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Sato D, Suito H, Yamashita N, Kusanagi K, Mizukami T, Takahashi S. Effect of backstroke ledge on backstroke start technique for water entry. Sports Biomech 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37565257 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2245807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how the use of a backstroke ledge (BSL) affects backstroke start performance in terms of flight distance and water entry posture in competitive backstroke swimmers. Ten male swimmers performed a maximum of 15 m in backstroke, starting with or without a BSL. Two 120 Hz and one 60 Hz video cameras were used to analyse the kinematic variables and angular momentum of the whole body. Using a BSL reduced the time to reach 5 and 15 m compared with not using a BSL (p < 0.04). Using a BSL heightened vertical position of the centre of mass (CM) at take-off, lengthened flight distance, and increased angular momentum (p < 0.02). Additionally, the lower limb entry angle was larger, and the hole entry posture angle was smaller with a BSL than without a BSL (p < 0.04). These results suggest that a high CM position at the start of the backstroke with a BSL increased the flight distance, and a large angular momentum enabled hole entry as well as improved the horizontal velocity after water entry. Hence, increases in flight distance and velocity after water entry were contributing factors in improving the start performance of the backstroke when using a BSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sato
- Sports Science Center, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Sennan, Japan
| | | | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Kusanagi
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizukami
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
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Guido JM, Cecchetto NR, Plaza PI, Donázar JA, Lambertucci SA. The Influence of Age, Sex and Season on Andean Condor Ranging Behavior during the Immature Stage. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1234. [PMID: 37048490 PMCID: PMC10092982 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immature individuals move from their natal area to the area where they settle and reproduce, and this may take several years. This process is essential for long-lived species such as vultures and condors, which spend long periods as immature and move extensively. We studied the movement behavior of 26 GPS-tagged immature Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) from northwestern Patagonia throughout the immature stage, analyzing whether these patterns differed according to age, sex and season. We found that season and age influenced home range size and flight distances, the warm season being when immature condors move most; movement patterns were greater in sub-adults than in juveniles. The age effect was associated with the sex of individuals, with males increasing their home range more than females. Our results provide the first description of how immature Andean condor movement patterns are affected by internal and external factors. This information could be key to understanding condor responses to environmental change and threats at different stages during their immature phase. Until now, condor conservation efforts have not considered the areas used by dispersing individuals. Our results increase our understanding of ranging behavior during the immature stage of this threatened bird, enabling us to improve the conservation policies and management strategies designed to protect them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelina María Guido
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación (GRINBIC), Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue–CONICET), Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, San Carlos de Bariloche R8400FRF, Río Negro, Argentina
- The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA
| | - Nicolás Rodolfo Cecchetto
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización (EcoPol), Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue–CONICET), Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, San Carlos de Bariloche R8400FRF, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ignacio Plaza
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación (GRINBIC), Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue–CONICET), Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, San Carlos de Bariloche R8400FRF, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - José Antonio Donázar
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio Agustín Lambertucci
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación (GRINBIC), Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA (Universidad Nacional del Comahue–CONICET), Pasaje Gutiérrez 1125, San Carlos de Bariloche R8400FRF, Río Negro, Argentina
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George I, Alawa J, Akpulu P, Alawa C. Comparative neuroanatomical study of the amygdala and fear conditioning in Nigerian breeds of Artiodactyla: Sheep (Uda) and goats (Red Sokoto). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:692-703. [PMID: 33022136 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate fear condition responses in sheep and goat and to relate this to the neuroarchitecture of their amygdala. Forty adult sheep (Uda breed) and 40 adult goats (Red Sokoto breed) were fear-conditioned by associating the sound of a car horn (neutral stimuli) with water spray (aversive stimuli) and the fear response was determined by direct observation of the behavior of the sheep and goats and measuring their flight distances and escape time. Eight groups were studied, each comprising of 10 animals (five sheep and five goats). Goats and sheep were tested alternately in the morning of every day of the week for three consecutive weeks, in which 4 days was used for habituation and 3 days for testing. Histologically, neurons in the central and basolateral complex of the amygdala were studied and analyzed using Nissl and golgi staines. Behaviorally, goats elicited an active avoidance response expressed as flight with concomitant intense flight distances (p < .001) compared to sheep. Although, sheep had larger brain parameters, it showed attenuated basolateral amygdala cytoarchitecture consistent with reduced fear perception and response. Goats had significantly more densely distributed pyramidal and spiny stellate neurons in the basolateral amygdala while sheep showed more non-pyramidal and aspiny neurons. These results provide interesting practical perspectives on how adaptions in the amygdala coincides with alterations in fear conditioning in domestic animals and may be the basis for the higher incidence of the sheep in automobile accidents than goats in developing countries especially Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itoro George
- Anatomy, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Nigeria.,Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Judith Alawa
- Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicicne, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Peter Akpulu
- Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Clement Alawa
- Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
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Lee CY, Nam Y, Seo YO, Bae YJ, Choi WI. Estimating Flight Distance of Platypus koryoensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by Mark-Release-Recapture and Its Validation by Field Observation. J Econ Entomol 2019; 112:720-728. [PMID: 30496495 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Korean oak wilt (KOW) is vectored by the beetle Platypus koryoensis (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a native species of Korea, whose dispersal distance is a key factor determining the spread of damage by KOW. To estimate dispersal distance at stand level, we conducted a mark-release-recapture (MRR) experiment and validated its results using an independent data. Sticky traps were attached to the trunks of oak trees up to 48.8 m from the release point. Beetles were marked with different three fluorescent powders by date and released, and the number of recaptured beetles was counted 90 min after release. To validate the flight distance, annual mean dispersal distance of P. koryoensis population was analyzed using GPS coordinates of oak trees with the symptom of KOW recorded in the field from 2012 to 2014 in independent oak stands that have been damaged by KOW since 2012. The beetles were recaptured only on the day they were released, suggesting that the beetles only make one flight. The percentage of recaptured beetles was 6.0 ± 1.6%. The mean dispersal distance was 18.0 ± 1.3 m, and more than 85% of recaptured beetles were caught within 25 m. Annual movement distances in infested stands were 24.1 and 19.9 m from 2012 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014, respectively, similar to the dispersal distance obtained from our MRR experiment. Our results showed that the dispersal distance of P. koryoensis estimated by MRR is a useful process for predicting the spread of areas damaged by KOW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Young Lee
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Graduate School, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Nam
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ok Seo
- Warm Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Seogwipo-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Bae
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Graduate School, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Warm Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Seogwipo-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Brown HE, Cox J, Comrie AC, Barrera R. Habitat and Density of Oviposition Opportunity Influences Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Flight Distance. J Med Entomol 2017; 54:1385-1389. [PMID: 28419273 PMCID: PMC5850869 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dispersal of Aedes (aegypti (L.) Diptera: Culicidae) after consuming a potentially infectious bloodmeal is an important part of controlling the spread of the arboviruses it transmits. Because of the impact on abundance, removal of oviposition sites is a key component of vector control. However, source reduction around a case may encourage dispersal of potentially infected vectors. We compare the effect of oviposition site availability on Ae. aegypti dispersal behavior within 30-m linear cages in three model ecosystems at the University of Arizona's Biosphere 2 research facility. We found a significant interaction effect in which, when oviposition site density was sparse, dispersal was greater in the highly vegetated humid rainforest and limited in the low vegetation, arid desert model ecosystem. When oviposition site density was dense, no significant effect on dispersal was observed. These analyses support the idea that source reduction has an important influence on the distance that gravid, potentially infected, females will travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi E. Brown
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ 85724 ()
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Jonathan Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, 1007 E, Lowell St., Tucson AZ 85721 ()
| | - Andrew C. Comrie
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, P.O. Box 210137, AZ 85719 ()
| | - Roberto Barrera
- Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920 ()
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Schwemmer P, Weiel S, Garthe S. A fundamental study revisited: Quantitative evidence for territory quality in oystercatchers ( Haematopus ostralegus) using GPS data loggers. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:285-294. [PMID: 28070292 PMCID: PMC5214995 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental study by Ens et al. (1992, Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 703) developed the concept of two different nest-territory qualities in Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus, L.), resulting in different reproductive successes. "Resident" oystercatchers use breeding territories close to the high-tide line and occupy adjacent foraging territories on mudflats. "Leapfrog" oystercatchers breed further away from their foraging territories. In accordance with this concept, we hypothesized that both foraging trip duration and trip distance from the high-tide line to the foraging territory would be linearly related to distance between the nest site and the high tide line. We also expected tidal stage and time of day to affect this relationship. The former study used visual observations of marked oystercatchers, which could not be permanently tracked. This concept model can now be tested using miniaturized GPS devices able to record data at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Twenty-nine oystercatchers from two study sites were equipped with GPS devices during the incubation periods (however, not during chick rearing) over 3 years, providing data for 548 foraging trips. Trip distances from the high-tide line were related to distance between the nest and high-tide line. Tidal stage and time of day were included in a mixing model. Foraging trip distance, but not duration (which was likely more impacted by intake rate), increased with increasing distance between the nest and high-tide line. There was a site-specific effect of tidal stage on both trip parameters. Foraging trip duration, but not distance, was significantly longer during the hours of darkness. Our findings support and additionally quantify the previously developed concept. Furthermore, rather than separating breeding territory quality into two discrete classes, this classification should be extended by the linear relationship between nest-site and foraging location. Finally, oystercatcher's foraging territories overlapped strongly in areas of high food abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Weiel
- Research & Technology Centre (FTZ) University of Kiel Büsum Germany
| | - Stefan Garthe
- Research & Technology Centre (FTZ) University of Kiel Büsum Germany
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Abstract
We assessed the post-blood meal flight distance of four mosquito species in a unique environment using blood meal analysis. Mosquitoes were trapped at the Rio Grande Zoo in Albuquerque, NM, and the blood source of blood-engorged mosquitoes was identified. The distance from the enclosure of the animal serving as a blood source to the trap site was then determined. We found that mosquitoes captured at the zoo flew no more than 170 m with an average distance of 106.7 m after taking a blood meal. This is the first study in which the flight distance of wild mosquitoes has been assessed using blood meal analysis and the first in which zoo animals have served as the exclusive source of blood meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Greenberg
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. DiMenna
- Urban Biology Division, City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Department, Albuquerque New Mexico, U.S.A
| | - Ben Hanelt
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A
| | - Bruce V. Hofkin
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A
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