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Gómez JM, González-Megías A, Armas C, Narbona E, Navarro L, Perfectti F. The role of phenotypic plasticity in shaping ecological networks. Ecol Lett 2023; 26 Suppl 1:S47-S61. [PMID: 37840020 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasticity-mediated changes in interaction dynamics and structure may scale up and affect the ecological network in which the plastic species are embedded. Despite their potential relevance for understanding the effects of plasticity on ecological communities, these effects have seldom been analysed. We argue here that, by boosting the magnitude of intra-individual phenotypic variation, plasticity may have three possible direct effects on the interactions that the plastic species maintains with other species in the community: may expand the interaction niche, may cause a shift from one interaction niche to another or may even cause the colonization of a new niche. The combined action of these three factors can scale to the community level and eventually expresses itself as a modification in the topology and functionality of the entire ecological network. We propose that this causal pathway can be more widespread than previously thought and may explain how interaction niches evolve quickly in response to rapid changes in environmental conditions. The implication of this idea is not solely eco-evolutionary but may also help to understand how ecological interactions rewire and evolve in response to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gómez
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Adela González-Megías
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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2
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León‐Osper M, Narbona E. Unravelling the mystery of red flowers in the Mediterranean Basin: How to be conspicuous in a place dominated by hymenopteran pollinators. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa León‐Osper
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla España
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla España
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3
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Gómez JM, González-Megías A, Narbona E, Navarro L, Perfectti F, Armas C. Phenotypic plasticity guides Moricandia arvensis divergence and convergence across the Brassicaceae floral morphospace. New Phytol 2022; 233:1479-1493. [PMID: 34657297 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many flowers exhibit phenotypic plasticity. By inducing the production of several phenotypes, plasticity may favour the rapid exploration of different regions of the floral morphospace. We investigated how plasticity drives Moricandia arvensis, a species displaying within-individual floral polyphenism, across the floral morphospace of the entire Brassicaceae family. We compiled the multidimensional floral phenotype, the phylogenetic relationships, and the pollination niche of over 3000 species to construct a family-wide floral morphospace. We assessed the disparity between the two M. arvensis floral morphs (as the distance between the phenotypic spaces occupied by each morph) and compared it with the family-wide disparity. We measured floral divergence by comparing disparity with the most common ancestor, and estimated the convergence of each floral morph with other species belonging to the same pollination niches. Moricandia arvensis exhibits a plasticity-mediated floral disparity greater than that found between species, genera and tribes. The novel phenotype of M. arvensis moves outside the region occupied by its ancestors and relatives, crosses into a new region where it encounters a different pollination niche, and converges with distant Brassicaceae lineages. Our study suggests that phenotypic plasticity favours floral divergence and rapid appearance of convergent flowers, a process which facilitates the evolution of generalist pollination systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gómez
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), E-04120, Almería, Spain
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Adela González-Megías
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), E-04120, Almería, Spain
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4
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Narbona E, del Valle JC, Arista M, Buide ML, Ortiz PL. Major Flower Pigments Originate Different Colour Signals to Pollinators. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.743850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower colour is mainly due to the presence and type of pigments. Pollinator preferences impose selection on flower colour that ultimately acts on flower pigments. Knowing how pollinators perceive flowers with different pigments becomes crucial for a comprehensive understanding of plant-pollinator communication and flower colour evolution. Based on colour space models, we studied whether main groups of pollinators, specifically hymenopterans, dipterans, lepidopterans and birds, differentially perceive flower colours generated by major pigment groups. We obtain reflectance data and conspicuousness to pollinators of flowers containing one of the pigment groups more frequent in flowers: chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids. Flavonoids were subsequently classified in UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones and the anthocyanins cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, and malvidin derivatives. We found that flower colour loci of chlorophylls, carotenoids, UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones, and anthocyanins occupied different regions of the colour space models of these pollinators. The four groups of anthocyanins produced a unique cluster of colour loci. Interestingly, differences in colour conspicuousness among the pigment groups were almost similar in the bee, fly, butterfly, and bird visual space models. Aurones-chalcones showed the highest chromatic contrast values, carotenoids displayed intermediate values, and chlorophylls, UV-absorbing flavonoids and anthocyanins presented the lowest values. In the visual model of bees, flowers with UV-absorbing flavonoids (i.e., white flowers) generated the highest achromatic contrasts. Ours findings suggest that in spite of the almost omnipresence of floral anthocyanins in angiosperms, carotenoids and aurones-chalcones generates higher colour conspicuousness for main functional groups of pollinators.
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5
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Torices R, DeSoto L, Narbona E, Gómez JM, Pannell JR. Effects of the Relatedness of Neighbours on Floral Colour. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.589781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive success of plants depends both on their phenotype and the local neighbourhood in which they grow. Animal-pollinated plants may benefit from increased visitation when surrounded by attractive conspecific individuals, via a “magnet effect.” Group attractiveness is thus potentially a public good that can be exploited by individuals, with selfish exploitation predicted to depend on genetic relatedness within the group. Petal colour is a potentially costly trait involved in floral signalling and advertising to pollinators. Here, we assessed whether petal colour was plastically sensitive to the relatedness of neighbours in the annual herb Moricandia moricandioides, which produces purple petals through anthocyanin pigment accumulation. We also tested whether petal colour intensity was related to nectar volume and sugar content in a context-dependent manner. Although both petal colour and petal anthocyanin concentration did not significantly vary with the neighbourhood configuration, plants growing with kin made a significantly higher investment in petal anthocyanin pigments as a result of the greater number and larger size of their flowers. Moreover the genetic relatedness of neighbours significantly modified the relationship between floral signalling and reward quantity: while focal plants growing with non-kin showed a positive relationship between petal colour and nectar production, plants growing with kin showed a positive relationship between number of flowers and nectar volume, and sugar content. The observed plastic response to group relatedness might have important effects on pollinator behaviour and visitation, with direct and indirect effects on plant reproductive success and mating patterns, at least in those plant species with patchy and genetically structured populations.
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6
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Sobral M, Neylan IP, Narbona E, Dirzo R. Transgenerational Plasticity in Flower Color Induced by Caterpillars. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:617815. [PMID: 33790921 PMCID: PMC8006444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Variation in flower color due to transgenerational plasticity could stem directly from abiotic or biotic environmental conditions. Finding a link between biotic ecological interactions across generations and plasticity in flower color would indicate that transgenerational effects of ecological interactions, such as herbivory, might be involved in flower color evolution. We conducted controlled experiments across four generations of wild radish (Raphanus sativus, Brassicaceae) plants to explore whether flower color is influenced by herbivory, and to determine whether flower color is associated with transgenerational chromatin modifications. We found transgenerational effects of herbivory on flower color, partly related to chromatin modifications. Given the presence of herbivory in plant populations worldwide, our results are of broad significance and contribute to our understanding of flower color evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Sobral
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, USC, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Isabelle P. Neylan
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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7
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Buide ML, Del Valle JC, Prado-Comesaña A, Narbona E. The effects of pollination, herbivory and autonomous selfing on the maintenance of flower colour variation in Silenelittorea. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:275-284. [PMID: 33179369 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific flower colour variation has been generally proposed to evolve as a result of selection driven by biotic or abiotic agents. In a polymorphic population of Silene littorea with pink- and white-flowered plants, we studied pollinators, analysed flower colour perception and tested for differences in pollinator visitation. We also experimentally analysed pollinator limitation in fruit and seed set, and the degree of autonomous selfing. The incidence of florivory and leaf herbivory was compared over 3-4 years. Silene littorea is mainly pollinated by bees and butterflies. Pollinators preferred pink flowers, which did not show pollinator limitation. On the contrary, white flowers showed pollinator limitation in fruit set. White-flowered plants had less floral display and higher levels of florivory than pink plants. Flower colour morphs of S. littorea can reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, setting 20% and 12% of fruit and seeds in the pink morph and 27% and 20% in the white morph, respectively. Fruit set of white flowers produced by autonomous selfing did not differ from open-pollinated flowers. In conclusion, S. littorea is pollinated by insects of different orders that more frequently visit pink flowers, which is reflected in pollinator limitation of fruit set in white flowers. Moreover, this species has a mixed mating system in which both colour morphs can reproduce in the absence of pollinators by autonomous selfing, although white flowers mainly produce fruits by autogamy. We suggest that reproductive assurance by autonomous selfing helps to maintain flower colour polymorphism in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - J C Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - A Prado-Comesaña
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - E Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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8
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Sánchez-Cabrera M, Jiménez-López FJ, Narbona E, Arista M, Ortiz PL, Romero-Campero FJ, Ramanauskas K, Igić B, Fuller AA, Whittall JB. Changes at a Critical Branchpoint in the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Underlie the Blue to Orange Flower Color Transition in Lysimachia arvensis. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:633979. [PMID: 33692818 PMCID: PMC7937975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.633979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are the primary pigments contributing to the variety of flower colors among angiosperms and are considered essential for survival and reproduction. Anthocyanins are members of the flavonoids, a broader class of secondary metabolites, of which there are numerous structural genes and regulators thereof. In western European populations of Lysimachia arvensis, there are blue- and orange-petaled individuals. The proportion of blue-flowered plants increases with temperature and daylength yet decreases with precipitation. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis to characterize the coding sequences of a large group of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, examine their expression and compare our results to flavonoid biochemical analysis for blue and orange petals. Among a set of 140 structural and regulatory genes broadly representing the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, we found 39 genes with significant differential expression including some that have previously been reported to be involved in similar flower color transitions. In particular, F3'5'H and DFR, two genes at a critical branchpoint in the ABP for determining flower color, showed differential expression. The expression results were complemented by careful examination of the SNPs that differentiate the two color types for these two critical genes. The decreased expression of F3'5'H in orange petals and differential expression of two distinct copies of DFR, which also exhibit amino acid changes in the color-determining substrate specificity region, strongly correlate with the blue to orange transition. Our biochemical analysis was consistent with the transcriptome data indicating that the shift from blue to orange petals is caused by a change from primarily malvidin to largely pelargonidin forms of anthocyanins. Overall, we have identified several flavonoid biosynthetic pathway loci likely involved in the shift in flower color in L. arvensis and even more loci that may represent the complex network of genetic and physiological consequences of this flower color polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Sánchez-Cabrera
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arista
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Ortiz
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Romero-Campero
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, University of Seville – Centro Superior de Investigación Científica, Seville, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Karolis Ramanauskas
- Department of Biological Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Boris Igić
- Department of Biological Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amelia A. Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
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Narbona E, Arista M, Whittall JB, Camargo MGG, Shrestha M. Editorial: The Role of Flower Color in Angiosperm Evolution. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:736998. [PMID: 34603361 PMCID: PMC8484755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Narbona
| | - Montserrat Arista
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Maria Gabriela Gutierrez Camargo
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mani Shrestha
- Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Media and Communication, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Rodríguez-Castañeda NL, Ortiz PL, Arista M, Narbona E, Buide ML. Indirect Selection on Flower Color in Silene littorea. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:588383. [PMID: 33424884 PMCID: PMC7785944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flower color, as other floral traits, may suffer conflicting selective pressures mediated by both mutualists and antagonists. The maintenance of intraspecific flower color variability has been usually explained as a result of direct selection by biotic agents. However, flower color might also be under indirect selection through correlated traits, since correlations among flower traits are frequent. In this study, we aimed to find out how flower color variability is maintained in two nearby populations of Silene littorea that consistently differ in the proportions of white-flowered plants. To do that, we assessed natural selection on floral color and correlated traits by means of phenotypic selection analysis and path analysis. Strong directional selection on floral display and flower production was found in both populations through either male or female fitness. Flower color had a negative indirect effect on the total male and female fitness in Melide population, as plants with lighter corollas produced more flowers. In contrast, in Barra population, plants with darker corollas produced more flowers and have darker calices, which in turn were selected. Our results suggest that the prevalence of white-flowered plants in Melide and pink-flowered plants in Barra is a result of indirect selection through correlated flower traits and not a result of direct selection of either pollinators or herbivores on color.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro L. Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arista
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª Luisa Buide
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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11
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Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Armas C, Narbona E, González-Megías A, Navarro L, DeSoto L, Torices R. Within-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4019. [PMID: 32782255 PMCID: PMC7419554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype of producing different phenotypes when exposed to different environments, may impact ecological interactions. We study here how within-individual plasticity in Moricandia arvensis flowers modifies its pollination niche. During spring, this plant produces large, cross-shaped, UV-reflecting lilac flowers attracting mostly long-tongued large bees. However, unlike most co-occurring species, M. arvensis keeps flowering during the hot, dry summer due to its plasticity in key vegetative traits. Changes in temperature and photoperiod in summer trigger changes in gene expression and the production of small, rounded, UV-absorbing white flowers that attract a different assemblage of generalist pollinators. This shift in pollination niche potentially allows successful reproduction in harsh conditions, facilitating M. arvensis to face anthropogenic perturbations and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gómez
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain.
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adela González-Megías
- Research Unit Modeling Nature, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía DeSoto
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | - Rubén Torices
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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12
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Del Valle JC, Buide ML, Whittall JB, Valladares F, Narbona E. UV radiation increases phenolic compound protection but decreases reproduction in Silene littorea. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231611. [PMID: 32555603 PMCID: PMC7302690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to changes in ultraviolet (UV) radiation both morphologically and physiologically. Among the variety of plant UV-responses, the synthesis of UV-absorbing flavonoids constitutes an effective non-enzymatic mechanism to mitigate photoinhibitory and photooxidative damage caused by UV stress, either reducing the penetration of incident UV radiation or acting as quenchers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we designed a UV-exclusion experiment to investigate the effects of UV radiation in Silene littorea. We spectrophotometrically quantified concentrations of both anthocyanins and UV-absorbing phenolic compounds in petals, calyces, leaves and stems. Furthermore, we analyzed the UV effect on the photosynthetic activity in hours of maximum solar radiation and we tested the impact of UV radiation on male and female reproductive performance. We found that anthocyanin concentrations showed a significant decrease of about 20% with UV-exclusion in petals and stems, and a 30% decrease in calyces. The concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds under UV-exclusion decreased by approximately 25% in calyces and stems, and 12% in leaves. Photochemical efficiency of plants grown under UV decreased at maximum light stress, reaching an inhibition of 58% of photosynthetic activity, but their ability to recover after light-stress was not affected. In addition, exposure to UV radiation did not affect ovule production or seed set per flower, but decreased pollen production and total seed production per plant by 31% and 69%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that UV exposure produced opposing effects on the accumulation of plant phenolic compounds and reproduction. UV radiation increased the concentration of phenolic compounds, suggesting a photoprotective role of plant phenolics against UV light, yet overall reproduction was compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Del Valle
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mª Luisa Buide
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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13
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del Valle JC, Casimiro-Soriguer I, Buide ML, Narbona E, Whittall JB. Whole Plastome Sequencing Within Silene Section Psammophilae Reveals Mainland Hybridization and Divergence With the Balearic Island Populations. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1466. [PMID: 31803208 PMCID: PMC6872646 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Caryophyllaceae tribe Sileneae has been obscured by hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting. Silene is the largest genus in the Caryophyllaceae, and unraveling its evolutionary history has been particularly challenging. In order to infer the phylogenetic relationships among the five species in Silene section Psammophilae, we have performed a genome skimming approach to acquire the complete plastid genome (cpDNA), nuclear ribosomal cistron (nrDNA), and partial mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). We have included 26 populations, representing the range of each species' distribution. This section includes five morphologically similar species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands (Ibiza and Formentera), yet some of them occupy distinct edaphic habitats (e.g. maritime sands, calcareous sandstones). In addition to phylogeographic analyses, genetic structuring using the chloroplast data set was inferred with Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC), analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA), and a partial Mantel test. Reference-guided assembly of 50 bp single-end and 250 bp paired-end Illumina reads produced the nearly complete cpDNA genome (154 kbp), partial mtDNA genome (from 81 to 114 kbp), and the nrDNA cistron (6.4 kbp). Selected variable regions of the cpDNA and mtDNA assemblies were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses of the mainland populations reveal incongruence among the three genomes. None of the three data sets produced relationships consistent with taxonomy or geography. In contrast, Silene cambessedesii, present in the Balearic Islands, is the only species that forms a strongly supported monophyletic clade in the cpDNA genome and is strongly differentiated with respect to the remaining taxa of the Iberian Peninsula. These results contrast with those obtained for mainland populations. Across the entire analysis, only one well-supported mainland clade of Silene littorea and Silene stockenii emerges from the southern region of the Iberian Peninsula. DAPC and AMOVA results suggest the absence of genetic structure among mainland populations of Silene section Psammophilae, whereas partial Mantel test discarded spatial correlation of genetic differentiation. The widespread incongruence between morphology-based taxonomic boundaries and phylogeography suggests a history of interspecific hybridization, in which only a substantial geographic barrier, like isolation by the Mediterranean Sea, was sufficient to create and maintain species boundaries in Silene section Psammophilae.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Casimiro-Soriguer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Mᵃ Luisa Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States
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Del Valle JC, Alcalde-Eon C, Escribano-Bailón MT, Buide ML, Whittall JB, Narbona E. Stability of petal color polymorphism: the significance of anthocyanin accumulation in photosynthetic tissues. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:496. [PMID: 31726989 PMCID: PMC6854811 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are the primary source of colour in flowers and also accumulate in vegetative tissues, where they have multiple protective roles traditionally attributed to early compounds of the metabolic pathway (flavonols, flavones, etc.). Petal-specific loss of anthocyanins in petals allows plants to escape from the negative pleiotropic effects of flavonoid and anthocyanins loss in vegetative organs, where they perform a plethora of essential functions. Herein, we investigate the degree of pleiotropy at the biochemical scale in a pink-white flower colour polymorphism in the shore campion, Silene littorea. We report the frequencies of pink and white individuals across 21 populations and underlying biochemical profiles of three flower colour variants: anthocyanins present in all tissues (pink petals), petal-specific loss of anthocyanins (white petals), and loss of anthocyanins in all tissues (white petals). RESULTS Individuals lacking anthocyanins only in petals represent a stable polymorphism in two populations at the northern edge of the species range (mean frequency 8-21%). Whereas, individuals lacking anthocyanins in the whole plant were found across the species range, yet always at very low frequencies (< 1%). Biochemically, the flavonoids detected were anthocyanins and flavones; in pigmented individuals, concentrations of flavones were 14-56× higher than anthocyanins across tissues with differences of > 100× detected in leaves. Loss of anthocyanin pigmentation, either in petals or in the whole plant, does not influence the ability of these phenotypes to synthesize flavones, and this pattern was congruent among all sampled populations. CONCLUSIONS We found that all colour variants showed similar flavone profiles, either in petals or in the whole plant, and only the flower colour variant with anthocyanins in photosynthetic tissues persists as a stable flower colour polymorphism. These findings suggest that anthocyanins in photosynthetic tissues, not flavonoid intermediates, are the targets of non-pollinator mediated selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain.
| | - Cristina Alcalde-Eon
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP), University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Mª Luisa Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Justen B Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013, Seville, Spain
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15
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Narbona E, Jaca J, Del Valle JC, Valladares F, Buide ML. Whole-plant reddening in Silene germana is due to anthocyanin accumulation in response to visible light. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20:968-977. [PMID: 30003657 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenology of anthocyanin accumulation in leaves has been widely studied in perennial plants; several hypotheses have been proposed to explain their adaptive significance. Here, we explored the photoprotection hypothesis in Silene germana, a Mediterranean annual plant with late-spring/summer flowering. We analysed the temporal patterns of anthocyanin accumulation in photosynthetic calyces, leaves and stems and throughout the reproductive season, and their relationship with flower abortion, florivory and plant mortality due to drought. In addition, the flavonoid production and the photoinhibitory response were measured in a shading experiment. The whole plant becomes red at the end of the flowering and remains red until fruiting and senescence. Calyces were redder on the side with more sun exposition. Aborted flowers showed redder calyces than those of fruiting flowers. No effect of plant redness on florivory or plant mortality was found. The shading experiment showed a positive relationship between anthocyanin accumulation and intensity of solar radiation, but plants growing in absence of UV showed similar redness than full sunlight plants. Plants growing in natural shade lack anthocyanins but produced the same amount of non-anthocyanin flavonoids. Anthocyanic and non-anthocyanic plants showed similar photochemical efficiency (Fv /Fm ) after sun exposition, but in early morning, the former showed lower Fv /Fm values. Plants growing in full sunlight produced more fruits than those of natural shade plants. Whole-plant reddening during fruiting and senescence appears to be a property of S. germana. Our results suggest that anthocyanin accumulation depends on sunlight intensity, but non-anthocyanin flavonoids are produced constitutively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Jaca
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB) Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - J C Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Valladares
- Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, Instituto de Recursos Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
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16
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Del Valle JC, Gallardo-López A, Buide ML, Whittall JB, Narbona E. Digital photography provides a fast, reliable, and noninvasive method to estimate anthocyanin pigment concentration in reproductive and vegetative plant tissues. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3064-3076. [PMID: 29607006 PMCID: PMC5869271 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments have become a model trait for evolutionary ecology as they often provide adaptive benefits for plants. Anthocyanins have been traditionally quantified biochemically or more recently using spectral reflectance. However, both methods require destructive sampling and can be labor intensive and challenging with small samples. Recent advances in digital photography and image processing make it the method of choice for measuring color in the wild. Here, we use digital images as a quick, noninvasive method to estimate relative anthocyanin concentrations in species exhibiting color variation. Using a consumer‐level digital camera and a free image processing toolbox, we extracted RGB values from digital images to generate color indices. We tested petals, stems, pedicels, and calyces of six species, which contain different types of anthocyanin pigments and exhibit different pigmentation patterns. Color indices were assessed by their correlation to biochemically determined anthocyanin concentrations. For comparison, we also calculated color indices from spectral reflectance and tested the correlation with anthocyanin concentration. Indices perform differently depending on the nature of the color variation. For both digital images and spectral reflectance, the most accurate estimates of anthocyanin concentration emerge from anthocyanin content‐chroma ratio, anthocyanin content‐chroma basic, and strength of green indices. Color indices derived from both digital images and spectral reflectance strongly correlate with biochemically determined anthocyanin concentration; however, the estimates from digital images performed better than spectral reflectance in terms of r2 and normalized root‐mean‐square error. This was particularly noticeable in a species with striped petals, but in the case of striped calyces, both methods showed a comparable relationship with anthocyanin concentration. Using digital images brings new opportunities to accurately quantify the anthocyanin concentrations in both floral and vegetative tissues. This method is efficient, completely noninvasive, applicable to both uniform and patterned color, and works with samples of any size.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Pablo de Olavide University Seville Spain
| | - Antonio Gallardo-López
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Pablo de Olavide University Seville Spain
| | - Mª Luisa Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Pablo de Olavide University Seville Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering Pablo de Olavide University Seville Spain
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17
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Narbona E, Wang H, Ortiz PL, Arista M, Imbert E. Flower colour polymorphism in the Mediterranean Basin: occurrence, maintenance and implications for speciation. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:8-20. [PMID: 28430395 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flower colour polymorphism (FCP) is the occurrence of at least two discrete flower colour variants in the same population. Despite a vast body of research concerning the maintenance and evolutionary consequences of FCP, only recently has the spatial variation in morph frequencies among populations been explored. Here we summarise the biochemical and genetic basis of FCP, the factors that have been proposed to explain their maintenance, and the importance of FCP and its geographic variation in the speciation process. We also review the incidence of FCP in the environmentally heterogeneous Mediterranean Basin. Nearly 88% of Mediterranean FCP species showed anthocyanin-based polymorphisms. Concerning the evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to maintain FCP, selection by pollinators is suggested in some species, but in others, selection by non-pollinator agents, genetic drift or gene flow are also found; in some cases different processes interact in the maintenance of FCP. We emphasise the role of both autonomous selfing and clonal reproduction in FCP maintenance. Mediterranean polymorphic species show mainly monomorphic populations with only a few polymorphic ones, which generate clinal or mosaic patterns of variation in FCP. No cases of species with only polymorphic populations were found. We posit that different evolutionary processes maintaining polymorphism the Mediterranean Basin will result in a continuum of geographic patterns in morph compositions and relative frequencies of FCP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - H Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P L Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Arista
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Imbert
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Casimiro-Soriguer I, Narbona E, Buide ML, del Valle JC, Whittall JB. Transcriptome and Biochemical Analysis of a Flower Color Polymorphism in Silene littorea (Caryophyllaceae). Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 26973662 PMCID: PMC4770042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flower color polymorphisms are widely used as model traits from genetics to ecology, yet determining the biochemical and molecular basis can be challenging. Anthocyanin-based flower color variations can be caused by at least 12 structural and three regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (ABP). We use mRNA-Seq to simultaneously sequence and estimate expression of these candidate genes in nine samples of Silene littorea representing three color morphs (dark pink, light pink and white) across three developmental stages in hopes of identifying the cause of flower color variation. We identified 29 putative paralogs for the 15 candidate genes in the ABP. We assembled complete coding sequences for 16 structural loci and nine of ten regulatory loci. Among these 29 putative paralogs, we identified 622 SNPs, yet only nine synonymous SNPs in Ans had allele frequencies that differentiated pigmented petals (dark pink and light pink) from white petals. These Ans allele frequency differences were further investigated with an expanded sequencing survey of 38 individuals, yet no SNPs consistently differentiated the color morphs. We also found one locus, F3h1, with strong differential expression between pigmented and white samples (>42x). This may be caused by decreased expression of Myb1a in white petal buds. Myb1a in S. littorea is a regulatory locus closely related to Subgroup 7 Mybs known to regulate F3h and other loci in the first half of the ABP in model species. We then compare the mRNA-Seq results with petal biochemistry which revealed cyanidin as the primary anthocyanin and five flavonoid intermediates. Concentrations of three of the flavonoid intermediates were significantly lower in white petals than in pigmented petals (rutin, quercetin and isovitexin). The biochemistry results for rutin, quercetin, luteolin and apigenin are consistent with the transcriptome results suggesting a blockage at F3h, possibly caused by downregulation of Myb1a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Casimiro-Soriguer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
| | - M. L. Buide
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
| | - José C. del Valle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Pablo de Olavide UniversitySeville, Spain
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, College of Arts and SciencesSanta Clara, CA, USA
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19
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del Valle JC, Buide ML, Casimiro-Soriguer I, Whittall JB, Narbona E. On flavonoid accumulation in different plant parts: variation patterns among individuals and populations in the shore campion (Silene littorea). Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:939. [PMID: 26579180 PMCID: PMC4625047 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of anthocyanins in flowers and fruits is frequently attributed to attracting pollinators and dispersers. In vegetative organs, anthocyanins and other non-pigmented flavonoids such as flavones and flavonols may serve protective functions against UV radiation, cold, heat, drought, salinity, pathogens, and herbivores; thus, these compounds are usually produced as a plastic response to such stressors. Although, the independent accumulation of anthocyanins in reproductive and vegetative tissues is commonly postulated due to differential regulation, the accumulation of flavonoids within and among populations has never been thoroughly compared. Here, we investigated the shore campion (Silene littorea, Caryophyllaceae) which exhibits variation in anthocyanin accumulation in its floral and vegetative tissues. We examined the in-situ accumulation of flavonoids in floral (petals and calyxes) and vegetative organs (leaves) from 18 populations representing the species' geographic distribution. Each organ exhibited considerable variability in the content of anthocyanins and other flavonoids both within and among populations. In all organs, anthocyanin and other flavonoids were correlated. At the plant level, the flavonoid content in petals, calyxes, and leaves was not correlated in most of the populations. However, at the population level, the mean amount of anthocyanins in all organs was positively correlated, which suggests that the variable environmental conditions of populations may play a role in anthocyanin accumulation. These results are unexpected because the anthocyanins are usually constitutive in petals, yet contingent to environmental conditions in calyxes and leaves. Anthocyanin variation in petals may influence pollinator attraction and subsequent plant reproduction, yet the amount of anthocyanins may be a direct response to environmental factors. In populations on the west coast, a general pattern of increasing accumulation of flavonoids toward southern latitudes was observed in calyxes and leaves. This pattern corresponds to a gradual increase of UV-B radiation and temperature, and a decrease of rainfall toward the south. However, populations along the southern coast exposed to similar climatic stressors showed highly variable flavonoid contents, implying that other factors may play a role in flavonoid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C. del Valle
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de OlavideSeville, Spain
| | - Ma L. Buide
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de OlavideSeville, Spain
| | - Inés Casimiro-Soriguer
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de OlavideSeville, Spain
| | - Justen B. Whittall
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Santa Clara UniversitySanta Clara, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de OlavideSeville, Spain
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20
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Buide ML, del Valle JC, Pissatto M, Narbona E. Night life on the beach: selfing to avoid pollinator competition between two sympatric Silene species. Ann Bot 2015; 116:201-11. [PMID: 26070638 PMCID: PMC4512190 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evolution of autonomous selfing may be advantageous because it allows for reproductive assurance. In co-flowering plants competing for pollinators, the least common and/or attractive could suffer pollen limitations. Silene niceensis and S. ramosissima are taxonomically related species sharing the same habitat, although S. ramosissima is less abundant and has a more restricted distribution. They also have the same a priori nocturnal pollinator syndrome, and show an overlapping flowering phenology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a selfing strategy in S. ramosissima allows it to avoid pollinator competition and/or interspecific pollen transfer with S. niceensis, which would thus enable both species to reach high levels of fruit and seed set. METHODS The breeding system, petal colour, flower life span and degree of overlap between male and female phases, floral visitor abundance and visitation rates were analysed in two sympatric populations of S. niceensis and S. ramosissima in southern Spain. KEY RESULTS Autonomous selfing in S. ramosissima produced very high fruit and seed set, which was also similar to open-pollinated plants. Silene niceensis showed minimum levels of autonomous selfing, and pollen/ovule ratios were within the range expected for the breeding system. In contrast to S. niceensis, flower life span was much shorter in S. ramosissima, and male and female organs completely overlapped in space and time. Upper surface petals of both species showed differing brightness, chroma and hue. Flowers of S. niceensis were actively visited by moths, hawkmoths and syrphids, whereas those of S. ramosissima were almost never visited. CONCLUSIONS The findings show that different breeding strategies exist between the sympatric co-flowering S. niceensis and S. ramosissima, the former specializing in crepuscular-nocturnal pollination and the latter mainly based on autonomous selfing. These two strategies allow both species to share the restricted dune habitat in which they exist, with a high female reproductive success due to the absence of pollinator competition and/or interspecific pollen flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Buide
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de de Utrera, km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Carlos del Valle
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de de Utrera, km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mônica Pissatto
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de de Utrera, km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de de Utrera, km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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21
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Casimiro-Soriguer I, Buide ML, Narbona E. Diversity of sexual systems within different lineages of the genus Silene. AoB Plants 2015; 7:plv037. [PMID: 25862920 PMCID: PMC4433491 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Species and populations can be categorized by their sexual systems, depending on the spatial distribution of female and male reproductive structures within and among plants. Although a high diversity of sexual systems exists in Silene, their relative frequency at the genus and infrageneric level is unknown. Here, we carried out an extensive literature search for direct or indirect descriptions of sexual systems in Silene species. We found descriptions of sexual systems for 98 Silene species, where 63 and 35 correspond to the phylogenetically supported subgenera Silene and Behenantha, respectively. Hermaphroditism was the commonest sexual system (58.2 %), followed by dioecy (14.3 %), gynodioecy (13.3 %) and gynodioecy-gynomonoecy (i.e. hermaphroditic, female and gynomonoecious plants coexisting in the same population; 12.2 %). The presence of these sexual systems in both subgenera suggests their multiple origins. In 17 species, the description of sexual systems varied, and in most cases these differences corresponded to variations within or among populations. Interestingly, the poorly studied gynodioecy-gynomonoecy sexual system showed similar frequency to dioecy and gynodioecy in both subgenera. In addition, the incidence of gynodioecy-gynomonoecy was analysed in the species of section Psammophilae (Silene littorea, S. psammitis, S. adscendens and S. cambessedesii), in a survey of 26 populations across the distribution area of the species. The four species showed gynomonoecy-gynodioecy in most populations. Hermaphrodites were the most frequent morph, with a low number of females and gynomonoecious plants in all populations. The frequency of sexual morphs varied significantly among the studied populations but not among species. Female plants generally produced smaller numbers of flowers than hermaphroditic or gynomonoecious plants, and the percentages of female flowers per population were low. All these findings suggest that the gynodioecious-gynomonoecious sexual system in section Psammophilae is closer to hermaphroditism or gynomonoecy than gynodioecy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Casimiro-Soriguer
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria L Buide
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eduardo Narbona
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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22
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Casimiro-Soriguer I, Buide ML, Narbona E. The roles of female and hermaphroditic flowers in the gynodioecious-gynomonoecious Silene littorea: insights into the phenology of sex expression. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2013; 15:941-7. [PMID: 23174011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some gynodioecious species have intermediate individuals that bear both female and hermaphroditic flowers. This phenomenon is known as a gynodioecious-gynomonoecious sexual system. Gender expression in such species has received little attention in the past, and the phenologies of male and female functions have also yet to be explored. In this study, we examined variations in gender patterns, their effects on female reproductive success and sex expression in depth throughout the flowering period in two populations. The studied populations of Silene littorea contained mostly gynomonoecious plants and the number of pure females was very low. The gynomonoecious plants showed high variability in the total proportion of female flowers. In addition, the proportion of female flowers in each plant varied widely across the flowering season. Although there was a trend towards maleness, our measures of functional gender suggested that most plants transmit their genes via both pollen and ovules. Fruit set and seed set were not significantly different among populations; in contrast, flower production significantly varied between the two populations - and among plants - with consequent variation in total seed production. Conversely, gender and sex expression were similar in both populations. Plants with higher phenotypic femaleness did not have higher fruit set, seed set or total female fecundity. The mating environment fluctuated little across the flowering period, but fluctuations were higher in the population with low flower production. We therefore conclude that the high proportion of gynomonoecious individuals in our studied populations of S. littorea may be advantageous for the species, providing the benefits of both hermaphroditic and female flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Casimiro-Soriguer
- Área de Botánica, Dpto. Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain; Área de Botánica, Dpto. de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Narbona E, Ortiz PL, Arista M. Linking self-incompatibility, dichogamy, and flowering synchrony in two Euphorbia species: alternative mechanisms for avoiding self-fertilization? PLoS One 2011; 6:e20668. [PMID: 21674062 PMCID: PMC3107240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant species have several mechanisms to avoid selfing such as dichogamy or a self-incompatibility response. Dichogamy in a single flower may reduce autogamy but, to avoid geitonogamy, plants must show flowering synchronization among all their flowers (i.e. synchronous dichogamy). It is hypothesized that one species would not simultaneously show synchronous dichogamy and self-incompatibility because they are redundant mechanisms to reduce selfing; however, this has not been accurately assessed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This expectation was tested over two years in two natural populations of the closely related Mediterranean spurges Euphorbia boetica and E. nicaeensis, which completely avoid autogamy by protogyny at the cyathia level. Both spurges showed a high population synchrony (Z<79), and their inflorescences flower synchronously. In E. nicaeensis, there was no overlap among the cyathia in anthesis of successive inflorescence levels and the overlap between sexual phases of cyathia of the same inflorescence level was uncommon (4-16%). In contrast, E. boetica showed a high overlap among consecutive inflorescence levels (74-93%) and between sexual phases of cyathia of the same inflorescence level (48-80%). The flowering pattern of both spurges was consistent in the two populations and over the two successive years. A hand-pollination experiment demonstrated that E. nicaeensis was strictly self-compatible whereas E. boetica was partially self-incompatible. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We propose that the complex pattern of synchronized protogyny in E. nicaeensis prevents geitonogamous crosses and, consequently, avoids selfing and inbreeding depression. In E. boetica, a high probability of geitonogamous crosses may occur but, alternatively, this plant escapes selfing through a self-incompatibility response. We posit that synchronous dichogamy and physiological self-incompatibility do not co-occur in the same species because each process is sufficiently effective in avoiding self-fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain.
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Uberos J, Augustin-Morales MC, Molina Carballo A, Florido J, Narbona E, Muñoz-Hoyos A. Normalization of the sleep-wake pattern and melatonin and 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin levels after a therapeutic trial with melatonin in children with severe epilepsy. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:192-6. [PMID: 21044144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the sleep-wake pattern, plasma melatonin levels and the urinary excretion of its metabolite, 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin among children with severe epileptic disorders, before and after a therapeutic trial with melatonin. Ten paediatric patients, suffering from severe epileptic disorders, were selected and given a nightly dose of 3 mg of a placebo, for 1 wk; for the next 3 months, the placebo was replaced with a nightly dose of 3 mg of melatonin. At the end of each treatment period, the urinary excretion of 6-sulphatoxy-melatonin (for the intervals 09.00 - 21:00 hr or 21:00-09:00 hr) and plasma levels of melatonin (recorded at 01:00, 05:00, 09:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 21:00 hr) were recorded, over a period of 24 hr; an actigraph record was also kept. Sleep efficiency among patients who received melatonin was significantly higher than among those given the placebo, with fewer night-time awakenings. Periodic plasma melatonin levels were regained and a better control gained of convulsive episodes, in that the number of seizures decreased. We conclude that melatonin is a good regulator of the sleep-wake cycle for paediatric patients suffering from severe epilepsy, moreover, it to a better control of convulsive episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Uberos
- UGC Pediatría, Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain.
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Botet F, Figueras J, Carbonell-Estrany X, Narbona E. The impact of clinical maternal chorioamnionitis on neurological and psychological sequelae in very-low-birth weight infants: a case-control study. J Perinat Med 2011; 39:203-8. [PMID: 21299358 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2011.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the relationship between clinically maternal chorioamnionitis and outcome in preterm very-low-birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS An observational case-control study was conducted in the neonatology departments of 12 acute care teaching hospitals in Spain. Between January 2004 and December 2006, all consecutive VLBW (≤1500 g) infants who were born to a mother with clinical chorioamnionitis were enrolled. The controls included infants who were born to mothers without chorioamnionitis, matched by gestational age, and immediately born after each index case. At a corrected age of 24 months, a neurological examination and a psychological assessment of the surviving children were performed. RESULTS Sixty-six of the newborn infants died; therefore, 262 infants from the original sample were available for the study. Follow-up data were obtained at a corrected age of 24 months from a total of 209 children (106 cases and 103 controls, 80% of the original sample size). Seventy children (33.5%) were diagnosed with some type of sequelae. The following conditions were all more prevalent in infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis in comparison to controls: low development quotient (98.3±12.15 vs. 95.9±15.64; P=0.497), cerebral palsy (4.9% vs. 10.4%; P=0.138), seizures (1.0% vs. 3.8%; P=0.369), and other neurological or sensorial sequelae (32.0% vs. 34.9%; P=0.611). CONCLUSIONS After controlling for gestational age, the study population demonstrated that the neurological outcomes in infants at a corrected age of 24 months was not worsened by chorioamnionitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Botet
- Neonatology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Narbona E, Dirzo R. Experimental defoliation affects male but not female reproductive performance of the tropical monoecious plant Croton suberosus (Euphorbiaceae). Ann Bot 2010; 106:359-69. [PMID: 20519239 PMCID: PMC2908170 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Monoecious plants have the capacity to allocate resources separately to male and female functions more easily than hermaphrodites. This can be advantageous against environmental stresses such as leaf herbivory. However, studies showing effects of herbivory on male and female functions and on the interaction with the plant's pollinators are limited, particularly in tropical plants. Here, the effects of experimental defoliation were examined in the monoecious shrub Croton suberosus (Euphorbiaceae), a wasp-pollinated species from a Mexican tropical dry forest. METHODS Three defoliation treatments were applied: 0 % (control), 25 % (low) or 75 % (high) of plant leaf area removed. Vegetative (production of new leaves) and reproductive (pistillate and staminate flower production, pollen viability, nectar production, fruit set, and seed set) performance variables, and the abundance and activity of floral visitors were examined. KEY RESULTS Defoliated plants overcompensated for tissue loss by producing more new leaves than control plants. Production of staminate flowers gradually decreased with increasing defoliation and the floral sex ratio (staminate : pistillate flowers) was drastically reduced in high-defoliation plants. In contrast, female reproductive performance (pistillate flower production, fruit set and seed set) and pollinator visitation and abundance were not impacted by defoliation. CONCLUSIONS The asymmetrical effects of defoliation on male and female traits of C. suberosus may be due to the temporal and spatial flexibility in the allocation of resources deployed by monoecious plants. We posit that this helps to maintain the plant's pollination success in the face of leaf herbivory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Narbona
- Dpto. Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain.
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Narbona E, Dirzo R. A reassessment of the function of floral nectar in Croton suberosus (Euphorbiaceae): A reward for plant defenders and pollinators. Am J Bot 2010; 97:672-679. [PMID: 21622429 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Typically, plant-pollinator interactions are recognized as mutualistic relationships. Flower visitors, however, can potentially play multiple roles. The floral nectar in Croton suberosus has been proposed to operate as a reward for predators, especially the wasp Polistes instabilis (Vespidae), which kills herbivorous insects, while the plant has been thought to be mainly wind-pollinated. In this study, we reassessed the pollination mode of C. suberosus and the possible role of its flower visitors. Pollinator exclusion experiments demonstrated that C. suberosus should be considered a strictly entomophilous species. Inflorescences of C. suberosus were visited by a diverse entomofauna involving 28 taxa belonging to six orders; however, wasps and bees were the only visitors that carried C. suberosus pollen. The visitation rate of wasps was approximately four times that of bees. This observation, combined with the fact that the small size of bees makes effective contact of their bodies with the stigma difficult, strongly suggests that large wasps are responsible for most of the effective pollination of C. suberosus. Among the wasp visitors, P. instabilis seems to be one of the most important. These findings expose an unusual plant-insect interaction, in which the plant provides nectar and wasps pollinate and defend the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Narbona
- Área de Botánica, Dpto. Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera, km 1, Sevilla 41013 Spain
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Cruz-Mazo G, Buide M, Samuel R, Narbona E. Molecular phylogeny of Scorzoneroides (Asteraceae): Evolution of heterocarpy and annual habit in unpredictable environments. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 53:835-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Castro Conde J, Echániz Urcelay I, Botet Mussons F, Pallás Alonso C, Narbona E, Sánchez Luna M. Retinopatía de la prematuridad. Recomendaciones para la prevención, el cribado y el tratamiento. An Pediatr (Barc) 2009; 71:514-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sánchez Luna M, Pallás Alonso C, Botet Mussons F, Echániz Urcelay I, Castro Conde J, Narbona E. Recomendaciones para el cuidado y atención del recién nacido sano en el parto y en las primeras horas después del nacimiento. An Pediatr (Barc) 2009; 71:349-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Quiles JL, Ochoa JJ, Ramirez-Tortosa MC, Linde J, Bompadre S, Battino M, Narbona E, Maldonado J, Mataix J. Coenzyme Q concentration and total antioxidant capacity of human milk at different stages of lactation in mothers of preterm and full-term infants. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:199-206. [PMID: 16390829 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500404805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10(CoQ10) in human milk at different stages of maturity in mothers of preterm and full-term infants and its relation to the total antioxidant capacity of milk is described for the first time. Thirty healthy breastfeeding women provided colostrum, transition-milk and mature-milk samples. Coenzyme Q, alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol, fatty acids and the total antioxidant capacity of the milk were analyzed. Coenzyme Q10 was found at higher concentrations for colostrum (0.81+/-0.06 vs. 0.50+/-0.05 micromol/l) and transition milk (0.75+/-0.06 vs. 0.45+/-0.05 micromol/l) in the full-term vs. the preterm group (similar results were found for total antioxidant capacity). Concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were higher in the full-term group and decreased with time. In conclusion, CoQ10 is present in breast milk, with higher concentration in mothers of full-term infants. CoQ10 in breast milk decreases through lactation in mothers delivering full-term infants. Also, CoQ10, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentration in human milk directly correlates with the antioxidant capacity of the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Quiles
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Department of Physiology, Granada, Spain.
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Narbona E, Ortiz PL, Arista M. Sexual dimorphism in the andromonoecious Euphorbia nicaeensis: effects of gender and inflorescence development. Ann Bot 2008; 101:717-26. [PMID: 18250109 PMCID: PMC2710178 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In andromonoecious taxa with separate floral types along the inflorescence, architectural or plastic effects can simulate floral sexual dimorphism. Both the primary and secondary sexual characteristics of the cyathia of the protogynous andromonoecious species Euphorbia nicaeensis were analysed according to their sex and arrangement on the inflorescence. METHODS The production of male and hermaphrodite cyathia at each inflorescence level was surveyed in two natural populations. The longevity, size, pollen production and viability, and nectar secretion of both types of cyathia were checked between inflorescence levels and between sexes at the only level at which they occur together. This sampling method makes it possible to know whether differences between cyathia types are based on sex or are attributable to inflorescence development. KEY RESULTS Male cyathia were produced predominantly at the first and second inflorescence levels, whereas at levels 3-5, the cyathia were almost exclusively hermaphrodite. Viable pollen production by male cyathia at the second inflorescence level was higher than that of hermaphrodite cyathia at the third level but, when males and hermaphrodites at the same level were compared, their pollen production was similar. Male and hermaphrodite cyathia were similar in size, irrespective of the inflorescence level, although the exclusively hermaphrodite cyathia of the last level were smaller. Both cyathium types produced similar amounts of sugar. However, male cyathia produced nectar during their whole lifespans, whereas hermaphrodites produced it exclusively during their male phase. Moreover, the nectary activity of male cyathia started earlier in the day than that of hermaphrodites. CONCLUSIONS An apparent floral dimorphism exists in the primary sexual characteristics of Euphorbia nicaeensis because differences in pollen production between cyathium types are due to theirs positions. Similarly, differences affecting most secondary sexual characteristics are only apparent between the two cyathium types. However, E. nicaeensis shows a true but slight floral dimorphism in some of the secondary sex characters related to nectar secretion. The lack of nectar production by the female phase of the hermaphrodite cyathia of E. nicaeensis indicates that this is a deceit-pollinated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Euphorbia boetica (Euphorbiaceae) is a functional andromonoecious species that shows both intra- and interfloral dichogamy, hermaphrodite cyathia being protogynous. Sexual dimorphism of the cyathia of E. boetica is examined according to their gender and arrangement on the inflorescence. METHODS Data were obtained from two natural populations, where the distribution of male and hermaphrodite cyathia in the inflorescence was recorded. The size, pollen production and viability, and nectar secretion were measured in both types of cyathia. KEY RESULTS Most cyathia were male at the first levels of the inflorescence, then hermaphrodite cyathia predominated at the successive levels, although at the last levels the proportion of male cyathia increased. Male cyathia at basal positions lack ovaries, whereas those at distal positions showed vestigial ovaries. The size of the cyathia varied significantly depending on the level of the inflorescence where they were produced: those of the last levels were usually smaller. The hermaphrodites were significant bigger than males; however, these differences were due to the differential distribution of each cyathium type in the inflorescence. Male cyathia produced significantly more pollen and nectar than hermaphrodites. CONCLUSIONS In Euphorbia boetica, basal male cyathia could be explained by the presence of protogyny, and apical male cyathia seem to respond to a preemption of resources. A true dimorphism affecting primary sexual characters and related to gender function appears at lower levels of the inflorescence, whereas an apparent size dimorphism due to positional effects occurs at upper positions. Longevity and distribution of cyathia, and their pattern of nectar production, could improve both male and female fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera s/n, Sevilla 41013, Spain.
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Narbona E, Arista M, Ortiz PL. Explosive seed dispersal in two perennial Mediterranean Euphorbia species (Euphorbiaceae). Am J Bot 2005; 92:510-516. [PMID: 21652429 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.92.3.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The distance of explosive dispersal, its pattern in time, and the relative importance of autochory have been studied in two diplochorous species: Euphorbia boetica and E. nicaeensis. The seeds of E. boetica released by explosive dispersal reached a median distance of 156 cm and a maximum of almost 8 m, while the distances reached by the seeds of E. nicaeensis were lower: a median of 132 cm and a maximum of 5 m. The differences in explosive dispersal distance between species seem to depend on both seed mass and caruncle retention. The seeds of both species present a caruncle, but in E. boetica this is tiny, and in most cases is shed during the explosion of the capsules. The distances reached by the seeds of these species, dispersed just by capsule explosion, were similar to or greater than the distances to which ants disperse seeds in the Mediterranean sclerophyllous vegetation. Diplochorous plants may maximize either the distance of primary dispersal or that of secondary dispersal. Given that the seeds of E. boetica, that lose their caruncles, are not gathered by myrmecochorous ants, the results suggest that E. boetica maximizes its primary dispersal distance, whereas E. nicaeensis favors its secondary dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Narbona
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract
The organism constantly requires nucleotides, especially for tissues that present a high rate of turnover, such as the cells of the immune system. In certain circumstances, nucleotides may become semi-essential nutrients required by a particular organ. There is evidence of the potential role of exogenous nucleotides as regulators of the immune function. In experiments carried out with animals, studies have shown that dietary nucleotides stimulate the humoral immune response to T-dependent antigens and raise total antibody levels. The present study reveals an increase in the production of immunoglobulins, an improved response to vaccines, a reduction in morbidity and increased tolerance to dietary antigens. Therefore, the addition of nucleotides to formula appears to favour the immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maldonado
- Department of Paediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, University of Granada, Avda. de Madrid s/n, 18012, Granada, Spain
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Carbonell-Estrany X, Quero J, Bustos G, Cotero A, Doménech E, Figueras-Aloy J, Fraga JM, García LG, García-Alix A, Del Río MG, Krauel X, Sastre JB, Narbona E, Roqués V, Hernández SS, Zapatero M. Rehospitalization because of respiratory syncytial virus infection in premature infants younger than 33 weeks of gestation: a prospective study. IRIS Study Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:592-7. [PMID: 10917214 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200007000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To collect data on hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and presumptive risk factors for rehospitalization among premature infants in Spain. DESIGN Observational, prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study. SETTING Fourteen Spanish neonatal units with an annual birth cohort of 57,000 infants. PATIENTS All children (n = 680) born < or =32 weeks of gestational age between April 1, 1998, and March 31, 1999, and discharged from the hospital before March 31, 1999, were included in the study. A total of 96 were excluded because of administration of prophylactic treatment (n = 55) or were lost to follow-up (n = 41). Five children died during the study period, but death was related to RSV in only 1 case. METHODS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Neonatal and demographic data were recorded at the initial visit. Infants were prospectively followed at monthly intervals up to March 31, 1999. In patients rehospitalized for respiratory disorders, further data about RSV status and morbidity were collected. A comparison was made between children rehospitalized for RSV infection and those who were not. The influence of factors on the probability of rehospitalization for RSV infection was assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 584 evaluable patients 118 (20.2%) were rehospitalized for respiratory disease during the study period. The causative pathogen was identified in 89 (75.4%) hospital admissions. Of these 59 (66.3%) were a result of RSV infection in 53 children; 6 were reinfections. In a logistic regression model significant independent prognostic variables included: lower risk of RSV hospitalization with increase gestational age [odds ratio (OR), 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.72 to 0.99; P < 0.047]; higher risk with chronic lung disease (OR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.22 to 7.91; P < 0.016); and living with school age siblings (OR = 1.86; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.4; P < 0.048). CONCLUSION This large descriptive study has enabled us to define the influence of specific risk factors that increase the risk of rehospitalization for RSV infection in preterm infants. Such studies help to define the appropriate role of available prophylactic interventions and establish treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Carbonell-Estrany
- Service of Pediatrics, of Hospital Clínic-Maternitat, Institut Clínic de Ginecologia Obstetricia i Neonatologia, Barcelona, Spain. xcarbone@.medicina.ub.es
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Navarro J, Maldonado J, Narbona E, Ruiz-Bravo A, García Salmerón JL, Molina JA, Gil A. Influence of dietary nucleotides on plasma immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte subsets of preterm infants. Biofactors 1999; 10:67-76. [PMID: 10475592 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of nucleotide supplementation to a preterm adapted milk formula on the lymphocyte subsets and plasma IgG, IgM and IgA levels in preterm infants for the first three months of life. Two groups of preterm infants received a milk formula or the same formula supplemented with CMP, AMP, UMP, GMP and IMP to mimic the concentration of acid-soluble nucleotides found in human milk. Blood samples were obtained at birth, 10 days, 20-30 days and 3 months of age. Preterm infants fed the nucleotide formula exhibited higher plasma levels of IgM in all postnatal study periods than neonates fed the standard formula; moreover, IgA was also higher at 3 months of age in nucleotide formula fed infants. No major differences were seen between groups for IgG levels and lymphocyte subsets. Thus, dietary nucleotides appear to exert actions on immature human neonate lymphocytes enhancing the in vivo production of Ig which may have a role in the defense capacity of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, Spain
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Narbona E, Maldonado J, Ocete E, Gil A, Molina JA. Bone mineralization status measured by dual energy radiographic densitometry in preterm infants fed commercial formulas. Early Hum Dev 1998; 53 Suppl:S173-80. [PMID: 10102664 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-3782(98)00074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of two preterm commercial infant formulas with different calcium and phosphorus contents on the mineral balance and bone mineralization of 30 preterm infants at 1 month of age. Bone mineralization was measured by dual energy X-ray densitometry. The formula supplying a higher content of calcium and phosphorus promoted higher mineral retention (P<0.01) as well as higher bone mineral content (1.556 vs. 1.073 g, P<0.01) and bone mineral density (0.458 vs. 0.424 g/cm2, P<0.05), approaching values of the control group, which comprised a cohort of 15 preterm newborns whose gestational age was 4 weeks older than the subjects selected to be fed with the formulas. The intake of calcium correlated with retention (r=0.69); the phosphorus intake also correlated with phosphorus retention (r=0.95). Intakes of calcium and phosphorus correlated with the bone mineral content (r=0.65) and with bone mineral density (r=0.49). We conclude that formulas for preterm infants should not have a calcium content lower than 120 mg/100 kcal and should have a calcium/phosphorus ratio of about 2 to promote adequate bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Narbona
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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Abstract
Special formulas should only be used by medical prescription and for those lactating infants with diagnosed nutritional problems. Lactose-free formulas or those based on soy are the logical choice when the exclusion of lactose from the diet is considered necessary. At present, there is no concensus on the appropriateness of soy formulas for the treatment and prevention of nutritional allergies and current opinion seems to favour hydrolyzed protein formulas. High-degree protein hydrolysate formulas are used to treat lactating infants with an allergy to cow milk proteins or with serious nutritional problems. These formulas are not without risk, as they may contain residual epitopes capable of provoking a severe allergic reaction. Before using these formulas, allergenicity tests should be performed, particularly for highly sensitive infants. The unpleasant taste and high cost of these formulas, in addition to possible nutritional problems, limit their use in the prevention of atopic disease, although their efficacy is well established. Partially protein hydrolysate formulas are only used for preventive purposes and are not suitable for lactating infants with a proven allergy to cow milk. Although these formulas can reduce the incidence or delay the appearance of certain atopic symptoms, they have not been shown to prevent IgE-mediated allergic reactions to cow's milk and so their effectiveness is open to question.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maldonado
- Department of Pediatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
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40
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Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids that are widely distributed in vertebrate tissues and body fluids and which are specially abundant in neural tissues. Milk from different species has a particular ganglioside content and profile. Human milk has a higher content of gangliosides than bovine milk. GD3 and GM3 are the predominant individual gangliosides in bovine milk. In human colostrum GD3 is also the main ganglioside whereas in human mature milk GM3 predominates over the other gangliosides. Human milk also contains GM1 and a number of highly polar gangliosides, which may play an important role in infant physiology. GM1 has been shown to inhibit Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins. We have found that a ganglioside-supplemented infant formula modifies the intestinal ecology of preterm newborns, increasing the Bifidobacteria content and lowering that of Escherichia coli. Although the exact mechanism by which dietary gangliosides reduce the fecal content of Escherichia coli is unknown, in vitro experiments suggest that they may act as false intestinal receptors for some strains of this bacteria. Since GD3 and other gangliosides have been involved in mechanisms of lymphocyte activation and differentiation, dietary gangliosides might have a function in intestinal immunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rueda
- Research and Development Department, Abbott Laboratories, Granada, Spain
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Ramírez M, Maldonado J, García-Salmerón JL, Narbona E, Gil A. Plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition in small for gestational age term infants fed human milk or formula. Clin Nutr 1998; 17:177-83. [PMID: 10205336 DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(98)80054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of feeding human milk or milk formula on the fatty acid composition of plasma and red blood cell (RBC) lipids in at term small for gestational age infants (SGA) for the first 3 months of life. One group of infants received a formula with a linoleic:alpha-linolenic acid ratio of 10:1 (MF group). Another group served as control and received their own mother's milk (HM group). Blood samples were taken at birth and at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 3 months of life. Plasma and RBC fatty acid composition were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and results of total plasma lipids were expressed as concentrations by adding an internal standard. Concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased in total plasma lipids with age in all infants. In contrast, those fatty acids decreased when results were expressed as percentages of total fatty acids. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) decreased regardless of how results were expressed, but the absolute concentrations of these fatty acids in plasma available for tissue accretion were greater than suggested by the percentage results. Plasma and RBC docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) decreased in the MF group in comparison to the HM group. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) was lower in plasma of MF-fed infant but not in RBC phospholipids. We conclude that term SGA infants fed an adapted milk formula with a linoleic:alpha-linolenic acid ratio of 10:1 but devoid of LCP may lead to a low n-3 LCP status.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ramírez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Granada, Spain
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Uberos J, Muñoz A, Molina A, Valenzuela A, Ruiz C, Narbona E, Molina Font J. Plasma viscosity in umbilical cord: Its relationships with the physiological weight loss in newborns. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 1996. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-1996-16301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Uberos
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - A. Muñoz
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - A. Molina
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - A. Valenzuela
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - C. Ruiz
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - E. Narbona
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Granada, Spain
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Muñoz A, Uberos J, Bonillo A, Valenzuela A, Puertas A, Narbona E, Sanchez R, Molina J. Plasma and internal erythrocyte viscosity in umbilical artery and vein of premature infants with and without acute asphyxia. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 1994. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-1994-14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Muñoz
- Department of Pediatrics University of Granada Hospital
| | - J. Uberos
- Department of Pediatrics University of Granada Hospital
| | - A. Bonillo
- Department of Pediatrics University of Granada Hospital
| | - A. Valenzuela
- Department of Pediatrics University of Granada Hospital
| | - A. Puertas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virgen de las Nieves General Hospital
| | - E. Narbona
- Department of Pediatrics University of Granada Hospital
| | - R. Sanchez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - J.A. Molina
- Department of Pediatrics University of Granada Hospital
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Molina JA, Loscertales M, Bayes R, del Moral E, Girón F, Maldonado J, Narbona E. [Emergencies in infectious diseases]. An Esp Pediatr 1984; 21:321-9. [PMID: 6535401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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45
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Narbona E, Maldonado J, Bayés B, Valenzuela A, Muñoz A. [VACTERL syndrome. Report of 2 cases]. An Esp Pediatr 1983; 18:412-4. [PMID: 6614677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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46
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Narbona E, Bayes R, Maldonado J, Naranjo R. [Incontinentia pigmenti. Study of a boy in the initial-lesion stage]. An Esp Pediatr 1982; 17:482-484. [PMID: 6763847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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