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Hao S, Qi Y, Zhang Z. Influence of Light Conditions on the Antibacterial Performance and Mechanism of Waterborne Fluorescent Coatings Based on Waterproof Long Afterglow Phosphors/PDMS Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3873. [PMID: 37835922 PMCID: PMC10574996 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microbial adhesion is the fundamental cause of large-scale biological fouling. Low surface energy coatings can prevent marine installations from biofouling; nevertheless, their static antifouling abilities are limited in the absence of shear forces produced by seawater. Novel waterborne antifouling coatings inspired by fluorescent coral were reported in this paper. Waterproof long afterglow phosphors (WLAP) were introduced into waterborne silicone elastomers by the physical blending method. The composite coatings store energy during the day, and the various colors of light emitted at night affect the regular physiological activities of marine bacteria. Due to the synergistic effect of fouling-release and fluorescence antifouling, the WLAP/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite coating showed excellent antifouling abilities. The antibacterial performance of coatings was tested under simulated day-night alternation, continuous light, and constant dark conditions, respectively. The results illustrated that the antibacterial performance of composite coatings under simulated day-night alternation conditions was significantly better than that under continuous light or darkness. The weak lights emitted by the coating can effectively inhibit the adhesion of bacteria. C-SB/PDMS showed the best antibacterial effect, with a bacterial adhesion rate (BAR) of only 3.7%. Constant strong light also affects the normal physiological behavior of bacteria, and the weak light of coatings was covered. The antibacterial ability of coatings primarily relied on their surface properties under continuous dark conditions. The fluorescent effect played a vital role in the synergetic antifouling mechanism. This study enhanced the static antifouling abilities of coatings and provided a new direction for environmentally friendly and long-acting marine antifouling coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Ship-Machinery Maintenance & Manufacture, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (S.H.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yuhong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ship-Machinery Maintenance & Manufacture, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (S.H.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zhanping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ship-Machinery Maintenance & Manufacture, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (S.H.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
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2
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Dahlgren J, Foy L, Hunsucker K, Gardner H, Swain G, Stafslien SJ, Vanderwal L, Bahr J, Webster DC. Grooming of fouling-release coatings to control marine fouling and determining how grooming affects the surface. Biofouling 2022; 38:384-400. [PMID: 35655420 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2084389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grooming may be an effective technique to control marine biofouling without damaging the coating or discharging active ingredients into the environment. This study assessed the grooming performance of three experimental biocide-free siloxane polyurethane (SiPU) fouling-release coatings. Coatings were statically immersed in Port Canaveral, Florida, and groomed every two weeks for five months using three different brush types. The ungroomed panels became heavily fouled with biofilm, tubeworms, barnacles, and bryozoans. Two of the brushes were able to control the fouling with a coverage of <5%. The commercial silicone elastomer coating was damaged from grooming procedures, while the SiPU coatings were not. Laboratory biological assays were carried out and mirrored the grooming results. Through surface characterization techniques, it was concluded that the coatings were unaffected by the grooming procedures. This study shows that marine fouling on durable SiPU fouling-release coatings can be controlled via grooming without damage or changing the surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Dahlgren
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Lauren Foy
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Florida, USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Florida, USA
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Florida, USA
| | - Geoff Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Florida, USA
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Lyndsi Vanderwal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - James Bahr
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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3
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Winfield MO, Downer A, Longyear J, Dale M, Barker GLA. Comparative study of biofilm formation on biocidal antifouling and fouling-release coatings using next-generation DNA sequencing. Biofouling 2018; 34:464-477. [PMID: 29745769 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1464152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial and eukaryotic communities forming biofilms on six different antifouling coatings, three biocidal and three fouling-release, on boards statically submerged in a marine environment were studied using next-generation sequencing. Sequenced amplicons of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA and eukaryotic ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer were assigned taxonomy by comparison to reference databases and relative abundances were calculated. Differences in species composition, bacterial and eukaryotic, and relative abundance were observed between the biofilms on the various coatings; the main difference was between coating type, biocidal compared to fouling-release. Species composition and relative abundance also changed through time. Thus, it was possible to group replicate samples by coating and time point, indicating that there are fundamental and reproducible differences in biofilms assemblages. The routine use of next-generation sequencing to assess biofilm formation will allow evaluation of the efficacy of various commercial coatings and the identification of targets for novel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Downer
- b School of Biological Sciences , AkzoNobel/International Paint Ltd , Gateshead , UK
| | - Jennifer Longyear
- b School of Biological Sciences , AkzoNobel/International Paint Ltd , Gateshead , UK
| | - Marie Dale
- b School of Biological Sciences , AkzoNobel/International Paint Ltd , Gateshead , UK
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Wenning BM, Martinelli E, Mieszkin S, Finlay JA, Fischer D, Callow JA, Callow ME, Leonardi AK, Ober CK, Galli G. Model Amphiphilic Block Copolymers with Tailored Molecular Weight and Composition in PDMS-Based Films to Limit Soft Biofouling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:16505-16516. [PMID: 28429593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A set of controlled surface composition films was produced utilizing amphiphilic block copolymers dispersed in a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) network. These block copolymers contained oligo(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) and fluoroalkyl (AF6) side chains in selected ratios and molecular weights to control surface chemistry including antifouling and fouling-release performance. Such properties were assessed by carrying out assays using two algae, the green macroalga Ulva linza (favors attachment to polar surfaces) and the unicellular diatom Navicula incerta (favors attachment to nonpolar surfaces). All films performed well against U. linza and exhibited high removal of attached sporelings (young plants) under an applied shear stress, with the lower molecular weight block copolymers being the best performing in the set. The composition ratios from 50:50 to 60:40 of the AF6/PEGMA side groups were shown to be more effective, with several films exhibiting spontaneous removal of the sporelings. The cells of N. incerta were also removed from several coating compositions. All films were characterized by surface techniques including captive bubble contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to correlate surface chemistry and morphology with biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Wenning
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Sophie Mieszkin
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Daniel Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - James A Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Maureen E Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
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Abstract
The preparation of a fluorine-containing synergistic nonfouling/fouling-release surface, using a b-PFMA-PEO asymmetric molecular brush possessing both poly(ethylene glycol) (PEO) and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PFMA) side chains densely distributed on the same repeat unit along the polymeric backbone, is reported. On the basis of the poly(Br-acrylate-alkyne) macroagent comprising two functionalities (alkynyl and 2-bromopropionate), which is prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer homopolymerization of a new trifunctional acrylate monomer of Br-acrylate-alkyne, b-PFMA-PEO asymmetric molecular brushes are obtained by concurrent atom transfer radical polymerization and Cu-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition "click" reaction in a one-shot system. A spin-cast thin film of the b-PFMA-PEO asymmetric molecular brush exhibits a synergistic antifouling property, in which PEO side chains endow the surface with a nonfouling characteristic, whereas PFMA side chains display the fouling-release functionality because of their low surface energy. Both protein adsorption and cell adhesion tests provided estimates of the antifouling activity of the asymmetric molecular brush surfaces, which was demonstrated to be influenced by the degree of polymerization of the backbone and the length of the PEO and PFMA side chains. With compositional heterogeneities, all asymmetric molecular brush surfaces show considerable antifouling performance with much less protein adsorption (at least 45% off, up to 75% off) and cell adhesion (at least 70% off, up to 90% off) in comparison with a bare surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Rasulev B, Jabeen F, Stafslien S, Chisholm BJ, Bahr J, Ossowski M, Boudjouk P. Polymer Coating Materials and Their Fouling Release Activity: A Cheminformatics Approach to Predict Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:1781-1792. [PMID: 27982587 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel cheminformatics-based approach has been employed to investigate a set of polymer coating materials designed to mitigate the accumulation of marine biofouling on surfaces immersed in the sea. Specifically, a set of 27 nontoxic, amphiphilic polysiloxane-based polymer coatings was synthesized using a combinatorial, high-throughput approach and characterized for fouling-release (FR) activity toward a number of relevant marine fouling organisms, including bacteria, microalgae, and adult barnacles. In order to model these complex systems adequately, a new computational technique was used in which all investigated polymer-based coating materials were considered as mixture systems comprising several compositional variables at a range of concentrations. By applying a combination of methodologies for mixture systems and a quantitative structure-activity relationship approach (QSAR), seven unique QSAR models were developed that were able to successfully predict the desired FR properties. Furthermore, the developed models identified several significant descriptors responsible for FR activity of investigated polymer-based coating materials, with correlation coefficients ranging from rtest2 = 0.63 to 0.94. The computational models derived from this study may serve as a powerful set of tools to predict optimal combinations of source components to produce amphiphilic polysiloxane-based coating systems with effective, broad-spectrum FR properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Farukh Jabeen
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Shane Stafslien
- Research and Creative Activities, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Bret J Chisholm
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - James Bahr
- Research and Creative Activities, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Martin Ossowski
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Philip Boudjouk
- Center for Computationally Assisted Science and Technology, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota, United States
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Stafslien SJ, Sommer S, Webster DC, Bodkhe R, Pieper R, Daniels J, Vander Wal L, Callow MC, Callow JA, Ralston E, Swain G, Brewer L, Wendt D, Dickinson GH, Lim CS, Teo SLM. Comparison of laboratory and field testing performance evaluations of siloxane-polyurethane fouling-release marine coatings. Biofouling 2016; 32:949-968. [PMID: 27494780 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1211269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of eight novel siloxane-polyurethane fouling-release (FR) coatings were assessed for their FR performance in both the laboratory and in the field. Laboratory analysis included adhesion assessments of bacteria, microalgae, macroalgal spores, adult barnacles and pseudobarnacles using high-throughput screening techniques, while field evaluations were conducted in accordance with standardized testing methods at three different ocean testing sites over the course of six-months exposure. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis in order to identify potential correlations. In general, there was good agreement between the laboratory screening assays and the field assessments, with both regimes clearly distinguishing the siloxane-polyurethane compositions comprising monofunctional poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) (m-PDMS) as possessing superior, broad-spectrum FR properties compared to those prepared with difunctional PDMS (d-PDMS). Of the seven laboratory screening techniques, the Cellulophaga lytica biofilm retraction and reattached barnacle (Amphibalanus amphitrite) adhesion assays were shown to be the most predictive of broad-spectrum field performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J Stafslien
- a Office of Research and Creative Activity , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Stacy Sommer
- b Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Dean C Webster
- b Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Rajan Bodkhe
- b Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Robert Pieper
- b Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Justin Daniels
- a Office of Research and Creative Activity , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Lyndsi Vander Wal
- a Office of Research and Creative Activity , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Maureen C Callow
- c School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - James A Callow
- c School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Emily Ralston
- d Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control , Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL , USA
| | - Geoff Swain
- d Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control , Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL , USA
| | - Lenora Brewer
- e Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA
| | - Dean Wendt
- e Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , CA , USA
| | - Gary H Dickinson
- f National University of Singapore, Tropical Marine Science Institute , Singapore
| | - Chin-Sing Lim
- f National University of Singapore, Tropical Marine Science Institute , Singapore
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- f National University of Singapore, Tropical Marine Science Institute , Singapore
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Stafslien SJ, Christianson D, Daniels J, VanderWal L, Chernykh A, Chisholm BJ. Combinatorial materials research applied to the development of new surface coatings XVI: fouling-release properties of amphiphilic polysiloxane coatings. Biofouling 2015; 31:135-149. [PMID: 25647177 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.1003295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput methods were used to prepare and characterize the fouling-release (FR) properties of an array of amphiphilic polysiloxane-based coatings possessing systematic variations in composition. The coatings were derived from a silanol-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, a silanol-terminated polytrifluorpropylmethylsiloxane (CF3-PDMS), 2-[methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]-trimethoxysilane (TMS-PEG), methyltriacetoxysilane and hexamethyldisilazane-treated fumed silica. The variables investigated were the concentration of TMS-PEG and the concentration of CF3-PDMS. In general, it was found that the TMS-PEG and the CF3-PDMS had a synergist effect on FR properties with these properties being enhanced by combining both compounds into the coating formulations. In addition, reattached adult barnacles removed from coatings possessing both TMS-PEG and relatively high levels of CF3-PDMS displayed atypical base-plate morphologies. The majority of the barnacles removed from these coatings exhibited a cupped or domed base-plate as compared to the flat base-plate observed for the control coating that did not contain TMS-PEG or CF3-PDMS. Coating surface analysis using water contact angle measurements indicated that the presence of CF3-PDMS facilitated migration of TMS-PEG to the coating/air interface during the film formation/curing process. In general, coatings containing both TMS-PEG and relatively high levels of CF3-PDMS possessed excellent FR properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J Stafslien
- a Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering , North Dakota State University , Fargo , USA
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Watson MG, Scardino AJ, Zalizniak L, Shimeta J. Colonisation and succession of marine biofilm-dwelling ciliate assemblages on biocidal antifouling and fouling-release coatings in temperate Australia. Biofouling 2015; 31:709-720. [PMID: 26652666 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ciliate assemblages are often overlooked, but ubiquitous components of microbial biofilms which require a better understanding. Ciliate, diatom and bacterial colonisation were evaluated on two fouling-release (FR) coatings, viz. Intersleek 970 and Hempasil X3, and two biocidal antifouling (AF) coatings, viz. Intersmooth 360 and Interspeed 5640, in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. A total of 15 genera were identified during the 10 week deployment. Intersleek 970 displayed the most rapid fouling by ciliates, reaching 63.3(± 5.9) cells cm(-2). After 10 weeks, all four coatings were extensively fouled. However, the toxicity of the AF coatings still significantly inhibited microbial fouling compared to the FR coatings. On all treatments, colonies of sessile peritrichs dominated the ciliate assemblage in the early stage of succession, but as the biofilm matured, vagile ciliates exerted more influence on the assemblage structure. The AF coatings showed selective toxic effects, causing significant differences in the ciliate species assemblages among the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Watson
- a Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Andrew J Scardino
- b Maritime Platforms Division , Defence Science and Technology Organisation , Fishermans Bend , Australia
| | - Liliana Zalizniak
- a Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- a Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Applied Sciences , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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