distributions and analysis were performed in MIM Software SurePlanTM utilizing SurePlanTM Local Deposition Method (LDM) and a dose convolution method (WFBH). We sought to implement a patient‐specific background subtraction prior to dose calculation to make these noisy bremsstrahlung SPECT images suitable for post‐TARE dosimetry. On average the percentage of mean background counts to maximum count in the image across all patients was 9.4 ± 4.9% (maximum = 7.6%, minimum = 2.3%). Absolute dose increased and profile line width decreased as background subtraction value increased. The average value of the LDM and WFBH dose methods was statistically the same. As background subtraction value increased, the DVH curves become unrealistic and distorted. Background subtraction on bremsstrahlung SPECT image has a large effect on post‐TARE dosimetry. The background contour defined provides a systematic estimate to the activity background that accounts for the scanner and patient conditions at the time of the image study and is easily implemented using commercially available software. Using the mean count in the background contour as a subtraction across the entire image gave the most realistic dose distributions. This methodology is independent of microsphere and software manufacturer allowing for use with any available products or tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana C Thompson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - William A Dezarn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Wake Forest School of Medicine, Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Barazzuol L, Coppes RP, van Luijk P. Prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced side effects. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1538-1554. [PMID: 32521079 PMCID: PMC7332214 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains a mainstay of cancer treatment, being used in roughly 50% of patients. The precision with which the radiation dose can be delivered is rapidly improving. This precision allows the more accurate targeting of radiation dose to the tumor and reduces the amount of surrounding normal tissue exposed. Although this often reduces the unwanted side effects of radiotherapy, we still need to further improve patients' quality of life and to escalate radiation doses to tumors when necessary. High-precision radiotherapy forces one to choose which organ or functional organ substructures should be spared. To be able to make such choices, we urgently need to better understand the molecular and physiological mechanisms of normal tissue responses to radiotherapy. Currently, oversimplified approaches using constraints on mean doses, and irradiated volumes of normal tissues are used to plan treatments with minimized risk of radiation side effects. In this review, we discuss the responses of three different normal tissues to radiotherapy: the salivary glands, cardiopulmonary system, and brain. We show that although they may share very similar local cellular processes, they respond very differently through organ-specific, nonlocal mechanisms. We also discuss how a better knowledge of these mechanisms can be used to treat or to prevent the effects of radiotherapy on normal tissue and to optimize radiotherapy delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rob P. Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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24
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Liang B, Tian Y, Chen X, Yan H, Yan L, Zhang T, Zhou Z, Wang L, Dai J. Prediction of Radiation Pneumonitis With Dose Distribution: A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Based Model. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1500. [PMID: 32076596 PMCID: PMC7006502 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is one of the major side effects of thoracic radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to build a dose distribution based prediction model, and investigate the correlation of RP incidence and high-order features of dose distribution. A convolution 3D (C3D) neural network was used to construct the prediction model. The C3D network was pre-trained for action recognition. The dose distribution was used as input of the prediction model. With the C3D network, the convolution operation was performed in 3D space. The guided gradient-weighted class activation map (grad-CAM) was utilized to locate the regions of dose distribution which were strongly correlated with grade≥2 and grade<2 RP cases, respectively. The features learned by the convolution filters were generated with gradient ascend to understand the deep network. The performance of the C3D prediction model was evaluated by comparing with three multivariate logistic regression (LR) prediction models, which used the dosimetric, normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) or dosiomics factors as input, respectively. All the prediction models were validated using 70 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The area under curve (AUC) of C3D prediction model was 0.842. While the AUC of the three LR models were 0.676, 0.744 and 0.782, respectively. The guided grad-CAM indicated that the low-dose region of contralateral lung and high-dose region of ipsilateral lung were strongly correlated with the grade≥2 and grade<2 RP cases, respectively. The features learned by shallow filters were simple and globally consistent, and of monotonous color. The features of deeper filters displayed more complicated pattern, which was hard or impossible to give strict mathematical definition. In conclusion, we built a C3D model for thoracic radiotherapy toxicity prediction. The results demonstrate its performance is superior over the classical LR models. In addition, CNN also offers a new perspective to further understand RP incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zongmei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lvhua Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianrong Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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25
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Peng J, Shi C, Laugeman E, Hu W, Zhang Z, Mutic S, Cai B. Implementation of the structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index as a quantitative evaluation tool for dose distribution error detection. Med Phys 2020; 47:1907-1919. [PMID: 31901143 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To apply an imaging metric of the structural SIMilarity (SSIM) index to the radiotherapy dose verification field and evaluate its capability to reveal the different types of errors between two dose distributions. METHOD The SSIM index consists of three sub-indices: luminance, contrast, and structure. Given two images, luminance analysis compares the local mean result, contrast analysis compares the local standard deviation, and the structure index represents the local Pearson correlation. Three test error patterns (absolute dose error, dose gradient error, and dose structure error) were designed to characterize the response of SSIM and its sub-indices and establish the correlation between the indices and different dose error types. After establishing the correlation, four radiotherapy plans (one MLC picket-fence test plan, one brain stereotactic radiotherapy plan, and two head-and-neck plans) were tested by computing each index and compared with the gamma analysis results to determine their similarities and differences. RESULTS Among the three test error patterns, the luminance index decreased from 1 to 0.1 when the absolute dose agreement fell from 100% to 5%, the contrast index decreased from 1 to 0.36 when the dose gradient agreement fell from 100% to 10%, and the structure index decreased from 1 to 0.23 when the periodical dose pattern shifted (leading to a lower correlation). Thus, the luminance, contrast and structure index can detect the absolute dose error, gradient discrepancy, and dose structure error, respectively. For the four clinical cases, the sub-indices can reveal the type of error when gamma analysis only provided limited information. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between the subcomponents of the SSIM index and the error types of the dose distribution were established. The SSIM index provides additional error information compared to that provided by gamma analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chengyu Shi
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Laugeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Weigang Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sasa Mutic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bin Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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26
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Azizi M, Mowlavi AA, Ghorbani M, Knuap C, Behmadi M. A Monte Carlo study on dose perturbation due to dental restorations in a 15 MV photon beam. J Cancer Res Ther 2019; 15:491-497. [PMID: 31169209 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_903_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of dose perturbation due to common dental restoration materials in the head and neck radiotherapy with a 15 MV external photon beam. Setting and Design Teeth with three dental restorations such as tooth filled with Amalgam, Ni-Cr alloy, and Ceramco were simulated by MCNPX Monte Carlo code. In this simulation, the dental materials were exposed by a 15 MV photon beam from a Siemens Primus linac, inside a water phantom. Materials and Methods A Siemens Primus linear accelerator and a phantom including: tooth only, tooth with Amalgam, tooth with Ni-Cr alloy, and tooth with Ceramco were simulated by MCNPX Monte Carlo code, separately. The percentage dose change was evaluated relative to dose in water versus depth for these samples on the beam's central axis. The absolute dose by prescription of 100 cGy dose in water phantom at 3.0 cm depth was calculated for water, tooth, tooth with Amalgam, tooth with Ni-Cr alloy, and tooth with Ceramco. Results The maximum percentage dose change is related to tooth with Ni-Cr alloy, tooth, tooth with Ceramco, and tooth with Amalgam with amounts of 7.73%, 6.95%, 4.7%, and 3.06% relative to water at 0.75 cm depth, respectively. When 100.0 cGy dose was prescribed at 3.1 cm, the maximum absolute dose was 201.0% in the presence of tooth with Ni-Cr alloy at 0.75 cm. Conclusion Introduction of the compositions of dental restorations can improve the accuracy of dosimetric calculations in treatment planning and protect the healthy tissues surrounding teeth from a considerable overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Azizi
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Mowlavi
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran; Associate Federation Scheme, Medical Physics Field, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, Italy
| | - Mehdi Ghorbani
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Courtney Knuap
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Marziyeh Behmadi
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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27
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Kawahara M, Kawamura H, Kubota Y, Katoh H, Kubo N, Shimada H, Torikai K, Torikoshi M, Kanai T, Nakano T. MRI response of obturator internus muscle to carbon-ion dose in prostate cancer treatment. J Radiat Res 2019; 60:335-341. [PMID: 30668869 PMCID: PMC6530618 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is important to confirm the dose distribution and its biophysiological response in patients subjected to carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) by using medical imaging methods. In this study, the correlation between the signal intensity changes of muscles observed in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after CIRT and planned dose distribution was evaluated. Seven patients were arbitrarily selected from among localized prostate cancer patients on whom CIRT was performed in our facilities in 2010. All subjects received the same dose of CIRT, namely, 57.6 Gy relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in 16 fractions. The following two types of images were acquired for each subject: planning computed tomography (CT) images overlaying the dose distribution of CIRT and MRI T2-weighted images (T2WI) taken 1 year after CIRT. The fusion image of the planning CT and MRI images was registered by using a treatment-planning system, and the CIRT dose distribution was compared with changes observed in the MRI of the obturator internus muscles located near the prostate. The signal changes in the axial image passing through the isocenter of the planning target volume were digitized, and a scatter diagram was created showing the relationship between the radiation dose and digitized signal changes. A strong correlation between the radiation dose and the MRI signal intensity changes was observed, and a quadratic function was found to have the best fit. However, estimating the dose distribution from the normalized MRI signal intensity is difficult at this point, owing to the wide variation. Therefore, further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Kawamura
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kubota
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katoh
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nobuteru Kubo
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Shimada
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kota Torikai
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Torikoshi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Kanai
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
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28
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Liang B, Yan H, Tian Y, Chen X, Yan L, Zhang T, Zhou Z, Wang L, Dai J. Dosiomics: Extracting 3D Spatial Features From Dose Distribution to Predict Incidence of Radiation Pneumonitis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:269. [PMID: 31032229 PMCID: PMC6473398 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is one of the major toxicities of thoracic radiation therapy. RP incidence has been proven to be closely associated with the dosimetric factors and normal tissue control possibility (NTCP) factors. However, because these factors only utilize limited information of the dose distribution, the prediction abilities of these factors are modest. We adopted the dosiomics method for RP prediction. The dosiomics method first extracts spatial features of the dose distribution within ipsilateral, contralateral, and total lungs, and then uses these extracted features to construct prediction model via univariate and multivariate logistic regression (LR). The dosiomics method is validated using 70 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) radiotherapy. Dosimetric and NTCP factors based prediction models are also constructed to compare with the dosiomics features based prediction model. For the dosimetric, NTCP and dosiomics factors/features, the most significant single factors/features are the mean dose, parallel/serial (PS) NTCP and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) contrast of ipsilateral lung, respectively. And the area under curve (AUC) of univariate LR is 0.665, 0.710 and 0.709, respectively. The second significant factors are V5 of contralateral lung, equivalent uniform dose (EUD) derived from PS NTCP of contralateral lung and the low gray level run emphasis of gray level run length matrix (GLRLM) of total lungs. The AUC of multivariate LR is improved to 0.676, 0.744, and 0.782, respectively. The results demonstrate that the univariate LR of dosiomics features has approximate predictive ability with NTCP factors, and the multivariate LR outperforms both the dosimetric and NTCP factors. In conclusion, the spatial features of dose distribution extracted by the dosiomics method effectively improves the prediction ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zongmei Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lvhua Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianrong Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Kodaira S, Morokoshi Y, Li HK, Konishi T, Kurano M, Hasegawa S. Evidence of Local Concentration of α-Particles from 211At-Labeled Antibodies in Liver Metastasis Tissue. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:497-501. [PMID: 30291193 PMCID: PMC6448461 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.216853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the local concentration of α-particles from 211At-labeled trastuzumab antibodies against human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 antigens in liver metastasis tissue of mice. Methods: Mice carrying metastatic cancer in their liver were injected with 211At-agent. After 12 h, the liver was removed and sliced, and 2 tissue samples of liver tissues without lesions and one containing metastatic lesions were mounted on the CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. Microscope images of the tissues on the CR-39 were acquired. After irradiation for 31 h, the tissues were removed from the CR-39. A microscope image of α-particle tracks on the CR-39 was acquired after chemical etching. The positions of each tissue sample and the emitted α-particle tracks were adjusted to the same coordinates. Results: The positional distribution of α-particle tracks emitted from 211At was consistent within the tissue. The α-particle tracks were mainly allocated in the tumor region of the tissue. The absorbed dose in individual cells segmented by 10-μm intervals was obtained by the spectroscopic analysis of the linear-energy-transfer spectrum. The concentration efficiency-the track density ratio of α-particle tracks in the necrotized tissue, which was the tumor region, to the normal tissue-was found to be 6.0 ± 0.2. In the tumor region, the high-linear-energy-transfer α-particles deposited a large enough dose to cause lethal damage to the cancer cells. Conclusion: The total absorbed dose ranged from 1 to 7 Gy with a peak at around 2 Gy, which would correspond to a 2-3 times higher biologically equivalent dose because of the high relative biological effectiveness of the α-particles emitted from 211At.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kodaira
- Radiation Measurement Research Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukie Morokoshi
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Huizi Keiko Li
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Regenerative Therapy Research Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mieko Kurano
- Radiation Measurement Research Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Hasegawa
- Radiation and Cancer Biology Team, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan; and
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Fedon C, Caballo M, Sechopoulos I. Internal breast dosimetry in mammography: Monte Carlo validation in homogeneous and anthropomorphic breast phantoms with a clinical mammography system. Med Phys 2018; 45:3950-3961. [PMID: 29956334 PMCID: PMC6099211 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate Monte Carlo (MC)-based breast dosimetry estimations using both a homogeneous and a 3D anthropomorphic breast phantom under polyenergetic irradiation for internal breast dosimetry purposes. METHODS Experimental measurements were performed with a clinical digital mammography system (Mammomat Inspiration, Siemens Healthcare), using the x-ray spectrum selected by the automatic exposure control and a tube current-exposure time product of 360 mAs. A homogeneous 50% glandular breast phantom and a 3D anthropomorphic breast phantom were used to investigate the dose at different depths (range 0-4 cm with 1 cm steps) for the homogeneous case and at a depth of 2.25 cm for the anthropomorphic case. Local dose deposition was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor dosimeters (MOSFET), and GafChromic™ films. A Geant4-based MC simulation was modified to match the clinical experimental setup. Thirty sensitive volumes (3.2 × 3.2 × 0.38 mm3 ) on the axial-phantom plane were included at each depth in the simulation to characterize the internal dose variation and compare it to the experimental TLD and MOSFET measurements. The experimental 2D dose maps obtained with the GafChromic™ films were compared to the simulated 2D dose distributions. RESULTS Due to the energy dependence of the dosimeters and due to x-ray beam hardening, dosimeters based on these three technologies have to be calibrated at each depth of the phantom. As expected, the dose was found to decrease with increasing phantom depth, with the reduction being ~93% after 4 cm for the homogeneous breast phantom. The 2D dose map showed nonuniformities in the dose distribution in the axial plane of the phantom. The mean combined standard uncertainty increased with phantom depth by up to 5.3% for TLD, 6.3% for MOSFET, and 9.6% for GafChromic™ film. In the case of a heterogeneous phantom, the dosimeters are able to detect local dose gradient variations. In particular, GafChromic™ film showed local dose variations of about 46% at the boundaries of two materials. CONCLUSIONS Results showed a good agreement between experimental measurements (with TLD and MOSFET) and MC data for both homogeneous and anthropomorphic breast phantoms. Larger discrepancies are found when comparing the GafChromic™ dose values to the MC results due to the inherent less precise nature of the former. MC validations in a heterogeneous background at the level of local dose deposition and in absolute terms play a fundamental role in the development of an accurate method to estimate radiation dose. The potential introduction of a breast dosimetry model involving a nonhomogeneous glandular/adipose tissue composition makes the validation of internal dose distributions estimates crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Fedon
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterPO Box 91016500 HBNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco Caballo
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterPO Box 91016500 HBNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Sechopoulos
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineRadboud University Medical CenterPO Box 91016500 HBNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Dutch Expert Center for Screening (LRCB)PO Box 68736503 GJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Kubota Y, Sakai M, Tashiro M, Saitoh JI, Abe T, Ohno T, Nakano T. Technical Note: Predicting dose distribution with replacing stopping power ratio for inter-fractional motion and intra-fractional motion during carbon ion radiotherapy with passive irradiation method for stage I lung cancer. Med Phys 2018; 45:3435-3441. [PMID: 29757472 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We designed and evaluated a simple method for predicting the effects of intra-fractional and/or inter-fractional motion on dose distribution during carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for solitary-lesion stage I lung cancer. METHODS The proposed method uses computed tomography (CT) images from treatment planning and intra-tumoral and/or inter-tumoral displacement. The predicted dose distribution (PDD) was calculated by replacing the current tumor region with the stopping power ratio (SPR) of the lung and replacing the moved tumor region with the SPR of the tumor. The actual dose distribution (ADD) was calculated without the replacement. Ten patients with solitary-lesion stage I lung cancer were retrospectively studied to evaluate the prediction method's accuracy. Four PDDs for intra-fractional motion (gate-in, exhalation, gate-out, inhalation phases during four-dimensional CT) and two PDDs for inter-fractional motion (CT images acquired 1-2 days before treatment) with bone- and tumor-matching methods were compared with each of six ADDs on each CT scan. Percentages of the planning/clinical target volumes (PTV/CTV) receiving >95% of the prescribed dose (V95 ) and of minimum doses covering 95% of the PTV/CTV (D95 ) were compared with dose volume histogram parameters. RESULTS The maximum tumor displacements occurred in the superior-inferior direction, with intra-fractional motion values of 3.75 and 8.97 mm for the superior and inferior directions, respectively, and inter-fractional values of 9.61 and 4.10 mm. The maximum average error for PTV V95 regarding intra-fractional motion was -0.43% for the gate-out phase and -0.63% for the inhalation phase. There were no significant differences for these parameters (P = 0.541, P = 0.571). Average errors for PTV and CTV V95 with inter-fractional motion with bone matching were 2.2% and 2.9%, respectively, with no significant differences (P = 0.387, P = 0.155). CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of the proposed method was good. Hence, it is feasible to use the proposed method during CIRT to predict dose distribution with respect to intra-fractional motion and/or inter-fractional motion of the tumor in patients with solitary-lesion stage I lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makoto Sakai
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | | | - Jun-Ichi Saitoh
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takanori Abe
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
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Gao L, Sun H, Ni X, Fang M, Lin T. Effects of 16-bit CT imaging scanning conditions for metal implants on radiotherapy dose distribution. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:2373-2379. [PMID: 29434946 PMCID: PMC5777373 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dose distribution was calculated and analyzed on the basis of 16-bit computed tomography (CT) images in order to investigate the effect of scanning conditions on CT for metal implants. Stainless steel and titanium rods were inserted into a phantom, and CT images were obtained by scanning the phantom under various scanning conditions: i) Fixed tube current of 230 mA and tube voltages of 100, 120, and 140 kV; and ii) fixed tube voltage of 120 kV and tube currents of 180, 230, and 280 mA. The CT value of the metal rod was examined and corrected. In a Varian treatment planning system, a treatment plan was designed on the basis of the CT images obtained under the set scanning conditions. The dose distributions in the phantom were then calculated and compared. The CT value of the metal area slightly changed upon tube current alteration. The dose distribution in the phantom was also similar. The maximum CT values of the stainless steel rod were 14,568, 14,127 and 13,295 HU when the tube voltages were modified to 100, 120, and 140 kV, respectively. The corresponding CT values of the titanium rod were 9,420, 8,140 and 7,310 HU. The dose distribution of the radiotherapy plan changed significantly as the tube voltage varied. Compared with the reference dose, the respective maximum dose differences of the stainless steel and titanium rods in the phantom were 5.70, and 6.62% when the tube voltage varied. The changes in tube currents resulted in a maximum dose error of <1% for stainless steel and titanium. In CT imaging, changes in tube voltages can significantly alter the CT values of metal implants. Thus, this can lead to large errors in radiotherapy dose distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liugang Gao
- Radiotherapy Department, Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hongfei Sun
- Radiotherapy Department, Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xinye Ni
- Radiotherapy Department, Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Fang
- Radiotherapy Department, Changzhou Cancer Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213001, P.R. China
| | - Tao Lin
- Radiotherapy Department, Second People's Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
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Wang J, Trovati S, Borchard PM, Loo BW, Maxim PG, Fahrig R. Thermal limits on MV x-ray production by bremsstrahlung targets in the context of novel linear accelerators. Med Phys 2017; 44:6610-6620. [PMID: 28983960 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the impact of target geometrical and linac operational parameters, such as target material and thickness, electron beam size, repetition rate, and mean current on the ability of the radiotherapy treatment head to deliver high-dose-rate x-ray irradiation in the context of novel linear accelerators capable of higher repetition rates/duty cycle than conventional clinical linacs. METHODS The depth dose in a water phantom without a flattening filter and heat deposition in an x-ray target by 10 MeV pulsed electron beams were calculated using the Monte-Carlo code MCNPX, and the transient temperature behavior of the target was simulated by ANSYS. Several parameters that affect both the dose distribution and temperature behavior were investigated. The target was tungsten with a thickness ranging from 0 to 3 mm and a copper heat remover layer. An electron beam with full width at half maximum (FWHM) between 0 and3 mm and mean current of 0.05-2 mA was used as the primary beam at repetition rates of 100, 200, 400, and 800 Hz. RESULTS For a 10 MeV electron beam with FWHM of 1 mm, pulse length of 5 μs, by using a thin tungsten target with thickness of 0.2 mm instead of 1 mm, and by employing a high repetition rate of 800 Hz instead of 100 Hz, the maximum dose rate delivered can increase two times from 0.57 to 1.16 Gy/s. In this simple model, the limiting factor on dose rate is the copper heat remover's softening temperature, which was considered to be 500°C in our study. CONCLUSIONS A high dose rate can be obtained by employing thin targets together with high repetition rate electron beams enabled by novel linac designs, whereas the benefit of thin targets is marginal at conventional repetition rates. Next generation linacs used to increase dose rate need different target designs compared to conventional linacs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stefania Trovati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Billy W Loo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter G Maxim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca Fahrig
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, 91052, Germany
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Ali I, Alsbou N, Taguenang JM, Ahmad S. Quantitative evaluation by measurement and modeling of the variations in dose distributions deposited in mobile targets. J Xray Sci Technol 2017; 25:XST16223. [PMID: 28269814 DOI: 10.3233/xst-16223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate variations of dose distributions deposited in mobile target by measurement and modeling. The effects of variation in dose distribution induced by motion on tumor dose coverage and sparing of normal tissues were investigated quantitatively. The dose distributions with motion artifacts were modeled considering different motion patterns that include (a) motion with constant speed and (b) sinusoidal motion. The model predictions of the dose distributions with motion artifacts were verified with measurement where the dose distributions from various plans that included three-dimensional conformal and intensity-modulated fields were measured with a multiple-diode-array detector (MapCheck2), which was mounted on a mobile platform that moves with adjustable motion parameters. For each plan, the dose distributions were then measured with MapCHECK2 using different motion amplitudes from 0-25 mm. In addition, mathematical modeling was developed to predict the variations in the dose distributions and their dependence on the motion parameters that included amplitude, frequency and phase for sinusoidal motions. The dose distributions varied with motion and depended on the motion pattern particularly the sinusoidal motion, which spread out along the direction of motion. Study results showed that in the dose region between isocenter and the 50% isodose line, the dose profile decreased with increase of the motion amplitude. As the range of motion became larger than the field length along the direction of motion, the dose profiles changes overall including the central axis dose and 50% isodose line. If the total dose was delivered over a time much longer than the periodic time of motion, variations in motion frequency and phase do not affect the dose profiles. As a result, the motion dose modeling developed in this study provided quantitative characterization of variation in the dose distributions induced by motion, which can be employed in radiation therapy to quantitatively determine the margins needed for treatment planning considering dose spillage to normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nesreen Alsbou
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, University Drive, Edmond, OK, USA
| | | | - Salahuddin Ahmad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Borowicz DM, Malicki J, Mytsin G, Shipulin K. Dose distribution at the Bragg peak: Dose measurements using EBT and RTQA gafchromic film set at two positions to the central beam axis. Med Phys 2017; 44:1538-1544. [PMID: 28196271 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the impact of radiochromic film positioning relative to the central beam axis (CAX) in proton beam therapy. Secondarily, to compare the dosimetric measurements obtained by RTQA and EBT film and to compare these to the doses calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS). METHODS The EBT and RTQA dosimetric radiochromic films were immersed in a water phantom and irradiated with a proton beam. The films were placed parallel to the CAX and at a 5° angle on the horizontal plane to assess the effect of film inclination on Bragg peak profiles. Calibration was performed by irradiating small pieces of film at doses ranging from 0.0 Gy to 3.5 Gy in increments of 0.5 Gy. The TPS was used to create treatment plans for two different geometrical targets (cylindrical and cuboidal). After irradiation, all film pieces were scanned on a flatbed scanner and red channel data were extracted from the 48-bit RGB images using ImageJ, Photoshop, Origin8, and Excel software. The dose distributions from the irradiated films were compared to the dose obtained from the TPS. Bragg peak profiles were abstracted from the irradiated films and compared. RESULTS The dosimetric measurements obtained by both EBT and RTQA positioned at a 5° to the CAX closely matched the dose calculated by the TPS for the cylindrical target. In contrast, dose distributions measured in the cuboidal targets were less precise. Gamma index (GI) values (3%/3 mm acceptance criteria for isodose >90% of dose) were 99.8% and 93% for EBT film placed at a 5° angle versus 47.1% and 80.8% for EBT film parallel to the beam. The dosimetric measurements in RTQA film positioned parallel to the CAX showed GI values with <27% agreement with the TPS-calculated dose. CONCLUSION Our finding show that RTQA film can be used to accurately measure doses in the proton beam at the region of Bragg peak; however, to obtain the most accurate readings, the film should be positioned at a small angle to the CAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Maria Borowicz
- Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.,Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Julian Malicki
- Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.,Electroradiology Department, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Gennady Mytsin
- Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Konstantin Shipulin
- Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
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Kawashima M, Kawamura H, Onishi M, Takakusagi Y, Okonogi N, Okazaki A, Sekihara T, Ando Y, Nakano T. The Impact of the Grid Size on TomoTherapy for Prostate Cancer. J Med Phys 2017; 42:144-150. [PMID: 28974860 PMCID: PMC5618461 DOI: 10.4103/jmp.jmp_123_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Discretization errors due to the digitization of computed tomography images and the calculation grid are a significant issue in radiation therapy. Such errors have been quantitatively reported for a fixed multifield intensity-modulated radiation therapy using traditional linear accelerators. The aim of this study is to quantify the influence of the calculation grid size on the dose distribution in TomoTherapy. This study used ten treatment plans for prostate cancer. The final dose calculation was performed with "fine" (2.73 mm) and "normal" (5.46 mm) grid sizes. The dose distributions were compared from different points of view: the dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters for planning target volume (PTV) and organ at risk (OAR), the various indices, and dose differences. The DVH parameters were used Dmax, D2%, D2cc, Dmean, D95%, D98%, and Dmin for PTV and Dmax, D2%, and D2cc for OARs. The various indices used were homogeneity index and equivalent uniform dose for plan evaluation. Almost all of DVH parameters for the "fine" calculations tended to be higher than those for the "normal" calculations. The largest difference of DVH parameters for PTV was Dmax and that for OARs was rectal D2cc. The mean difference of Dmax was 3.5%, and the rectal D2cc was increased up to 6% at the maximum and 2.9% on average. The mean difference of D95% for PTV was the smallest among the differences of the other DVH parameters. For each index, whether there was a significant difference between the two grid sizes was determined through a paired t-test. There were significant differences for most of the indices. The dose difference between the "fine" and "normal" calculations was evaluated. Some points around high-dose regions had differences exceeding 5% of the prescription dose. The influence of the calculation grid size in TomoTherapy is smaller than traditional linear accelerators. However, there was a significant difference. We recommend calculating the final dose using the "fine" grid size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidemasa Kawamura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onishi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Noriyuki Okonogi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.,Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Yang Z, Zhang Z, Wang X, Hu Y, Lyu Z, Huo L, Wei R, Fu J, Hong J. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for gliomas:dosimetric effects of changes in gross tumor volume on organs at risk and healthy brain tissue. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3545-54. [PMID: 27366091 PMCID: PMC4914054 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to explore the effects of changes in the gross tumor volume (GTV) on dose distribution in organs at risk (OARs) and healthy brain tissue in patients with gliomas. Methods Eleven patients suffering from gliomas with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans treated with a simultaneous integrated boost technique planned before therapy (initial plans) were prospectively enrolled. At the end of radiotherapy, patients underwent repeat computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and IMRT was replanned. The GTV and dosimetric parameters between the initial and replanned IMRT were compared using the Wilcoxon two-related-sample test, and correlations between the initial GTV and the replanned target volumes were assessed using the bivariate correlation test. Results The volume of the residual tumor did not change significantly (P>0.05), the volume of the surgical cavity decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the GTV and target volumes decreased significantly at the end of IMRT (all P<0.05). The near-maximum dose to OARs and volumes of healthy brain tissue receiving total doses of 10–50 Gy were lower in the replanned IMRT than in the initial IMRT (all P<0.05). The GTV in the initial plan was significantly positively correlated with the changes in the GTV and planning target volume 1 that occurred during IMRT (all P<0.05). Conclusion The reduction in the GTV in patients with gliomas resulted from shrinkage of the surgical cavity during IMRT, leading to decreased doses to the OARs and healthy brain tissue. Such changes appeared to be most meaningful in patients with large initial GTV values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Lyu
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Hong
- Department of Oncology, The Institute of Skull Base Surgery and Neurooncology at Hunan, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Ghorbani M, Mehrpouyan M, Davenport D, Ahmadi Moghaddas T. Effect of photon energy spectrum on dosimetric parameters of brachytherapy sources. Radiol Oncol 2016; 50:238-46. [PMID: 27247558 PMCID: PMC4852960 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to quantify the influence of the photon energy spectrum of brachytherapy sources on task group No. 43 (TG-43) dosimetric parameters. BACKGROUND Different photon spectra are used for a specific radionuclide in Monte Carlo simulations of brachytherapy sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS MCNPX code was used to simulate 125I, 103Pd, 169Yb, and 192Ir brachytherapy sources. Air kerma strength per activity, dose rate constant, radial dose function, and two dimensional (2D) anisotropy functions were calculated and isodose curves were plotted for three different photon energy spectra. The references for photon energy spectra were: published papers, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC). The data calculated by these photon energy spectra were compared. RESULTS Dose rate constant values showed a maximum difference of 24.07% for 103Pd source with different photon energy spectra. Radial dose function values based on different spectra were relatively the same. 2D anisotropy function values showed minor differences in most of distances and angles. There was not any detectable difference between the isodose contours. CONCLUSIONS Dosimetric parameters obtained with different photon spectra were relatively the same, however it is suggested that more accurate and updated photon energy spectra be used in Monte Carlo simulations. This would allow for calculation of reliable dosimetric data for source modeling and calculation in brachytherapy treatment planning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghorbani
- Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehrpouyan
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - David Davenport
- Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Toktam Ahmadi Moghaddas
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Jeon H, Yoo WJ, Shin SH, Kwon G, Kim M, Kim HJ, Song YB, Jang KW, Youn WS, Lee B. Performance Evaluation of a Multichannel All-In-One Phantom Dosimeter for Dose Measurement of Diagnostic X-ray Beam. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:28490-501. [PMID: 26569252 DOI: 10.3390/s151128490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We developed a multichannel all-in-one phantom dosimeter system composed of nine sensing probes, a chest phantom, an image intensifier, and a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor to measure the dose distribution of an X-ray beam used in radiation diagnosis. Nine sensing probes of the phantom dosimeter were fabricated identically by connecting a plastic scintillating fiber (PSF) to a plastic optical fiber (POF). To measure the planar dose distribution on a chest phantom according to exposure parameters used in clinical practice, we divided the top of the chest phantom into nine equal parts virtually and then installed the nine sensing probes at each center of the nine equal parts on the top of the chest phantom as measuring points. Each scintillation signal generated in the nine sensing probes was transmitted through the POFs and then intensified by the image intensifier because the scintillation signal normally has a very low light intensity. Real-time scintillation images (RSIs) containing the intensified scintillation signals were taken by the CMOS image sensor with a single lens optical system and displayed through a software program. Under variation of the exposure parameters, we measured RSIs containing dose information using the multichannel all-in-one phantom dosimeter and compared the results with the absorbed doses obtained by using a semiconductor dosimeter (SCD). From the experimental results of this study, the light intensities of nine regions of interest (ROI) in the RSI measured by the phantom dosimeter were similar to the dose distribution obtained using the SCD. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the planar dose distribution including the entrance surface dose (ESD) can be easily measured by using the proposed phantom dosimeter system.
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Kao J, Pettit J, Zahid S, Gold KD, Palatt T. Esophagus and Contralateral Lung-Sparing IMRT for Locally Advanced Lung Cancer in the Community Hospital Setting. Front Oncol 2015; 5:127. [PMID: 26157703 PMCID: PMC4477157 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal technique for performing lung IMRT remains poorly defined. We hypothesize that improved dose distributions associated with normal tissue-sparing IMRT can allow safe dose escalation resulting in decreased acute and late toxicity. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 82 consecutive lung cancer patients treated with curative intent from 1/10 to 9/14. From 1/10 to 4/12, 44 patients were treated with the community standard of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy or IMRT without specific esophagus or contralateral lung constraints (standard RT). From 5/12 to 9/14, 38 patients were treated with normal tissue-sparing IMRT with selective sparing of contralateral lung and esophagus. The study endpoints were dosimetry, toxicity, and overall survival. RESULTS Despite higher mean prescribed radiation doses in the normal tissue-sparing IMRT cohort (64.5 vs. 60.8 Gy, p = 0.04), patients treated with normal tissue-sparing IMRT had significantly lower lung V20, V10, V5, mean lung, esophageal V60, and mean esophagus doses compared to patients treated with standard RT (p ≤ 0.001). Patients in the normal tissue-sparing IMRT group had reduced acute grade ≥3 esophagitis (0 vs. 11%, p < 0.001), acute grade ≥2 weight loss (2 vs. 16%, p = 0.04), and late grade ≥2 pneumonitis (7 vs. 21%, p = 0.02). The 2-year overall survival was 52% with normal tissue-sparing IMRT arm compared to 28% for standard RT (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION These data provide proof of principle that suboptimal radiation dose distributions are associated with significant acute and late lung and esophageal toxicity that may result in hospitalization or even premature mortality. Strict attention to contralateral lung and esophageal dose-volume constraints are feasible in the community hospital setting without sacrificing disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Kao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, West Islip, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Pettit
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, West Islip, NY, USA
| | - Soombal Zahid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, West Islip, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Gold
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, West Islip, NY, USA
| | - Terry Palatt
- Department of Surgery, Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center, West Islip, NY, USA
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41
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Zwicker F, Swartman B, Roeder F, Sterzing F, Hauswald H, Thieke C, Weber KJ, Huber PE, Schubert K, Debus J, Herfarth K. In vivo measurement of dose distribution in patients' lymphocytes: helical tomotherapy versus step-and-shoot IMRT in prostate cancer. J Radiat Res 2015; 56:239-247. [PMID: 25361548 PMCID: PMC4380044 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In radiotherapy, in vivo measurement of dose distribution within patients' lymphocytes can be performed by detecting gamma-H2AX foci in lymphocyte nuclei. This method can help in determining the whole-body dose. Options for risk estimations for toxicities in normal tissue and for the incidence of secondary malignancy are still under debate. In this investigation, helical tomotherapy (TOMO) is compared with step-and-shoot IMRT (SSIMRT) of the prostate gland by measuring the dose distribution within patients' lymphocytes. In this prospective study, blood was taken from 20 patients before and 10 min after their first irradiation fraction for each technique. The isolated leukocytes were fixed 2 h after radiation. DNA double-stranded breaks in lymphocyte nuclei were stained immunocytochemically using anti-gamma-H2AX antibodies. Gamma-H2AX foci distribution in lymphocytes was determined for each patient. Using a calibration line, dose distributions in patients' lymphocytes were determined by studying the gamma-H2AX foci distribution, and these data were used to generate a cumulative dose-lymphocyte histogram (DLH). Measured in vivo (DLH), significantly fewer lymphocytes indicated low-dose exposure (<40% of the applied dose) during TOMO compared with SSIMRT. The dose exposure range, between 45 and 100%, was equal with both radiation techniques. The mean number of gamma-H2AX foci per lymphocyte was significantly lower in the TOMO group compared with the SSIMRT group. In radiotherapy of the prostate gland, TOMO generates a smaller fraction of patients' lymphocytes with low-dose exposure relative to the whole body compared with SSIMRT. Differences in the constructional buildup of the different linear accelerator systems, e.g. the flattening filter, may be the cause thereof. The influence of these methods on the incidence of secondary malignancy should be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zwicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedict Swartman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Falk Roeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Sterzing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Hauswald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thieke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Josef Weber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Schubert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Herfarth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Yu H, Zhang SX, Wang RH, Zhang GQ, Tan JM. The feasibility of mapping dose distribution of 4DCT images with deformable image registration in lung. Biomed Mater Eng 2014; 24:145-53. [PMID: 24211893 DOI: 10.3233/bme-130794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Calculating an accurate cumulative dose through individual phases for four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) images from the lung is time-consuming. Although the dose distribution of different phases is similar, copying the dose distribution of one phase directly to another phase would yield a dosimetric error of approximately 4% without further optimization. To reduce the dosimetric error, three-dimensional B-spline elastic deformable image registration (DIR) was used to quickly obtain a relatively accurate cumulative dose of 4DCT images acquired from ten lung cancer patients. The dose distribution of the end-expiration phase was mapped to the end-inspiration phase using DIR. The mapped dose in the end-inspiration phase was then compared with the directly copied dose by analysis (3cm/3%) and the t-test. The results showed that optimization using DIR was significantly better in the average pass rate (by 0.6-4.7%). Our results indicate it is feasible to map the dose distribution of 4DCT images in lung with DIR, and that the motion amplitude of individual respiratory and different DIR algorithms affect the differences between the mapped and actual dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, P.R. China
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43
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Abstract
The γ-index is used routinely to establish correspondence between two dose distributions. The definition of the γ-index can be written with a single equation but solving this equation at millions of points is computationally expensive, especially in three dimensions. Our goal is to extend the vector-equation method in Bakai et al (2003 Phys. Med. Biol.48 3543-53) to higher order for better accuracy and, as important, to determine the magnitude of accuracy in a higher order solution. We construct a numerical framework for calculating the γ-index in two and three dimensions and present an efficient method for calculating the γ-index with zeroth-, first- and second-order methods using tricubic spline interpolation. For an intensity-modulated radiation therapy example with 1.78 × 10⁶ voxels, the zeroth-order, first-order, first-order iterations and semi-second-order methods calculate the three-dimensional γ-index in 1.5, 4.7, 34.7 and 35.6 s with 36.7%, 1.1%, 0.2% and 0.8% accuracy, respectively. The accuracy of linear interpolation with this example is 1.0%. We present efficient numerical methods for calculating the three-dimensional γ-index with tricubic spline interpolation. The first-order method with iterations is the most accurate and fastest choice of the numerical methods if the dose distributions may have large second-order gradients. Furthermore, the difference between iterations can be used to determine the accuracy of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Clasie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hashimoto S, Karasawa K, Fujita Y, Miyashita H, Chang W, Kawachi T, Katayose T, Kobayashi N, Kunieda E, Saitoh H. Evaluation of beam hardening and photon scatter by brass compensator for IMRT. J Radiat Res 2012; 53:999-1005. [PMID: 22915779 PMCID: PMC3483849 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When a brass compensator is set in a treatment beam, beam hardening may take place. This variation of the energy spectrum may affect the accuracy of dose calculation by a treatment planning system and the results of dose measurement of brass compensator intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). In addition, when X-rays pass the compensator, scattered photons are generated within the compensator. Scattered photons may affect the monitor unit (MU) calculation. In this study, to evaluate the variation of dose distribution by the compensator, dose distribution was measured and energy spectrum was simulated using the Monte Carlo method. To investigate the influence of beam hardening for dose measurement using an ionization chamber, the beam quality correction factor was determined. Moreover, to clarify the effect of scattered photons generated within the compensator for the MU calculation, the head scatter factor was measured and energy spectrum analyses were performed. As a result, when X-rays passed the brass compensator, beam hardening occurred and dose distribution was varied. The variation of dose distribution and energy spectrum was larger with decreasing field size. This means that energy spectrum should be reproduced correctly to obtain high accuracy of dose calculation for the compensator IMRT. On the other hand, the influence of beam hardening on k(Q) was insignificant. Furthermore, scattered photons were generated within the compensator, and scattered photons affect the head scatter factor. These results show that scattered photons must be taken into account for MU calculation for brass compensator IMRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Hashimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Honkomagome 3-18-22, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
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Joshi CP, Dhanesar S, Darko J, Kerr A, Vidyasagar PB, Schreiner LJ. Practical and clinical considerations in Cobalt-60 tomotherapy. J Med Phys 2011; 34:137-40. [PMID: 20098560 PMCID: PMC2807678 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.54847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt-60 (Co-60) based radiation therapy continues to play a significant role in not only developing countries, where access to radiation therapy is extremely limited, but also in industrialized countries. Howver, technology has to be developed to accommodate modern techniques, including image guided and adaptive radiation therapy (IGART). In this paper we describe some of the practical and clinical considerations for Co-60 based tomotherapy by comparing Co-60 and 6 MV linac-based tomotherapy plans for a head and neck (HandN) cancer and a prostate cancer case. The tomotherapy IMRT plans were obtained by modeling a MIMiC binary multi-leaf collimator attached to a Theratron-780c Co-60 unit and a 6 MV linear accelerator (CL2100EX). The EGSnrc/BEAMnrc Monte Carlo (MC) code was used for the modeling of the treatment units with the MIMiC collimator and EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code was used for beamlet dose data. An in-house inverse treatment planning program was then used to generate optimized tomotherapy dose distributions for the H and N and prostate cases. The dose distributions, cumulative dose area histograms (DAHs) and dose difference maps were used to evaluate and compare Co-60 and 6 MV based tomotherapy plans. A quantitative analysis of the dose distributions and dose-volume histograms shows that both Co-60 and 6 MV plans achieve the plan objectives for the targets (CTV and nodes) and OARs (spinal cord in HandN case, and rectum in prostate case).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra P Joshi
- Department of Medical Physics, Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario (CCSEO), Kingston, ON, Canada
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Doornaert P, Verbakel WFAR, Rietveld DHF, Slotman BJ, Senan S. Sparing the contralateral submandibular gland without compromising PTV coverage by using volumetric modulated arc therapy. Radiat Oncol 2011; 6:74. [PMID: 21679401 PMCID: PMC3126722 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-6-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary gland function decreases after radiation doses of 39 Gy or higher. Currently, submandibular glands are not routinely spared. We implemented a technique for sparing contralateral submandibular glands (CLSM) during contralateral elective neck irradiation without compromising PTV coverage. METHODS Volumetric modulated arc therapy (RapidArc™) plans were applied in 31 patients with stage II-IV HNC without contralateral neck metastases, all of whom received elective treatment to contralateral nodal levels II-IV. Group 1 consisted of 21 patients undergoing concurrent chemo-radiotherapy, with elective nodal doses of 57.75 Gy (PTVelect) and 70 Gy to tumor and pathological nodes (PTVboost) in 7 weeks. Group 2 consisted of 10 patients treated with radiotherapy to 54.45 Gy to PTVelect and 70 Gy to PTVboost in 6 weeks. All clinical plans spared the CLSM using individually adapted constraints. For each patient, a second plan was retrospectively generated without CLSM constraints ('non-sparing plan'). RESULTS PTV coverage was similar for both plans, with 98.7% of PTVelect and 99.2% of PTVboost receiving ≥95% of the prescription dose. The mean CLSM dose in group 1 was 33.2 Gy for clinical plans, versus 50.6 Gy in 'non-sparing plans' (p < 0.001). In group 2, mean CLSM dose was 34.4 Gy for clinical plans, and 46.8 Gy for non-sparing plans (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Elective radiotherapy to contralateral nodal levels II-IV using RapidArc consistently limited CLSM doses well below 39 Gy, without compromising PTV-coverage. Future studies will reveal if this extent of dose reduction can reduce patient symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Doornaert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PB 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilko FAR Verbakel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PB 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derek HF Rietveld
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PB 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Slotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PB 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suresh Senan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PB 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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