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Takasu S, Ishii Y, Namiki M, Nakamura K, Mitsumoto T, Takimoto N, Nohmi T, Ogawa K. Comprehensive analysis of the general toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran in male gpt delta rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113544. [PMID: 36464108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The safety of flavoring agents has been evaluated according to classification by chemical structure and using a decision tree approach. The genotoxic potential found in some flavoring agents has highlighted the importance of efficient toxicity studies. We performed a comprehensive toxicity analysis using reporter gene transgenic rats to assess the safety of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran (ADF), a flavoring agent exhibiting genotoxic potential in silico and in vitro assays. Male F344 gpt delta rats were given 0, 30, or 300 mg/kg body weight/day ADF by gavage for 13 weeks. In serum biochemistry analyses, triglyceride, total cholesterol, phospholipid, and total protein levels and albumin/globulin ratios were significantly altered in the 30 and 300 mg/kg groups. Histopathologically, nasal cavity toxicity and hepatocellular hypertrophy were observed in the 300 mg/kg group. In the livers of 300 mg/kg group, a significant increase in gpt mutant frequencies were observed along with ADF-specific DNA adduct formation. The number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci were significantly increased in the same group. Thus, ADF affected nasal cavity, liver, and lipid metabolism and showed genotoxicity and possible carcinogenicity in the liver. Overall, our comprehensive toxicity study using gpt delta rats provided insights into the safety evaluation of ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takasu
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Moeka Namiki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mitsumoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Norifumi Takimoto
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
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Matsushita K, Takasu S, Ishii Y, Toyoda T, Yamada T, Morikawa T, Ogawa K. In vivo mutagenicity and tumor-promoting activity of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol in the liver and kidneys of gpt delta rats. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3117-31. [PMID: 34269859 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), a food contaminant, exerts carcinogenic effects in multiple organs, including the liver and kidneys, in rats. However, the underlying mechanisms of 1,3-DCP-induced carcinogenesis remain unclear. Here, the in vivo mutagenicity and tumor-promoting activity of 1,3-DCP in the liver and kidneys were evaluated using medium-term gpt delta rat models previously established in our laboratory (GPG and GNP models). Six-week-old male F344 gpt delta rats were treated with 0 or 50 mg/kg body weight/day 1,3-DCP by gavage for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks of cessation, partial hepatectomy or unilateral nephrectomy was performed to collect samples for in vivo mutation assays, followed by single administration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for tumor initiation. One week after DEN injection, 1,3-DCP treatment was resumed, and tumor-promoting activity was evaluated in the residual liver or kidneys by histopathological analysis of preneoplastic lesions. gpt mutant frequencies increased in excised liver and kidney tissues following 1,3-DCP treatment. 1,3-DCP did not affect the development of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci in residual liver tissues, but enhanced atypical tubule hyperplasia in residual kidney tissues. Detailed histopathological analyses revealed glomerular injury and increased cell proliferation of renal tubular cells in residual kidney tissues of rats treated with 1,3-DCP. These results suggested possible involvement of genotoxic mechanisms in 1,3-DCP-induced carcinogenesis in the liver and kidneys. In addition, we found that 1,3-DCP exhibited limited tumor-promoting activity in the liver, but enhanced clonal expansion in renal carcinogenesis via proliferation of renal tubular cells following glomerular injury.
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TOTSUKA Y, MAESAKO Y, ONO H, NAGAI M, KATO M, GI M, WANIBUCHI H, FUKUSHIMA S, SHIIZAKI K, NAKAGAMA H. Comprehensive analysis of DNA adducts (DNA adductome analysis) in the liver of rats treated with 1,4-dioxane. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2020; 96:180-187. [PMID: 32389918 PMCID: PMC7248212 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane is a genotoxic carcinogen, and its mutagenic properties were recently observed in the liver of guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt) delta transgenic rats. However, the mechanisms of its genotoxicity remain unclear. We analyzed DNA adduct formation in rat livers following 1,4-dioxane treatment. After administering 1,4-dioxane in drinking water at doses of 0, 20, 200, and 5,000 ppm, liver adduct formation was analyzed by DNA adductome analysis. Adducts in treated rat livers were dose-dependently increased compared with those in the control group. Principal component analysis-discriminant analysis (PCA-DA) clearly revealed two clusters of DNA adducts, associated with 0 ppm and low-dose (20 ppm) 1,4-dioxane-treatment versus middle- and high-dose (200, 5,000 ppm)-treated rats. After confirming the intensity of each adduct, three adducts were screened as characteristic of 1,4-dioxane treatment. Two of the three candidates contained thymine or cytidine/uracil moieties. Another candidate was identified as 8-oxo-dG based on mass fragmentation together with high-resolution accurate-mass (HRAM) mass spectrometry data. Oxidative stress responses may partly explain the mechanisms of increased mutations in the liver of gpt delta rats following 1,4-dioxane treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari TOTSUKA
- Division of Carcinogenesis & Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya MAESAKO
- Division of Carcinogenesis & Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hanako ONO
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoko NAGAI
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru KATO
- Department of Bioinformatics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Min GI
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki WANIBUCHI
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoji FUKUSHIMA
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
- Association for Promotion of Research on Risk Assessment, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro SHIIZAKI
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
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Hirata T, Cho YM, Toyoda T, Akagi JI, Suzuki I, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. Lack of in vivo mutagenicity of 1,2-dichloropropane and dichloromethane in the livers of gpt delta rats administered singly or in combination. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:683-691. [PMID: 27896817 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and dichloromethane (DCM) are possible causative agents associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma in employees working in printing plant in Osaka, Japan. However, few reports have demonstrated an association between these agents and cholangiocarcinoma in rodent carcinogenicity studies. Moreover, the combined effects of these compounds have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated the in vivo mutagenicity of 1,2-DCP and DCM, alone or combined, in the livers of gpt delta rats. Six-week-old male F344 gpt delta rats were treated with 1,2-DCP, DCM or 1,2-DCP + DCM by oral administration for 4 weeks at the dose (200 mg kg-1 body weight 1,2-DCP and 500 mg kg-1 body weight DCM) used in the carcinogenesis study performed by the National Toxicology Program. In vivo mutagenicity was analyzed by gpt mutation/Spi- assays in the livers of rats. In addition, gene and protein expression of CYP2E1 and GSTT1, the major enzymes responsible for the genotoxic effects of 1,2-DCP and DCM, were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Gpt and Spi- mutation frequencies were not increased by 1,2-DCP and/or DCM in any group. Additionally, there were no significant changes in the gene and protein expression of CYP2E1 and GSTT1 in any group. These results indicated that 1,2-DCP, DCM and 1,2-DCP + DCM had no significant impact on mutagenicity in the livers of gpt delta rats under our experimental conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hirata
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.,Division of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Isamu Suzuki
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.,Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,National Institute of Health Science, Biological Safety Research Center, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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Fujioka M, Gi M, Kawachi S, Tatsumi K, Ishii N, Doi K, Kakehashi A, Wanibuchi H. Examination of in vivo mutagenicity of sodium arsenite and dimethylarsinic acid in gpt delta rats. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:125-130. [PMID: 28007167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known human bladder and liver carcinogen, but its exact mechanism of carcinogenicity is not fully understood. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) is a major urinary metabolite of sodium arsenite (iAsIII) and induces urinary bladder cancers in rats. DMAV and iAsIII are negative in in vitro mutagenicity tests. However, their in vivo mutagenicities have not been determined. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the in vivo mutagenicities of DMAV and iAsIII in rat urinary bladder epithelium and liver using gpt delta F344 rats. Ten-week old male gpt delta F344 rats were randomized into 3 groups and administered 0, 92mg/L DMAV, or 87mg/L iAsIII (each 50mg/L As) for 13weeks in the drinking water. In the mutation assay, point mutations are detected in the gpt gene by 6-thioguanine selection (gpt assay) and deletion mutations are identified in the red/gam genes by Spi- selection (Spi- assay). Results of the gpt and Spi- assays showed that DMAV and iAsIII had no effects on the mutant frequencies or mutation spectrum in urinary bladder epithelium or liver. These findings indicate that DMAV and iAsIII are not mutagenic in urinary bladder epithelium or liver in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawachi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naomi Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Doi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan.
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Hibi D, Yokoo Y, Suzuki Y, Ishii Y, Jin M, Kijima A, Nohmi T, Nishikawa A, Umemura T. Lack of genotoxic mechanisms in early-stage furan-induced hepatocellular tumorigenesis in gpt delta rats. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:142-149. [PMID: 27143483 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Furan has been used as an intermediate in the chemical-manufacturing industry and has been shown to contaminate various foods. Although furan induces hepatocellular tumors in rodents, equivocal results from in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity tests have caused controversy regarding the involvement of genotoxic mechanisms in furan-induced carcinogenesis. In the present study, to elucidate the possible mechanisms underlying furan-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, a comprehensive medium-term analysis was conducted using gpt delta rats treated with furan at carcinogenic doses for 13 weeks. In the liver, the frequencies of gpt and Spi- mutants derived mainly from point and deletion mutations, respectively, were not changed, and there were no furan-specific gpt mutations in furan-treated rats. In contrast, the number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)- positive foci were significantly increased in the high-dose group. Also, the ratio of PCNA-positive hepatocytes was significantly elevated in the same group, as supported by significant increases in cyclin d1 and cyclin e1 mRNA levels. Thus, it is highly probable that cell proliferation, but not genotoxic mechanisms, contribute to the development of GST-P foci in furan-treated rats. Based on the close relationship between GST-P and neoplastic hepatocytes, these data allowed us to hypothesize that cell proliferation following signal transduction other than the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathway may play a crucial role in early-stage furan-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hibi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yu Yokoo
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Suzuki
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Aki Kijima
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Nohmi
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Umemura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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Matsushita K, Kuroda K, Ishii Y, Takasu S, Kijima A, Kawaguchi H, Miyoshi N, Nohmi T, Ogawa K, Nishikawa A, Umemura T. Improvement and validation of a medium-term gpt delta rat model for predicting chemical carcinogenicity and underlying mode of action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:313-21. [PMID: 24929978 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new medium-term animal model, "GPG", in which an in vivo mutation assay in partially hepatectomized tissue and a tumor-promoting assay were performed. The tumor-promoting assay measures glutathione S-transferase placental form positive foci induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in the residual tissue. Given that a limitation of the original protocol is the potential interaction between the test chemical and DEN, the present study establishes a modified protocol that includes a test chemical washout period. Using CYP2E1 inhibitor and CYP1A or CYP2B inducers, a period of 2 weeks after cessation of exposure to the chemicals was confirmed to be sufficient to return their enzymatic activities to normal levels. Additionally, to avoid the effects of DEN on the pharmacokinetics of the test chemical, re-exposure to the test chemical started 1 week after DEN injection, in which tumor-promoting activities were clearly detected. Consequently, a modified protocol has been established with 2- and 1-week washout periods before and after DEN injection, respectively. The applicability of the modified protocol was demonstrated using the genotoxic hepatocarcinogen, estragole (ES), the genotoxic renal carcinogen, aristolochic acid (AA), and the non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens, β-naphthoflavone and barbital. Furthermore, the increase of cell cycle-related parameters in ES-treated livers, but not in AA-treated livers, may indicate that the liver is not the carcinogenic target site of AA despite its genotoxic role. Thus, since various parameters related to carcinogenesis can be evaluated concurrently, the GPG model could be a rapid and reliable assay for the assessment of human cancer hazards.
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