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Kurata S, Sakaguchi S, Mishima H, Tsuchimatsu T, Ito M. Development and characterization of nuclear microsatellite markers to reveal the neutral demographic background of flower color polymorphism in Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae). Genes Genet Syst 2021; 96:99-104. [PMID: 33883325 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.20-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear microsatellite markers were developed for Geranium thunbergii, an herbaceous plant characterized by petal color polymorphism. Utilizing RNA sequencing data obtained by next-generation sequencing techniques, we developed and characterized 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers with two to 12 alleles in the nuclear genome. These markers will be used to reveal the genetic structure and demographic history of G. thunbergii in the Japanese archipelago, which will elucidate the genetic background of flower color polymorphism among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seikan Kurata
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Shota Sakaguchi
- Department Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
| | - Hitomi Mishima
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Takashi Tsuchimatsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo
| | - Motomi Ito
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
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Jiménez-López FJ, Ortiz PL, Talavera M, Arista M. Reproductive Assurance Maintains Red-Flowered Plants of Lysimachia arvensis in Mediterranean Populations Despite Inbreeding Depression. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:563110. [PMID: 33324430 PMCID: PMC7725749 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.563110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flower color polymorphism, an infrequent but phylogenetically widespread condition in plants, is captivating because it can only be maintained under a few selective regimes but also because it can drive intra-morph assortative mating and promote speciation. Lysimachia arvensis is a polymorphic species with red or blue flowered morphs. In polymorphic populations, which are mostly Mediterranean, pollinators prefer blue-flowered plants to the red ones, and abiotic factors also favors blue-flowered plants. We hypothesize that the red morph is maintained in Mediterranean areas due to its selfing capacity. We assessed inbreeding depression in both color morphs in two Mediterranean populations and genetic diversity was studied via SSR microsatellites in 20 natural populations. Results showed that only 44-47% of selfed progeny of the red plants reached reproduction while about 72-91% of blue morph progeny did it. Between-morph genetic differentiation was high and the red morph had a lower genetic diversity and a higher inbreeding coefficient, mainly in the Mediterranean. Results suggest that selfing maintaining the red morph in Mediterranean areas despite its inbreeding depression. In addition, genetic differentiation between morphs suggests a low gene flow between them, suggesting reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Jiménez-López
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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Zhang Y, Zhou T, Dai Z, Dai X, Li W, Cao M, Li C, Tsai WC, Wu X, Zhai J, Liu Z, Wu S. Comparative Transcriptomics Provides Insight into Floral Color Polymorphism in a Pleione limprichtii Orchid Population. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E247. [PMID: 31905846 PMCID: PMC6982098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral color polymorphism can provide great insight into species evolution from a genetic and ecological standpoint. Color variations between species are often mediated by pollinators and are fixed characteristics, indicating their relevance to adaptive evolution, especially between plants within a single population or between similar species. The orchid genus Pleione has a wide variety of flower colors, from violet, rose-purple, pink, to white, but their color formation and its evolutionary mechanism are unclear. Here, we selected the P. limprichtii population in Huanglong, Sichuan Province, China, which displayed three color variations: Rose-purple, pink, and white, providing ideal material for exploring color variations with regard to species evolution. We investigated the distribution pattern of the different color morphs. The ratio of rose-purple:pink:white-flowered individuals was close to 6:3:1. We inferred that the distribution pattern may serve as a reproductive strategy to maintain the population size. Metabolome analysis was used to reveal that cyanindin derivatives and delphidin are the main color pigments involved. RNA sequencing was used to characterize anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway-related genes and reveal different color formation pathways and transcription factors in order to identify differentially-expressed genes and explore their relationship with color formation. In addition, qRT-PCR was used to validate the expression patterns of some of the genes. The results show that PlFLS serves as a crucial gene that contributes to white color formation and that PlANS and PlUFGT are related to the accumulation of anthocyanin which is responsible for color intensity, especially in pigmented flowers. Phylogenetic and co-expression analyses also identified a R2R3-MYB gene PlMYB10, which is predicted to combine with PlbHLH20 or PlbHLH26 along with PlWD40-1 to form an MBW protein complex (MYB, bHLH, and WDR) that regulates PlFLS expression and may serve as a repressor of anthocyanin accumulation-controlled color variations. Our results not only explain the molecular mechanism of color variation in P. limprichtii, but also contribute to the exploration of a flower color evolutionary model in Pleione, as well as other flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tinghong Zhou
- Huanglong National Scenic Reserve, Songpan 623300, China;
| | - Zhongwu Dai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Mengxia Cao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chengru Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junwen Zhai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shasha Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.D.); (X.D.); (W.L.); (M.C.); (C.L.); (W.-C.T.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
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Casimiro-Soriguer I, Narbona E, Buide ML, del Valle JC, Whittall JB. Transcriptome and Biochemical Analysis of a Flower Color Polymorphism in Silene littorea (Caryophyllaceae). Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 26973662 PMCID: PMC4770042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flower color polymorphisms are widely used as model traits from genetics to ecology, yet determining the biochemical and molecular basis can be challenging. Anthocyanin-based flower color variations can be caused by at least 12 structural and three regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (ABP). We use mRNA-Seq to simultaneously sequence and estimate expression of these candidate genes in nine samples of Silene littorea representing three color morphs (dark pink, light pink and white) across three developmental stages in hopes of identifying the cause of flower color variation. We identified 29 putative paralogs for the 15 candidate genes in the ABP. We assembled complete coding sequences for 16 structural loci and nine of ten regulatory loci. Among these 29 putative paralogs, we identified 622 SNPs, yet only nine synonymous SNPs in Ans had allele frequencies that differentiated pigmented petals (dark pink and light pink) from white petals. These Ans allele frequency differences were further investigated with an expanded sequencing survey of 38 individuals, yet no SNPs consistently differentiated the color morphs. We also found one locus, F3h1, with strong differential expression between pigmented and white samples (>42x). This may be caused by decreased expression of Myb1a in white petal buds. Myb1a in S. littorea is a regulatory locus closely related to Subgroup 7 Mybs known to regulate F3h and other loci in the first half of the ABP in model species. We then compare the mRNA-Seq results with petal biochemistry which revealed cyanidin as the primary anthocyanin and five flavonoid intermediates. Concentrations of three of the flavonoid intermediates were significantly lower in white petals than in pigmented petals (rutin, quercetin and isovitexin). The biochemistry results for rutin, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin are consistent with the transcriptome results suggesting a blockage at F3h, possibly caused by downregulation of Myb1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Casimiro-Soriguer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
| | - M. L. Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
| | - José C. del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, College of Arts and SciencesSanta Clara, CA, USA
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Rahmé J, Suter L, Widmer A, Karrenberg S. Inheritance and reproductive consequences of floral anthocyanin deficiency in Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae). Am J Bot 2014; 101:1388-1392. [PMID: 25156986 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Flower color is one of the most important traits for pollinator attraction. However, natural plant populations often harbor rare flower color variants resulting from mutations in biochemical pathways for floral pigment production. It is unclear how such mutations can persist because they can affect not only pollinator visitation but also plant fertility and performance.• METHODS We collected rare white-flowered (anthocyanin-deficient) and common pink-flowered morphs of Silene dioica from natural populations in Switzerland. First- and second-generation hybrids between pink and white morphs, as well as backcrosses toward white morphs were produced, and the proportion of white-flowered offspring was determined. We compared seed siring ability and seed production between morphs using hand pollination experiments. Moreover, we scored the transfer of pollen analogues (fluorescent dyes) in a 50:50 array of the two morphs.• KEY RESULTS The proportions of white-flowered plants in the offspring of our crosses were consistent with more than one recessive mutation as the cause of floral anthocyanin deficiency and further suggested a role of maternal effects for flower color. Seed siring ability and seed set did not differ significantly between pink and white morphs. Pollen transfer occurred preferentially within morphs.• CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results imply that the white morph of S. dioica likely is caused by recessive mutations that do not impair reproduction. However, as this flower color polymorphism led to assortative mating in our experiment, it may represent standing genetic variation with the potential to contribute to evolutionary divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Rahmé
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Ecological Genetics, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Léonie Suter
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Ecological Genetics, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Widmer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Ecological Genetics, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Karrenberg
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Ecological Genetics, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Center, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Plant Ecology and Evolution, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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